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22 s SO 5 2014 Dati aHpc Khori day niem humg thu doi vGfi lipc sinii tliong qua day bai thifc hanh dia If THCS BtJI VINH TRtr^NG GIANG Trudng THCS Cam DUdng, Cam Xuyen, Ha TTnh A DAT VAN DE Ddi mdi ch[.]
SO 5-2014 22 s Dati.aHpc Khori day niem humg thu doi vGfi lipc sinii tliong qua day bai thifc hanh dia If THCS BtJI VINH TRtr^NG GIANG Trudng THCS Cam DUdng, Cam Xuyen, Ha TTnh A DAT VAN DE D d i m d i chUdng trinh v a s a c h giao khoa ddi hoi phai c d s y ddi m d i d d n g b p c a phUdng p h a p d p y h p c l l n k i e m tra d a n h gia, T r e n c d s d s a c h giao khoa m d i , i r o n g q u a trinh d p y hpc ngUdi giao vien phh\ t h u d n g x u y e n s u y nghT tran trd d e l y a c h p n cac hinh thQc tc chQc phu hyp de h u d n g dSn hpc sinh theo ndi d u n g thich h y p c u a IQng k i l u bai, d p n g bai tQ d d phat h u y dUde tinh lich eye c h u d d n g s a n g tpo c u a hpc sinh viec hinh t h a n h va tiep c a n kien thQc, Viec ddi m d i phUdng phap d a y v a phUdng p h a p h p c chfnh la e o n dUdng d l d a o t p o t h i he tre c d thdi q u e n hpe l a p sudt ddi n h i m giQp eac e m thieh Qng vdi thdi dpi k h o a hpe kT thuat phat t r i l n nhU v i j b a o , thdi dai cQa mdt: "xa hpi hpe tap" D e gial q u y l t dUdc m u c tiSu tren v a n d l quyet djnh la phai ddi m d i phUdng phap d p y c u a thay d d n g thdi phai t h a y ddi each hpc tap cCia trd D a y la v ^ n d l c d l loi m a m o i ngudi cin phai tran trd T r u d c h i t ngUdi thay phai h i e u t h a u d a o doi m d i phUdng p h a p d p y hpc g o m nhQng phUdng phap nap; mdi p h u d n g p h a p dUdc a p d u n g d e d p y p h a n n a o c u a bai hpe; d o n g thdi giao vien phai biet v a n d u n g linh hopt cac phUdng p h a p d p y h p c c h o phQ h y p , tranh d p y theo Idi truyen t h y kien thQc m p t c h i e u , thuyet trinh, giang giai hpc sinh phai t i l p thu kien IhQc m p t each thy d p n g m a phai Iudn Iudn tim r a nhQng phUdng p h a p , nhQng hUdng d i p h d h y p v d i m d i bai n h a m phat h u y tdi d a linh tich eye c h u d d n g s a n g t p o cilia cae e m hpc s i n h K h d n g gidng nhU c a c b d m d n hpc khac c d sQc Idi c u d n h o c sinh, m d n D i a L i d u y c col la m d n m a n g tinh k h d k h a n , kien thQe vQa thudc ITnh v y c t y nhien vQa thudc ITnh v y c x a hpi T h y c te n h i e u h p c sinh c o n t h d d , lanh d p m , t h i l u s u hao hQc, s a y m& tim tdi, k h a m p h a Bdi v l y , viec doi m d i phQdng phap d p y - hpe m d l each thieh h y p , s a n g Ipo e u n g l a y e u t d q u a n t r p n g khdi d p y n i e m say m e , hQng thQ hpc tap c i j a c a c e m ddi v d i m d n D i a II ^ D d i vdi b p m d n D j a li ndi c h u n g , d p c biet d p y bai t h y c h a n h viec doi m d i phQdng p h a p d p y v a hpc d u y e x e m la k h a u t h e n chdt, d d n g thdi q u a bai t h y c h a n h hpe sinh dUde r e n luyen cae kTnang dja 11 Do v a y bai t h y e h a n h