MOT SO m OE VE DAY HOG TIENG ANH GHD THE MAM NDN ThS v o THI KHANH UNH Abstract Learning English at preschool level isn''''t too early because at those ages young children have the abilities of acquiring[.]
MOT SO m OE VE DAY HOG TIENG ANH GHD THE MAM NDN ThS v o THI KHANH UNHAbstract: Learning English at preschool level isn't too early because at those ages young children have the abilities of acquiring a new language naturally, enthusiastically and instinctively We have to understand the nature of language learning (ESL and EFL) of young children in order to choose the adequate teaching methods, learning contents and forms In this article, the author mentions the stages of language acquisition of young learners and recommends some appropriate teaching methods in each stage, some learning contents suitable with the nature of language learning process and how to build a positive language environment in the kindergartens Keywords: English for preschool environmen t children, teaching English, foreign language T rong xa hdi loan cau hda hien nay, tieng Anh - Giai doan 2: Im lang (quan sat) Ire se giu im (TA) da trd phi/ong tien giao tiep chung lang va khdng ndi, tre eung co the nhSc lai^nhuvet) tren toan the gldi, nen nhu cau cho tre hoc cac tu TA, tre se nghe nhieu va co the "bat chudc" TAtrdnencapfliietvolnhieu gia dinh.Cac nghien cdu cac td nghe dupe Tre CO the hieu dupc cac cu chl, cho thay, tre dupc hpc TA tardc hoac tudi cd nhieu dieu bo {cung cd the phan ung b^ng each gat dau kha nang ndiTAnhungi/cfi ban xdhcfnlanhung treb^t hoac iac dau) dau hpcTA sau dptuadd Viec cho tre hpcTA dlua tua - Giai doan 3: Sudung tddffn hoic ngu da hoc mam non khdng phai la qua sdm, vi tre nhd cd kha (noi vin tit va theo cong ffidc) Tre bk dau noi va su i]angti/dgng thu nap ngon ngumotcach tunhien, hio dyng ngdn ngd mdi, thudng chi ndi cac hi"don hoac ftt^gva/jafinang'.Vi vay, chung ta can hieu ro ban chat eym td don gian (nhu: Me down) hoac lap lai kji ndi cua quatrinh hpc ngoa ngd(NN) cuati'ede li/a chpn eua ngudi khae Giai doan tre ehuye'u phattrien phucmg phap, npi dung va hinh thdc phu hpp vd'n "ngon ngdtiep nhan" va "tdvung chu dpng" L Q u a t r i n h h o c N N c u a t r e m a m non (TMN) - Giai doan 4: Noi cic ciu co cau tnic hoic td Tre nhd tlep tiiu ngon ngd theo each tir nhien va vi/ngphdctap.Dan dan,trehinh kha nang ndi vd thtic, bdi tre van ap dung chien lupc hpc ngdn ngd cum td, batdau tao cau Tre san sang giao tiep va su edtinh "bat chudc" nhu hpc tieng me de vao qua dyng cae cau true cau cua rieng minh, ban dau la trinh hpc TA Tn/dc biet ndi lieng m e de, tre quan nhung cau kha dan gian va cdn sai ve ngdphap Sau sat, nghe va giao tiep b§ngcdchi , hpc TA treed dd, treed ttie ndi cac cau ngSn dthi hien tai vase tien the cung trai qua mpt glai doan nhu vay trudc cd bp dan dan theo thdi glan tiiendidupcTA.Khacvdingudi ldn hpc NN mpt each Kha nang tien bp cua tdng tre la khac va cdythdc (chu yeu thdng qua cac bpsach ngdphap va thupc vaocac yeu to anh hudng den quatrinh hpc NN giao trinh TA), tre nho sddung kha nang "bSt chude" euati'e.Cd rat nhieu yeu to chiphd'i den quatrinh I h u dPn gian va hieu qua theo each rieng cua chung Dieu (J5e ngon ngd" va kha nang tuang tac eua tre, gom: cd nghTa, tre se hoc "ngon ngu ndr mot each tu" + Nang khieu (mdtsd'ttecd kha nang NN tot han cac nhien trudc chung biet doc va viet Tre hpc NN tre khac); + Yeu to tam li (mot so tre cd dpng ca hpc eung cd xu hudng phat am chinh xac han, cam thy NN tot hon hoac tinh each eua tre cung anh