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THU''''C TigN KINH NGHIEM ^Quan triet quan diem cua Cliu tich Ho Chi Minh ve phirang phap giao due trong cac bai hoc Ijch SUI Viet Nam idp 12 triroing THPT '''' (chirong trinh chuan) • ThS LE DINH NAM Hoc v[.]
THU'C TigN - KINH NGHIEM ^Quan triet quan diem cua Cliu tich Ho Chi Minh ve phirang phap giao due cac bai hoc Ijch SUI Viet Nam idp 12 triroing THPT ' (chirong trinh chuan) • ThS LE DINH NAM Hoc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyin Quan diem ciia Ho Chi Minh v6 giao due la mot he thong cac luan diem toan dien va sau sdc ve nhung van de ca ban cua giao due Vipt Nam Viec quan triet quan dikm cua Hd Chi Muih vd phuong pliap giao due d^y hpc noi chung, day hpc mon lich su noi rieng co vai trd dac biSt quan trpng, gdp phan nang eao chat luong day hpc Tac gia da phan tich cac quan di&n giao due cua Ngudi nhdm gii^) giao vien giang day lieh su cr eae trudng thong nang cao tiinh dp ehuyen mon lieh su va ly Iuan phuang p h ^ day hpc bp mon gop phdn thuc hien edng muc tieu giao di^ de Ho Chi Minh's standpoints on education include a system of comprehensive and profound ideas about basics of Vietnam education Being fully aware of his opinions on education methods in teaching in general and history teaching in particular plays a particularly important role, contributing to improving teaching quality The author has analyzed these views to help history teachers at high schools improve their profession and theories of teaching methodology, contributing to successfully implement proposed educational goals C hu tich Hd Chi Muih khdng chi Id ngudi vach dudng, chi loi, to chuc, lanh dao nhdn dan ta ldm nf n thdng lpi cua cdch mang Viet Nam, md cdn Id nguditiiaygido vdi y nghia da tryc tiep gidng dgy, ddo tao, bdi dudng nen bao the hp can bp cua cdch mang \^ft Nam Trong qud trinh gidng day, Ngudi ludn chii y sit dung kien thtic lich sii de ddo tgo cdn bp cdch mgng Ti^ Hd Chi Minh khdng dfi lai cho chiing ta nhiing tdc phdm, he tiidng ly ludn vf phuong phdp day hpc (PPDH), nhung nhiing vifc lam thiSt Sd thdng 2-2015 thyc, nhiing bai vift ngan gpn, siic tich ciia Ngudi da hdm chua cdc PPDH mau muc, hifu qud Vi vgy, qudn triet tu tudng ciia ChutichHd Chi Minh ve gido due, van dung phirong phdp giao dye (PPGD) ciia Ngudi vdo gidng day lich su gdp phdn n ^ e n cuu ly luan ve PPDH ndng cao chdt lupng day hpc bp mdn hieti Nhiing cdng trinh nghien cuu tu tirdng Ho Chi Minh ve gido due rat phong phii, de cgp nhieu khia canh khdc vdi npi dung khd da dang vf vai trd cua gido due, ndi dung, PPGD , ddng thdi dSu khdng dinh tam quan tipng cua viec qudn trift quan diem cua Hd Chi Minh ve giao dye, dac bift vgn dpng cac PPGDttongday hpc de ndng cao chdt lupng day hpc ndi diung, bp mdn Lich sii ndi rieng Quan difm Hd Chi Minh ve gido due la mpt hp thdng cdc ludn diem tiian dien vd sau sac ve nhimg van df C0 bdn cua gido due Viet Nam Vice qudn trift quan diem Hd Chi Minh ve PPGD tiong day hpc ndi chung, day hpc ljch su: (DHLS) ndi lifng cd vai ttd dac bift quan trpng Bdi vi, nhung quan difm cua