d u y e d a n h gia c d vai trd rat q u a n trpng trpng viec tiep n h p n k i l n thQc r e n l u y e n t u d u y , kT n a n g dja l i c h p c a c e m hpc s i n h T h y c t e c h o t h a y bUdc d a u p h a n Idn giao v i e n d a n a m bat d u y c c a c phUdng p h a p d a y v a trinh t y thUc hien m d t bai thyc h a n h , T u y nhien d p y bai thuc h a n h d i a li dpt d u y e h l e u qua nhU m o n g m u d n la m p t v a n de c a n phai b a n B e n c p n h d d khdng If giao v i e n c h u a hieu h e t npi d u n g , y e u c a u cQa m p t bai thyc h a n h n e n d p y d p n g bai n a y hope c o n n h i e u IQng t i i n g v e phUdng p h a p , hope eoi nhe v e k i l n thQe, thUdng q u a loa theo Idi thuyet trinh, giao v i e n l a m viec n h i e u , k h d n g phat huy dUdc tinh t u d u y d p c lap s a n g tac cQa h p c s i n h , • •, C h u y e n d l n a y n h a m trac ddi kinh n g h i e m trpng giang dpy • d p n g bai t h y c h a n h d m e n D j a If, B GtAI QUYET VAN DE I MpT SO V X N D E CHUNG KHI D^Y HQC BAI THUC HANH 1, Vi trf, vai tro c£ia bai th^fc hanh Bai thyc hanh cac mdn hpc khac ndi ehung va mdn Dja ti ndi rieng ed vai trd rat quan trpng giup hpe sinh ren luyen cae kl nang cd ban eCia mon hpe dong thdi qua dd ed sU khac sau ve mat kiln da hpc da hpc d mpt chUdng hope mpt sd bai ddng thdi khac sau nang cao kiln thQc kTnang da hpc Bai thuc hanh cd hai mye tieu cd ban: trUde h i t va quan trpng nhat la nham vao viec hinh (hope ren luyen) kT nang dja If va kT nang van dung kien thQe eho hpc sinh; thfl hai la cung ed hope van dyng kiln thQe Mdi bai thyc hanh duyc thQe hien gid hpe tren ldp vdi cac nhiem vy cy the nham dpt dUde nhQng myc tieu nhal dinh Docau true eCia kTnang cd phan Iy t h u y l t (tri IhQc v a k j nang) va hopt ddng hinh kT nang, nen qua trinh thyc hien cac bai thQe hanh ciJng phai d i l n theo hai giai dopn t i l p ndi nhau: + ThQ nhat la trang bj tri thQc v l kT nang ma hpe sinh can dUde hinh (hoac ren luySn) bai thUc hanh:' + ThU hai la td chQc cho hoc sinh hoat dpng tren ed sd eac tri thUc da biet de hinh kT nang Ca hai giai doan ed the thuc hien ke t i l p nhau, nhung eung cd the xem ke iQng hopt ddng cQa bai thuc hanh, - Hinh va trang bj eho hpc sinh nhQng tri thQc v l kT nang cua mdn dia If can thiet nhQ kT nang nhpn xet, phan tich DguvaHpc so 6-2014 danh gia eae bieu do, bang sd lieu, tranh anh de hpc sinh cd duye nhQng kT nang, kTxao - Qua eac bai thye hanh dia 11 hpe sinh cd t h i nhpn biet duye eac dpng bai ve bleu dd, bang so lieu, phan tich so sanh dia II - GlQp hpc sinh cd kT nang lien he, phan tfch duyc mdi lien he giOa eac phan dja li, lien k i t giQa li thuyet va thye hanh, - Theo c l u trQc ehUdng trinh kieu bai thUc hanh chie m met dung luyng kha Idn, hau nhU sau mSi bai hpe deu cd mdt bai tap hoac mpt bai thyc hanh, giQp giao vien thye hien Idt cac phUdng phap va bien phap ren luyen ky nang dja ly cho hpc sinh qua trinh ty hpe, IQ dd hpc sinh tilp nhan tri thQc mdt each khach