hudng ngon ngdtothon khananglj^t chudc tor va "tham nhieu den each tre tiep can vdi cac nhiem vu hpc tap, thau" NN tunhien mptsoti^cdi mdhon vasan sang tiep nhan tiiuthach Theo nghien cdu cua Tabors - Snow, d TMN vdi ngdn ngd mdi); + Yeu to mdi tn/dng (mdi tmdng thudng trai qua giai doan eua qua trinh I h u d^c tti nhien, mdi tn/dng xung quanh tre, st; ttiich hop ngdn ngd", gom: cua ehuongti^inh,su da dang cua tai lieu, each tide - Giai doan 1: Chisudtjng ti&ighftJe Trong ttidi * Tnrdng Cao dang Sir pham Trang mag Nha Trang gian dau, tresevan sudung tieng frie,^6 (ki 1-11/2015)- Tqp chi Gido due so 369 | 51 giao vien (GV) cua tnidng mam non hdtrptrong qua trinh tuong tac vdi tre ).' Ngoai ra, luang TA ma tre tlep nhan hang (language input) cung tao nen sukhae biet tien bove NN cua fre Thudng thi tre dupe dua vao mdi tn/dng TA eang nhieu cang tot, kieu hpc tiep nhan ngdn ngdvd thdc va nang lue "bat chude" ngdn ngddupcsddungdetiep nhan mpt NN khac cua tre Phuang phap day hpc TA cho TMN Da phan TMN thudng la dd'i tuong hpc NN theo kiaj 'Van dpng"va"cam giac tiep xuc", tre thucng thich di chuyen vas§n sang sdvao mpl thdkhi hpc Vi vay, cac hoat dpng day hpc ludn phai hudng den thu hut tre van dgng va tuang tac lln Tuy nhien, khdng phai vi vay ma bai day cua G V chi tap trung vao cac hoat dpng di chuyen, van dpng va xuc giac GV can ehu y can doi gida each hpc, nhan thuc eua tung tre ldp, cac nhiem vy hpc tap can ket hpp giua eac doift}png ngudi hpc cd phong each hpc tap khac nhau, den viec sudung cac phuang phap phu hpp, nhu: nghe ndi(aud\o-\\ngua\), nghe nhin {visua\),dffn dgc (solitary), Moi tre d^u cd diem manh va diem yeu, nen G V can chuyden viec dap ung day dunhu cau va nang luc cua tdng tre qua trinh day TA Hon nim, G V can chu y tao ca hpi phu hpp cho tre tap noi tddan, phattrien dan ciim td, tien tdi cac cau toi gian.Trenhdcung can eddutiidi gian dephat trien TA thdng qua cac hoat (3png GV dan dat, "ngam" y nghia cua ngdn ngdtdcac hoatdpng Theo thdi gian, thupe vao cae yeu td'va tan suat tiep xue vdi TAmatrebatdaunoiduaetddankethppvdieymtd hoaccaungin Ngoai ra, dmdi giai doan khac nhau, G V can luu yap dyng eac phuong phap va hoatdpng khac nham phu hpp vdl trinh dp cua tre C y tiie: •Giai doan /.GV can chuy nang cao hdng ttiu cua tre doi vdiTAva giup tre ttiay quatrinh hpc NN rat thu vj va phan khieh Co cho tre nghe cae bai hat, bang dia b^ng TA va b^t chudc cac hinh anh, nhan vat, hanh dpng tren man hinh vdi nen bai hat, bat chants (bai hat cd nhip dieu deu deu) hoac rhymes (bai tho covan dieu) bang TA -G/a/dba/J:2.'Trong giai doan nay.trecan dupc tiep xuc nhieu vdi mditardng TA thdng qua quan sat, nghe dia nhae TA, van dong theo bai hat hoae tham gia vao cac trd choi khong ddi hdi tre phai noi nhieu (vi dy.cddpe ten mau s^eva tre chpn dung mau dedan lenbang ) Phuang phip sudung ca^eypR(yo^\ Physical Response) ttiudng phu hpp vdi giai doan 52 Tap chi Gido due so 369 nay, G V sddijng tiivyng lien quan den van ddng eo the (cho tre diln ta hanh dpng b^ng ngdn ngu hinti the), Ngoai ra, GV can lap di lap lai nhiiu lan cac tdva cau dan gian GV yeu cau tre chi, sd hoae dung cu chidieubpfrongkhihpcvachotrenghe nhieu nhung khong ddi hoi tre phai tra ldi lai bang TA - Giai doan 3: + Su dung cau hdi yes/no va lo^ii eau hdi lua chpn cai cai (eittier/or); •^ Chap nhan cau tra Icri chi gom -2 ti>cua tre; + Tao co hpi cho tre tham gia vao mdt nhieu hoat dpng eua Idp hpe; + Sddung tranh anh, vat ttiat dat cau hdi cung nhu day tu vung de tre cd tiie nhan dupc nghTa tn/dc