Ngudi vk giao dpc cd gia tri cao ve Iy luan vd thuc hy luSn ehinh t r i & 1h-ny^n thdng 69 THU'C TliN - KINH NGHlEM tien E)ay la mpt a m dudng, bien phiqi ngudi taphai ddng tiidi cat ca hai vdi ghip chung ta tiiuc hien dupc muc tieu Nf u ngudi ta chi cat mpt vdi thdi, thi cdi vdi cdn lai vdn tiep tuc hut giao due, ngi^en ly giao dye Qudn trift nhung quan difm Ho mau cua giai cap vd sdn, vat van Chi Minh vf giao due se giup nen tifp tuc song vd cdi voi bj cat dirt lai gido due nude ta d ^ iing dupc yeu se mpc ra""', se giiip HS c6 bieu c4u hien cua ddt nude qud tuong chdn thuc vf CNTB Qua dd trinh hpi n h ^ vdi cdc nude tiong khu cdc em hieu ro ban chat cua CNTB vyc vd the gidi, ddo tao ngudn nhan vd mdi quan he mat thiet giiia each lyc chdt lupng cao Dd cung la tien df mang gidi phdng dan tpc d thudc dia df chiing ta xdy dung y thiic tu hpc, xa vd cdch mang vd sdn d chinh qudc Thu hai, vifc qudn triet quan hpi hpc tl^} vd n ^ tdnh tf tri thiic theo Nghi quyft E)gi hpi XI cua Ddng de ra, difm H6 Chi Minh vf PPGD cd tdc Vifc n ^ viing phuong phdp luan Ho dung phdt tnen nang lyc nhan thiic Chi Minh vd nhiing ngiyen tdc, PPGD ndi chung, nang lyc tu noi rieng cua Ngudi, gii^ chiing ta nang cao eiia HS, va Id c a sd de cae em van trinh dp ly hidn ^ gidi quyft cd hifu dung kien thiic da hpc vao vifc tiep qud nhiai vdn ^ cua gido due hifn thu kien thiic mdi vd thuc tien cudc sdng, phdt trien nang luc thyc hdnh va su phat trim tuong lai Vi vdy, viec quan trift quan difm eiia bdn thdn Vi dy, qua each trinh Hd Chi Minh vf PPGD se gdp phdn bdy hinh anh nhu tren se giup HS ghi thyc hien duoc nhiing muc tieu day nhd kien thiic nhanh, ddng thdi cac hpc bp mdn, d ^ iing dupc nhiem vu em lien he ve hinh anh dia thuc tf, hieu ro bdn chat tham lam, DHLS hifn Tru&c het, quan triet quan diem tdn bao cua CNDQ Vifc sir dung Hd Chi Muih vk PPGD mpt each each trinh bdy hinh dnh nhu vdy cdn diing dan, linh hogt, sdng tgo giiip tgo eho HS humg thu hpe tap, phdt hpc sinh (HS) cd dupc biic tianh qua trifn ngdn ngii vd ren luyen phuong khu chan tiiuc de cd the hieu chinh phdp trinh bay sdng, de hieu Thu ba, qudn trift quan diem Hd xdc, cu the ve su b e n , hien tupng lich sir, Tren ca sd dd, gido vien Chi Minh vf PPGD c6 tdc dung thift (GV) hudng ddn HS tim ban chdt tiiuc viec tao nhiing xuc cdm sy kien, hifn turnig, hinh thdnh khai lich sir Id co sd de gido due tu tudng, nipm lich su, neu quy luat, rut bai tuih cam, dao dtic diing ddn cho cdc hpc kinh nghiem Vi nhu, dgy em Thong qua vi du tren se gdp hpc ve "Hogt dong ciia Nguyen Ai phan giao due cho HS ldng cam tiiu Qudc" bdi 12 (ldp 12 THPT), df ndi CNDQ, gido due tinh dodn ket qudc ve moi quan he giiia each mang gidi % niem tin vdo chien thang eua nhan phong ddn tpc d^^et Nam VOT phong dan lao ddng tren the gidi Rd rdng trdo cdch mang cua giai cap vd sdn d quan trift quan diem Hd Chi Minh chinh qudc, GV hudng ddn HS hpc ve PPGD CO y nghia quan trpng tap cdch trinh bdy hinh anh vi von viec thuc hifn myc tieu mon cua Bdc "Chu nghia tu ban Id mpt hpc, gdp phdn ddi mdi PPDH lich sir dia cd mdt cdi vdi bdm vdo giai