quan ddng thdi hpe sinh thay rd nhQng thuan Idi va khd khan, cac van de dia ly d nUdc ta, - Hpc cae bai thyc hanh giCip eho hpc sinh tilp Ihu duyc kiln thUc tQ ddn gian den phQc tpp qua dd hpc sinh bdi dudng tham nang lye van dyng Iri IhQc vao thyc tiln NhiUng kho khan dpy bai ttiyc hanh *Ve phfa giao vien: • Khi dpy bai thyc hanh ddi hdi giao vien phai nam chae ve cac kTnang dja II, - Thyc t l hien nhieu giao vien dpy cheo m'dn nen eac kT nang dja If edn hpn ehe anh hudng khdng nhd den viee hinh eae kT nang dja li cd ban cho hpc sinh va lam eho hpe sinh khdng hQng thu, thieu di sy hao hQc say me tim tdi vdi lilt hpc dja li ndi chung va tilt thye hanh ndi rieng, - Ben epnh dd nhieu giao vien chUa tfch eye sis dyng cac phUdng ti§n vao dpy hpe dia If dpc biet la phUdng tien hien dpi, -Bai dpy thye hanh ddi hot phai cd sU lien ket giQa li thuylt vdi thye hanh ddi hoi giao vien va hpc sinh phai cd kTnang phan tich, lien he va khai qua! tdng hyp nhieu kiln thQc, - Viec de kilm tra ddi hdi phai kem theo kien IhQe thQe hanh lien quan den khai thac tranh anh, ban dd, bieu dd dUa dUdc nhQng cai dd vao bai kiem tra la khdng phai la ddn gian vpy nhilu giao vien khdng man ma dua vao nen rat khd khan Irong viec phat huy tinh tfch eye chu ddng cung nhu tpo hUng thCi eho hpc sinh hpc cac bai thyc hanh - cac tilt thuc hanh chua duyc hUdng dSn ey the ma ddi giao trang cho hpc sinh cho nen chat luyng dpy cac bai thUe hanh edn ehUa dat yeu cau nhU mong mudn, 'Vephia hge sinh: • Nhin chung Irinh dp, nang lyc hpe tap eua hpe sinh ehUa dIu, phan Idn la hpc lyc trung binh, tham chf cd hpc sinh yeu; hdn nQa rdt iung tung viee xQ li sd lieu va xac dinh loai bieu can phai thQe hign - Mpt sd em chay ludi khdng ehiu khd lam cac bai thUc hanh sach giao khoa hope cac bai tpp thyc hanh ve nha, - Nhieu hpe sinh ehua quan tam tdi yeu cau ma giao vien giao cho, edn xem nhp mdn Dia ly la mdn phy, dd it chQ y hpe tap bp mdn nay, - O cac bai thyc hanh hau nhu hpc sinh khong xac dinh dUdc yeu cau ciia de nhU: khdng xae dinh duye ten cCia bilu se ve la gi va viSc xi!r ly bang sd lieu (neu cd); chUa ve dUdc bleu dd thich hdp va dQng vdi yeu eau cCia d l bai; ky nang ve bleu dd ci!ia hpc sinh lung tung - Hoc sinh cd quan dilm tilt thQc hanh la tiet kien thQc khd khan khdng cd gi quan trpng nen mdt sd hpe sinh it tran trd suy nghT nSn viec lam edn the-hian sy ddi phd vfdu nhu ve bieu sd sal, bai lam qua loa hdi hyt, - Hau nhu cac em hpc sinh chUa n i m duyc cac bUdc tien hanh thUe hanh e#3 23 - Mpt sd hpe sinh ky nang dja Ii edn y l u nSn rat sp hpc bai thyc hanh dja If, - Mdt sd hpc sinh hopt ddng nhdm, xay dyng bai khdng chju khd suy nghT, thieu ehu dong phy thupe vao sach giao khoa, ^ Ipi vao nhdm trUdng, vi vay chat lUdng hoc tap edn thap * Viphiacaenhi trudng: • Phin Idn ed sd vat chat, phUdng lien thilt bj cac trudng hoc edn han che chUa dap Qng dUdc yeu cau cua bai day IhUc hanh; tranh anh, ban dd, cac bang sd lieu thdng l^e chua day du thieu