khibiettiJ-TA lagi; + Xay dung vd'n tdcua tre thong qua tranh anh,do vat (bSt daubing viec day td cho tre ehd khong phai day eau); + Doc truyen tranh: cho tre nghe doc tnjyen vatap trung nhieu vao tdvung, khainiem Hay xem ngdn ngdia phuang tien chuyen tai chu khong phai la mdn hpc rieng biet; eo gSng tuyet doi khdng d ich nghia cua td, de tre ti; hieu bang khainiem (vidu, cdgtao cam quyen sach va ndi "a book", CO ngoi xuong va ndi "sitdown") Sau nhieu lan lap di lap lai, treseti/hinh khainiem vecactd vung GV chi sudung tieng Viet ttong tn/dng hpp giaitiiiehluatehoi -G/a/dban + T o chdc nhieu hoatdpng khac phu help vdi s d thich, nang luc NN cua tre va de tre ti/do chpn cac "hoatdpng gdc" ma minh ua thich Chang han, cung la chu de mau sic, GV cd theth let ke hoat dpng bat dau td dpe ke tnjyen tranh, dan va dgc ten cae mau s^c theo thutu len bang, trd chai ddng vai gidi thieu mau yeu tiiich, hat bai hat ve mau sac, td mau, ve cau vong va mgt so cac hoat dpng khac phdi hap vdiphy huynh tai nha G V cijng cd the to chdc cac hoat dgng phde tap han va yeu cau su tuang tac lien tyc gida tre - tre va gida tre ngudi Idn, nhu: ddng kich, trinh diln, ke chuyen Cac hoat dpng hpc phai vui, da dgng va ng^n gpn; + Phan Idn tre hpc TA thdng qua cac trd chdi, qua trd ehoi tre cdn phattrien the chat, tinh cam -xa hpi va tri thdng minh Cho du khac ve chu de va loai hinh hogt dpng (Lam quen vdi Toan, Lam quen vdi tac pham van hpc, TA ), nhung chai trd ehoi ludn mang lai hieu qua hgc tap cao nhat Cac trd choi nhu gheptiJ,ddng vai theo chu de cung cap von tuhieu qua hon cho tre; + Cd cdtiid'chpn nhdng truyen cd npi dung don glan, hinh anh minh hpa dep va dgc to cau truyen tn/dc ldp Qua do, tre se trd nen quen ttiugc vdi tdvi/ng, ngdphap va ngu digu cua cau toiyen; + Cd sddung cae yeu cau, menh -(kil-11/2015) lenh phdc tap hon (kieu menh lenh gom budc); + Tap hat cac bai hat TA.GV chgn nhdng bai hated td ngu don gian tiel tau vda phai (3e fre nghe rd va hat ttieo dupc Qua cac bai hat fre cdng hpc dupc nhieutiJrvi/hg,ngdphap va glai iJieu;+Khuyen khieh tre "ndf bang each gpi y va nhae "kheo" la! cau tnJc Ire can giup dd de diln dat; + Su dung c&u hdi md, hoac cau hdi cd nhieu dap an, giup tre md rpng giao tiep va lang ea hpi dam thoai Npi dung day hoc TA cho TMN 3.1 ken luyen kha nang phat am va nhan biet am ti^cho rw/V.Nhan biet am tietlakhanang nhan dien va tao am ttianh, Id dOj tao tiianh ngon ngu, khong phuttiupe give nghia Otivdng mam non, fre ren luyen kha nang phat am ttiong qua viec: - Hgc each nhan bieteactiicdvanvanhjp;-Nghe dupc cac am tieltrong Id; - Hgc each nhan bietcac am b§t dau cuati>;- Noi cae am vdi tiJr 3.2 Phat trien von tu vgng TA cho TMN: • Nhom tdvung quen ttiupc vdi Ire (nhu: cae bp phan COttie,quan ao, chai, trai cay, rau cu qua, thde an, douong, hinh dang, mau sac, mdi vi );-Nhdm ti/ vung lien quan den eugc song hang (cac dpng tij" chl hoat dpng ngay, cac tuan ); -Nhom tdvung vemditiiidng ti/nhien (dpng vat, cdn tning,ttiditiet );- Nhdm t d v i ^ g ve gia dinh (eae vat quen ttiugc ti^ng nha, cac phong nha, chi moi quan he frong gia dinh ); - Nhdm ti/ vung ve trudng hgc, phdng hoc ; - Nhdm ti/vyng ve xa hpi (nghe nghiep,eae phuong tien giao ttidng );-Nhdm td vifrig ve tinh cam (cac tu chi cam xuc ); - Cac td vt^ng can ttiiet khac freean duoc: day denhan biet eac phan cua mptcuon sach (nhu: bia trudc, bia sau, fren va dudi); hpc de bietcac chd vatu ttieo tiidtt/h>trai qua phai, tu fren xudng dudfl; de biet mgt cuon sach gom cd ten sach, tae gia nao viet, hpa sTnao