d tiudng phd thong hifn Chucmg trinh Lich sii Viet Nam c ^ vd sdn d chinh qudc va mpt cdi vdi khac bam vdo giai c ^ vo sdn d ldp 12 d tmdng THPT the hien rd uu thupc dja Neu mudn gift eon vdt ay the vd nhifm vy ciia bp mdn ttong 70 vipc gdp phan ddo tao ngudi Vift Nam phdt trifn todn dien DHLS \flet Nam tur 1919 d i n nam 2000 - giai doan lich sir thf hien nhiing bude nhdy vpt ve chdt ciia each mang Viet Nam, se giiip HS hieu ro cac mdc lich sit quan trpng ttong lich sir phit trien cua ddn tpc Dac biet, tir co Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam lanh dgo Day hpc nhung npi dung tren cd tic dung ren luyen cho HS cac ky nang tri gide tdi lieu, tranh anh; phan tich, so sdnh, tdng hop, ddnh gia cac s^r kien, hifn tupng lich su; ren luyfn ky nang su dyng ban dd, ve ban do, lgp men bieu; vd ky ndng tu hpc de dio sdu ndm vihig kifn thirc Ddng thoi, qua nhung kifn thiic do, bdi duong cho HS thai dp cam ghet deh thong tri, bdc lot ciia thuc dan de qudc; giao dye tmyen thdng yeu nude, quyft tdm tiling len ddu tranh vi dpc lap, tv cua dan tpc, long kham phuc, kinh yeu cac chi sT yeu nude, kinh yeu Bdc, Dang, niem tin vao dudng ma Ddng, Bac da lua chpn Dac biet ndng cao trdch nhiem cua thf he tre ttong cdng cupc xay dung vd bdo vf Td quoc hien De hieu rd thuc trang qudn trift quan diem Hd Chi Minh vf PPGD, chiing toi da tien hanh khdo sdt 78 GV giang day lich sir va 2.000 HS tiiupc 20 tiirdng THPT d Ha Npi va cdc tinh thupc Dong bang song Hdng Khi dupre hdi ve quan dieni ciia Hd Chi Muih ve PPGD "hpc kel hpp vdi hdnh, ly ludn gdn vdi thyc tien" CO 96,2% GV lua chpn Vf phuong phdp "neu guong thi dua" thi cd 51,3% GV lya chpn E>di vdi cdc phuang phap cdn lai (Kit hgp giira gia dinh, nhd trudng vd xd hgi; Doi thogi, tranh ludn dgy vd hgc: Tuy theo doi tugng, ldy ngirdi hgc ldm trung tdm; Ddm bdo tinh viia stic cho cdc doi tuong, lira tudi; Lay Ly luan chinh tri & Truydn thong Sd thdng 2-2015 THLTC TI§N - KINH NGHIEM tu hgc ldm cdt; So sdnh, su dung Tnrdc het, Ngudi xdc dinh ro viec gido due vd hpc tdp, chii tiong hinh dnh dgy hgc; Ldy ngudi myetieuday hpe lich su Id: "Ddn ta dil cdc mat: dao diic cdch mang, gide dgy ldm trung ldm) thi ty le GV lua phdi biet sir ta Cho tudng goc tich ngp xd hpi chil nghia, van hda, ky chpn dudi 50% nude nhd Viet Nam "^^ Td vifc hieu thuat, lao ddng vd sdn xuaf "P^ Ddy Ve nhiing khd khan cua GVtror^ sdu sac lieh sir, tu hdo ve dan tdc ma la nhiing npi dung gido dye hf t siic qua trinh van dyng cdc PPGD ciia Hd xdy d%) Idng bilt on ddi vdi td tien, CO ban, gan hd chat ehe vdi nhau, Chi Mmh vao giang day mdn lich su, nhiing ngudi dau tranh vi dan, vi Idm nen tdng cho su phdt tiien ket qua dieu tra cho thdy, cd 55,1% nude Ddng thdi, muc tieu day hpc ngudi Viet Nam GV thda nhan khdng cd dii thdi ^an lich sii khdng chi dimg tai d dd, ma Qudn trift quan diem giao due de van dung tren ldp vd cd 28,2% GV qua cdc bdi hpc ptidi giiip HS thdy ciia Ngudi DHLS d trudng i^o cho rang, vifc soan gido dn, chuan bi dupc trach ntiiem ciia minh ddi vdi thdng ndi chung, THPT ndi rifng, cdc phuong phdp van diing tdn qud