ddng bo, - Do dung dpy hpc sQ dyng da nhieu nam nen hu hong, rach nat, thieu chlnh xac, gay khdng ft khd khan day va hpe, - PhUdng tien dpy hpc hiSn dpi hd trd dac IUc chp dpy hpc dja li thi hien d cac nha trUdng edn Ihilu thdn nhu he Ihdng may chilu, kit ndi mpng Chinh vi nhQng khd khan dd nen thUc tiln dpy hpc nhieu giao vien IQng lung viec xac djnh dung luyng kien IhQe bai thyc hanh ma dpc biet vdi nhQng giao vien phai dpy cheo mdn, Ngoai thuc t l cung cho thay mpt sd giap vien xem nhp bai IhQc hanh xem day la tiet d l nghf ngdi Chat lUdng dpy hpc bai ihuc hanh chUa duyc nhU mong mudn vay anh hudng khdng nhd den chat lUdng day hpc bo mdn II MpT SO DjNH HUdNG VE PHUONG PHAPDAY HOC BAI THL/C HANH D|A LI NhiJfng yeu cau chung Trudc thyc te nhu vay, de dpy va hpc idl npi dung bai thye hanh can cd sy phdi hdp nhilu mat Trong giang day giao vien can lya chpn cac phUdng phap lich cUc trSn ed sd eoi trpng nhan thQc cua hpc sinh, tang cudng vai trd td chQe, ITnh hpi, kham pha kiln thQc; gid giang giao vien danh nhieu thdi gian cho hoe sinh ty lam viec vdi SGK, bieu do, lUdc dd, vdi cac thiet bi hpc tap khac de hpc sinh chu ddng hdn tim kiln thQe mdi dUdI sy hudng dan cQa giao vien Chuan bj: Khau chuan bj ddng vai trd vd edng quan trpng quyet djnh chat luyng cho mdt till dpy- hpe thQe hdnh Giao vien phai chuan bi chu dao, day dij, hit sQc cu the bai sopn, hudng dan hpc sinh chuan bi cac dd dung can thiet eho tiet hpc de giup hpc sinh lich cQc, chQ dpng tiln hanh bai IhUc hanh, PhUdng phap: Ddi vdi cac bai thUc hanh chung ta ed ihe s&dyng eae phUdng phap dpy hpc sau: - PhUdng phap day hpc neu van de, - PhUdng phap thao luan (ca nhan hdae nhdm), - PhUdng phap trao ddi nhdm (nhdm vdi nhdm), Tuy nhien phai can cQ vao npi dung cy I h l iisug bai, tQng ddi tQdng hoc sinh d l van dung cac phUdng phap neu tren cho phu hyp vdi cac hieu qua Ngoai cac phUdng phap tren phai ehu y tdi each danh gia hoc sinh Nhu vay qua trinh dpy hpc vai trd ei!ia ngudi giao vien la td ehQe hudng dSn; edn hpc sinh la ngudi tich cue chi!i ddng sang tpo, tim tdi, suy nghT d l tim kien IhQc tQ eac yeu cau cua bai thUc hanh, qua dd ty rut nhpn xet ket luan can thiet dudi sutd ehQe hudng d i n cua giao vien Djnh hudng chuan bj day mot bai thyc hanh a Xac dinh muc tieu(kien thUe, kTnang) Mye lieu eiia tiet ed the la cung ed khac sau he thd'ng khai quai Ipi nhQng kiln thifc If thuyet da hpe trudc do, thd'ng khai quat Ipi toan bd kien thQc cua mpt chUdng hope mdl sd bai nao dd Ddng thdi ran luyen va phat tnen nang cao eae kl nang dia If chp hpc sinh, Mudn vay giao vien can phai xac djnh dUdc muc 24 DffUvaHoc '^•^mm^'^'^mm'i tieu ey the cua bai thyc hanh; can can cU vao dae diem trinh dp cua hpe sinh va phai bam vao chuan kien thQc kT nang de dam bao kiln thQc, kT nang eung cap eho hpc sinh khdng qua d l hoac khdng qua khd va mang tfnh phan hda ddi tuyng hpc sinh, Phai xac djnh dUdc nhQng ndi dung kien thUc, kTnang ey the: kien thQc cd ban cOa nhQng bai