ve minh hpa Xay dung "moi trudng NN" cac trudng mam non 4.1 Vaitrd cua GV mam non GV mam non ddng vai trd chinh anh hudng den qua frinh hgc TA eua tre; nguon dgng vien Idn va la ngudi tao mdi ta/dng NN phu hpp c d \ u va khieh le fre hoe Vai frd cua GV mam non ddi vdi viec hpe NN cua fre ratquan trpng nhung cung nhieu thach thuc Vi vay, GV phai tao mpt mdi tn/dng hpe NN dam bao cho tre ttiay thoai mai nhatva san sang debatdau "chuye'n hanh trinh" tiiu vj G V phai nhiet tinh, quan tam, cham sdc va luu y den tdng tiiay doi cua tre, lam cho tre cam thay an toan, vui ve va thoai mai hge Mot nhung yeu cau de day td't TA cho TMN la G V can cd nang liJC NN tot, phatam chinh xac (day la giai doan quan frpng xay dung ca sd nen tang eho fre phat am dung) De han che viec fre phatam sai (do GV phat am ehua tot), GV phai tang cudng nghe va luyen phat am cac tdse day cho tre, lua ehgn nguon tai lieu, bang dia TA chuan dua vao day hgc 42 Hgc lieu va moi trudng ldp hgc: -Hgclieu:+ Truyen vatiuyen franh (dan ngdhoac song ngu) vdi npi dun^ dan gian, it tdvung va it cau tnic Co va ehau ed tiie eung dgc fruyen va ttiUe hien cae hoat dgng khac lien quan den ngi dung cau chuyen: nhien, ngi dung cau chuyen se d l hieu han neu cd va cac chau cung nhap vai frinh diln va 3.3 Phattrien khananggiao tiep TA dan gian dong kjch; + Cac bai hat, bai ttia cd van, bai chant rat c/jo 7"AfW - Cac caufrdechao ha, gidi tiiieu ban ttian, li tudng khuyen khich phat trien viec phat am ban be, nhdng cau giao tiep eo ban eugc sd'ng chuan cua tre mpt each vui nhpn, tu nhien Cac bai hang ; - Cac eau tnic cau hoi va tra Idi dan gian hat, bai rhymes, chants phai ngan gpnva cd di kem vdi who, what, where, when, why ;-Ndi vesdthich, van dpng; + Bup be va rdi tay (bup be va rcStay chi bieindlTA);+Tr6choi (nhu: wort/gamesvapuzzfes); cam xuc, tinh cam 3.4 Hinh kha nang "dgc viet" TA cho + Cac tai lieu day hpc khae giup gay ttiu va ngac TMN Cae nghien euu cho ttiay, viec fre biet bang chd nhien cho tre, nhu: choi, ao quan ; + Cactoaittiiet ealvachdviet giup fre ttianh cdng quattinh hinh bi cdng nghe cao (may nghe nhae, (Jen thoai, may tiianh kTnang dgc Viec hpcTA cua TMN cung ti/Ong tinh, cac phan man hudng d i n hpc TA)cung la ngudn h/nhuvay,suthanhttiaocac kTnang tren gdp vai fro tai lieu hdu dyng cho GV -SipxepldphgchStrachovlechocTA.Laphgc quan frpng giup fredat nang luc NNtdtve sau Vi vay, GV can giup tre: - Lam quen chu eai: Cac kT nang can dupc sap xep theo gdc hoc tap, hoat dpng va han chesuthaydoivitri nhim giup fre tiiuan lai qua tiiich hc^ vdi TMN la rihan biet va gpi ten dupc cac chOin vavietttiudng, blit dau lien hehinh anh cac chd frinh ligc Vcri "moi ta/dng co djnh quen ttiupc", viec cai va am ttianh eua cac chu cai do; - Nhan biet chd hgc tap se thuan lpi nhieu han vdi fre, tre ti/ hieu se (Xem ^ep trang 35) (hieu cae net dac tamg cua saeh va ehuviet) Vi vay (ki 1-11/2015)- Tap chi Gido due so 369 | 53 ... khibiettiJ-TA lagi; + Xay dung vd''n tdcua tre thong qua tranh anh, do vat (bSt daubing viec day td cho tre ehd khong phai day eau); + Doc truyen tranh: cho tre nghe doc tnjyen vatap trung nhieu vao tdvung,... TA cho TMN 3.1 ken luyen kha nang phat am va nhan biet am ti ^cho rw/V.Nhan biet am tietlakhanang nhan dien va tao am ttianh, Id dOj tao tiianh ngon ngu, khong phuttiupe give nghia Otivdng mam non, ... viet, hpa sTnao ve minh hpa Xay dung "moi trudng NN" cac trudng mam non 4.1 Vaitrd cua GV mam non GV mam non ddng vai trd chinh anh hudng den qua frinh hgc TA eua tre; nguon dgng vien Idn va la