da hpc, phd hyp vdi chuin kiln thQe kTnang, trinh dp tilp nhan cQa hpc sinh, phd hyp vdi thdi lUdng cho phep cQa tilt hpc va phai mang tinh chat tdng hyp khai quat cd sy lien kit mpch Ipe logic chQ khdng phai chi la ddn gian nhac lpi mdt each nham chan luyng kien thQc da hpc, Vf dy dpy bai 10 dja If 9: Thyc hanh: ve va phan tfch bieu dd ve sy thay ddi cd eau dien tfch gieo trdng phan theo cac loai cay, sy tang trUdng e&a dan gia siic, gia cam Ihi can xae djnh duye: + Kiln thQc: CQng ed, be sung kiln thUe ve nghanh trdng trpt, ehan nudi, + Ky nang: XQ If bang sd lieu theo yau eau rieng eua ve bilu cd cau (linh theo phan % d bai 1), Ve bilu dd ed eau hinh trdn va ky nang ve bieu dd dUdng the hien Id'e dp tang trUdng cQa dan gia sue, gia d m , Dpc bieu dd, IQ bieu dd da ve rQt cac nhan xdt va giai thfch c i n Ihilt Hay bai 37 dja If 9: Thyc hanh ve va phan tieh bleu dd v l tinh hinh san xult c&a nganh thtiy san S vQng Ddng bang Sdng CQu Long, can xac djnh rd: + Kiln thQc: Hilu rd hdn ngoli the mpnh san xult lUdng thyc, viing edn ed the mpnh v l ihuy, hai san, Bilt phan tfch tinh hinh phat Iriln nganh thuy san, hai san d vung Dong bang Sdng CQu Long + Kf nang: Bilt xis If sd lieu, ve va phan tich bleu dd cot hope ngang d l so sanh san luyng thuy san cCia Ddng bang Sdng CQu Long va Ddng bang Sdng Hong so vdi ca nudc, Hope bai 16 dia If 6: ThUc hanh dpc ban (lUdc dd) dia hinh ty le Idn cin xac djnh dUdc: + Kiln thQe: Neu duyc khai niem dUdng ddng mQc, cung cd duyc kiln thQe ve phUdng hUdng tren ban dd, each tfnh khoang each tren thyc t l dya vao ty le ban dd, + KT nang: Xac dinh duyc phudng hUdng tren ban dd, dd cao ciia cac dja diem dya vao eae dudng ddng mQc, Tfnh dUOc khoang each trSn thyc t l dUa vao ty la ban (lUdc dd) Biet dpc vd sQ dyng ban dd if le Idn cd eae dudng ddng mQc Khi da xae djnh duye dung luyng kien IhQe kl nang eua bai thye hanh chung ta can xae dinh dUde eac cau hdi bai tap dua phai cd tinh sang tpo, phat huy duyc linh tfch eye chu dpng cua hpc sinh hpc tap dpe biel bai thUe hanh, b Xie djnh phudng phap d^yhgc Trong dpy hpc dja If, npi dung thyc hanh kha da dpng, v l phUdng phap la hudng d i n hpe sinh tiln hanh eac thao tac, eac bude, cap cdng viec cy the d l hoan yeu eau cua bai thyc hanh, Ve phUdng phap dpy hpc phai mang tinh ddi mdi sang tpo nham phat huy tinh tich cUc eua hpe sinh c, Chuan bi phUdng tien d^yhgc Khi dpy bai thyc hanh sQ dung nhij'ng dung phuong tidn san ed nhu: ban dd, lUdc dd, tranh anh, may ehieu, , nhuiig phai dam bao ygu clu nhQng phUdng liSn dpy hpc dd thill thuc va mang lpi hipu qua cao, d.D$n hge sinh chuan bi bai ^ Vi dung luyng kiln thQc, ki nang cija bai IhQc hanh tUdng ddi Idn nen ben cpnh sy chuan bi chu dao cQa ngudi thay thi sy chuan bj cua hpc sinh eung hit sQc quan trcng De lam dUyc dilu can hudng d i n cy the cho hpe sinh chuan bj trudc cac kiln thQe ed lien.quan den bai thUc hanh; ddng thdi lu lyc lam viae ca nhan, nhdm trSn chQ kenh hinh kenh hinh dUdi suhudng din eCia giao vien, Quy trinh dpy bai thUc hanh a Quytrlnhi De dpy tdt mdl bai IhQe hanh dia If giao vien can hudng din hpc sinh thuc hien theo cae bude sau: - Bude 1: Lam cho hpc sinh nhan thUc rd myc tieu, yeu eau, eac nhiem vy can phai thye hien, xae dinh duye eac bude di va san pham eua mdi bUdc, hinh dung dUde san cua bai thUc hanh, - BUdc 2: Cung cap eho hpc sinh tai hien lpi nhQng kien thQc lien quan d i n kT nang nhu quy trinh, cac thao tac chu yeu, Cd the lam miu mpt phan ndi dung, hope gyi ^ true tilp eac npi dung khd, phQc tpp cua bai thUe hanh, - BUdc 3: Hpc sinh toan Idp thuo hien bai thyc hanh (caldp, nhdm, ca nhan) dudi sy hudng d i n cua thay cd giao, - BUdc 4: HS ty danh gia, giao vien nhpn xlt danh gia, siia chQa: Hpc sinh trinh bay k i t qua IhUc hanh (ddi chieu vdi myc lieu), yeu cau hpc sinh neu nhQng diem chinh da hpc dUde qua bai thye hanh Giao vien chuan xac kiln thQc, ddng thdi sCfa III cho hpe sinh va neu nhQng Idl hpc sinh hay gap phai b Mgt so'luu if' Khi thyc hien cac bUdc dpy bai thyc hanh can lUu y: - Cae bude tren cQa bai thue hanh duyc phan chia rd de dl theo ddi va thUe hien bai thyc hanh.Tren thyc te cac bUde cd the duye tien hanh ket hop tOng hopt ddng cu the cua bai thyc hanh, - Trong cae budc ci!ia bai thuc hanh giao vien ddng vai trd to ChQe, hudng din, ehl dpo, edn hpc sinh chQ dpng, tich eye hopt ddng de hoan bai thyc hanh, - Tuy vao ddi tuyng hpc sinh ma eac yeu cau cQa bai thyc hanh ed the thyc hien Irpn ven hope thuc hien mdt phan cCia bai thuc hanh, ddi hoi giao vien phai cd su giai quylt linh hoat thich hyp Cd the cho hpe sinh ve nha lam mdt phan nao dd - Tuy nhien giao vien phai cd sU danh gia cy the ket qua lam viec cua hpc sinh vao cae thdi gian thfch hdp cac budi hpc sau - Phai cpl bai thye hanh la truyen thy tri thQc mdi, khong nen coi dd la bai hpc phu ma thuc hien qua loa, hdi hdt - Ren luyen nhilu cho nhOng hoc sinh cd k? nang dja li yeu - Phai cd kiem tra va danh gia de phan lopi trinh dp hpc sinh tpo cho hpe sinh y IhQe hien tdt - Khi hudng d i n thyc hien khdng nen dung kieu Uidng bao ma phai tren tinh than hUdng d i n hoc sinh ehi!i ddng thyc hien Bang each gyi y, dpt cau hoi de hudng dan hpc sinh lam' bai thyc hanh Vdi cac bai dau,cd the giao vien hUdng dan va lam miu nhieu hdn Cdn cac bai sau can tang cUdng tfnh dpc lap cua hpc sinh Cac bUdc thyc hien v l ndi dung thi da cd sach giao vien hudng dan kha ro - Trong qua trinh hpc sinh tien hanh lam bai thyc hanh, giao vien kiem tra trinh dp va kl nang thUc hipn baittiUchanh cCia hpc sinh, - Yeu cau hpe sinh phai cQu trUdc bai IhUc hanh nha, d i n ldp giao vlSn dpe lpi, nhan mpnh nhQng chinh ciia bai thyc hanh, ehe hpc sinh nghien cQu thSm khoang phOt - Neu tiet sau la tiet thyc hanh tiet trudc giao vien can dan dd hpe sinh chuin bi nhQng dung cy ein thiet cho tilt thyc hanh that kf cang chu dao (Xem tiep trang 26) 26 trung vao eac giao vien tre va khdng cd thao giang, dy gid ddi vdi cae giao vien lau nam, nhieu kinh nghiem, Thao giang, dy gid chf thye hien doi vdi giao vien ehu nhiem Idp ma khdng ap dyng ddi vdi giao vien dQng ngoai, khdng chu nhiem Do vay, de cdng tac thao giang du gid trd mdt hopt dpng can thiet cua ngudi giao vien, gdp phan tQng bude nang eao chat luyng, hieu qua cua qua trinh day hpc, ban giam hieu cac nha trUdng va giao vien can thyc hien ddng bd eae ndi dung, bien phap chu yeu sau: fwlot la, nha trudng eIn thudng xuyen quan triat, nang cao nhan thQe eho eae giio vien v l y nghTa tam quan trpng eCia hopt dpng thao giang, dy gid, cung nhu mye dich, yeu cau can dpi duyc thdng qua hopt dpng Hai la, tilp luc tri viee xay dUng ke hoaeh thao giang, dy gid hang nam d cap td ddi vdi giao vien tre eung nhU giao vien lau nam cd nhieu kinh nghlem, Ddng thdi, giao vien khdng chQ nhiam cung cd k l hoach thao giang, dy gid, s a y la cd hdi de tat ca giao vien tham gia giang dpy ed the tham dy va hpc hdi rut kinh nghiam l l n nhau, mat khac se khae phyc lam ly e ngpi cCia cac giao vien bi du gid vi tat ca cac giao vian deu duyc dy gid, Ba la, danh gia thao giang, dU gid la danh gia chat luyng qua trinh giang day, hoe tap eua giao vien va hpc sinh duye the hien tren nhilu mat: Npi dung, phUdng phap, tac phong, phong each giang dpy cua giao vien; •j IhQc thai dp hpc tap cua hpc sinh; kha nang tiep thu kien thQc, Kit qua danh gia la tieu cht quan trpng de xep Ippi nang lUe giao vien; ddng thdi la cd sd de mdi giao vldn phat huy nhQng Uu diem va khac phyc nhQng han che cua minh Day la ndi dung quan nhat edng tac thae giang, dy gid; dd viee danh gia, nhan xet can trao ddi Ihang than, chan tinh, cdl md, tran tinh than giup giao vien "ham hpc hdi, eau lien bp", khdng nen "chi trich", "bdi mdc" cac khuyet diem mang tinh vOi dap y chi, linh thdn cQa giao vien, Bdn la, hang nam Ban Giam hieu nha trUdng can phai danh gia, sd k i t , tdng ket va rut kinh nghiem cdng tac thao giang, dy gid Qua danh gia, lanh dao nha trudng cd the rQt kinh nghiem de cac budi thao giang, dy gid sau se duyc td chQc tdt hdn va se ed cai nhin tdng quan ve edng tac tren mpi phUdng dien, cha't luyng dpy cua giae vien va y thQc hpe tap cua hoe sinh tQ cd nhQng bien phap chan chlnh, khen thudng ddi vdi tQng giao vien, hpe sinh, Tdm lai, thao giang, dy gid la hopt ddng can thiet, la mdt nhQng nhan td quan trpng gdp phan nang cao chat luyng giang day va hpc tap, Thao giang, dy gid cdn duyc xem la hopt dpng tpp nen sy doan ket thdng nhat giQa cae ddng nghiep vdi Do vay, eac nha trudng c i n cai tien cong tac thao giang, dU gid d l cac giao vien deu cam thay phdn khdi va nhiet tinh tham gia qua dd gdp phan thyc hien thing Idi Nghj quyet Trung Udng khda XI ve ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao dye va dao tao , cung nhU nang cao chat luyng hopt ddng day va hpc cQa cac nha trudng : ^ i M " l l ^ M W 30 5-2014 Dgl/yrtjHpC KhGfi day (Xem tiip trang 24) c Mo hinh soan giao an: Trong thuc te dpy hpc ciJa ddng dao dpi ngu giao vien hien nay, viee soan bai theo hudng ddi mdi phUdng phap nhilu giao vian cdn IQng tung soan giao an ei!ia bai thye hanh phQ hyp vdi tinh than phai huy tfnh tieh cUe chCi ddng sang tao hpc lap cDa hpc sinh, dd giao an cQa bai thUe hanh ed the theo md hinh sau, Ngay thang nam Tilt sai : I Myc tieu bai hpc: Kien thQe: Ki nang, thai dp: (phai neu rd dUdc sau hpc xong bai nay, hpc sinh can phai dat dUde nhQng gi ve kien thQe ki nang thai dp, dpc biet ghi rd nhiJng kT nang can dpt hope can ren luyeh dUdc qua bfii thyc hanh), II PhUdng tipn dpy hpc; (ghi ro su chuan bj cQa giao viSn va hoc sinh) III Tien trinh td chUc cac hopt dpng day va hpc: On djnh td ehQe: Kilm tra bai eu: (khdng nhat thiet phai thuc hien vi cd the long vao bai thyc hanh) Bai thuc hanh: a Gidi thieu bai: Muc dfch dinh hUdng va tae nhu eau hpc tap cho hpc sinh b Tien trinh bay IhUe hanh: (HDI, HD2, mdi hopt dpng c6 dU tfnh thdi gian, ndi dung va ket qua dpt duyc), IV Ket luan danh gia: V Hopt dpng ndi tiep: (HD hpe sinh han thien bai hpcS nha, ehuan bi cho bai hpe tiep theo), KET LUAN N hu vay qua viec trien khai dinh hudng tiep can- de dpy va hpc bai thye hanh dia If trpng nhQng nam qua, tdi thiy HS Iudn hao hQng, ddn chd gid hpe Dia If, say me vdi cdng viec tim kiem kiln IhQc tQ cac nguon tU nhien khae nhau, hay neu thac mac, thich dUyc giao vien giao cac nhiem vy hpc tap, Ta't ca nhQng dieu dd se tao cho hyc sinh nhQng cam xue tdt dep, nhQng rung dpng nhQng niem vui v l sy kham pha, v l cai hay, cai dpp, eai mdi nhan IhQc cOa cae em ddi vdi thien nhien, eon ngUdi tren que hUdng, dlt nudc, the gidi, tpo cho cac em hpe sinh Idng say me, yeu thieh bp mdn Dja li Va hdn the nQa qua bd mdn Dia li, chung ta da bdi d i p tam hdn cac em hoc sinh tinh yeu thilt tha danh cho qu§ hQdng xQ sd, Tren day la mpi vai d i l u tran trd, suy nghT, xin n l u kinh nghiem nho cua ban than viec dpy bai thUc hanh Dja Lf B l gdp phan khdi day tU dpe lap sang tpo cCia hpc sinh cung nhu niem hac hQe say me tim tdi cua eac em den vdi bd mdn Dia Lf, Vi gidi hpn cua d l tai va kha nang eua ngudi viet chac chan rang nhQng dilu tran trd lam huylt cilia tdi edn non ndt se khdng tranh khdi sy vyng ve va thilu s d t „ Kfnh mong nhpn dUde sU gdp •^ chan sau sac c6 hieu qua eQa ddng nghiep, cap tren di kinh nghiem e&a tdi cd dilu kien dUdc Qng dyng rdng rai, cd hieu qua hdn thUc tiln giang dpy ... phap va bien phap ren luyen ky nang dja ly cho hpc sinh qua trinh ty hpe, IQ dd hpc sinh tilp nhan tri thQc mdt each khach quan ddng thdi hpe sinh thay rd nhQng thuan Idi va khd khan, cac van... l bai; ky nang ve bleu dd ci!ia hpc sinh lung tung - Hoc sinh cd quan dilm tilt thQc hanh la tiet kien thQc khd khan khdng cd gi quan trpng nen mdt sd hpe sinh it tran trd suy nghT nSn viec lam... dat yeu cau nhU mong mudn, ''Vephia hge sinh: • Nhin chung Irinh dp, nang lyc hpe tap eua hpe sinh ehUa dIu, phan Idn la hpc lyc trung binh, tham chf cd hpc sinh yeu; hdn nQa rdt iung tung viee