dat niroc Men tai Day la nhung dieu dugc thf hifn tmdc hft d nhieu thdi gian Ben canh dd, 14,1% ciu ddn quan trpng gii^ chiii^ ta xdc viec xdc djnh npi dung kifn thuc GV cho rang, khd khan chinh la viec djnh muctieuday tipc luen quan ttpng trfn tdt cd cdc mat ciia nam chua viing cac quan diem Hd Muc tieu mdn hpc dupe thyc cupc sdng xa hdi vf chinh tri, qudn Chi Minh ve giao due hien tdng hudc qua cdc tiai hoc lich su, kinh tf - van hda - gido due Tren Ddi vdi HS, sd phieu thu ve Id su cu thf Vifc xdc dinh muctieuciia ca sd ndi dung kien thiic todn dien, 1.959, dd cd 711 HS nam vd bdi hpe lich sii "chinh Id cdi £ch ptidi GV phdi lua chpn kien thiic co lidn, 1.248 HS nii Chiing tdi hdi cdc em ve dat den mirc dp dupc quy dinh, la su quan trpng cd khd nang dap ung mite dp yeu thich mdn lich su; ve cam ket ciia thay vd tib day duoc muc tieu da dgt ve ba mgt, ddnh gid nhiing gid hpc lich sir tren hpc'i^ Myctieudupc xdc djnh dung dd dgc biet chu y tdi y ngtiia ldp; ve phuong phdp hpc va nhiing la CO sd de GV chpn lua tdi Ueu lich gido dye cua nhihig kifn thiic Ijch su hieu bilt ciia cdc em ve ChiitichHd su ctia bdi - nhimg su kifn lich su' cy da lua chpn Chi Minh Ket qua cho thay, hien the, nhiing bieu tuong, khai nifm; Thu ba, sir dung da dang cac nay, kifn thiic vf lich sii ciia cdc em xdc djnh miic trinh bdy cdc su nguon kien thiic, ket hpp vdi cac HS cdn nhieu han chf, vdn cdn HS kifn, hien tupng hpp ly, cd hieu qud; PPDH phii hop hieu sai y ngtiia ciia nhiing s\r kien CO tifn hanh vifc gido due tu tudng dao Ve mat phuong phap, Hd Chi bdn Nguyen nhdn cd the thdy dupc due, ren luyen ky nang cho HS Minh cho rang, phai ludn sii dyng da tryc tiqi la phuang phdp hoc cua Ddng thdi, viee xde dinh diing muc dang cac ngudn kifn thiic ktidc cdc em cdn ehua hieu qud, van mang tieu bdi hpc giiip GV lua chpn mdt nhu van hpc, dja Iy, kinh te kit tinh ddi phd each diing ddn, hpp ly cdc hinh fliiic, hop vdi cae PPDH phii hop de dat Tren ca sd phantichcdc ket qua phuong phdp, phuong tien day hpc hieu qua eao nhdt ddo tao, huan thu duoc, de qudn triet quan diem Hd de dgt hieu qud cao nhdt Can cu vdo luyfn edn bd cdch mang Van dung Chi Minh vf PPGD ttong day hpc chiic nang, nttiem vu ciia 1)6 mdn, quan difm ndy ciia Ngudi, ttong Ljch sir Vift Nam ldp 12 d tnrdng vdo mye tifu ddo tao, chiing ta tiiay DHLS d ttudng THPT chung fa cd THPT can chii y cdc phuang phdp su rdng, mpctieuciia timg bdi hpc phdi the sir dung da dang cac ngudn kien phgm sau: bao gdm ba mat: ve bdi dudng nhan tfaiic Uen mdn, ngudn kien thiic tii bai TTtii- nhdt xdc dinh dimg myc tieuthiic, plidt tnen ky nang - gido due tu gidng ciia GV, SGK, diing true dgy hpc tudng, dao dire cho HS de ptiat trien quan Ddng thdi sit dung nhiing Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh tiing todn dien HS va gdp phan phdt tiien PPDH phii hpp df giiip HS de tiifu khdng dinh nen gido dye mdi, nhd cdc nang luc hpc tap cua cae em tidi vd phdt huytinhtichcue, doe tap tmdng mdi phdi thuc hifn hoat ddng Rieng ve kien thiic diroc xac djnh nhan tfaitc eua cdc em Vi dy, sir dyng dgy vd hpc theo muctieu"hpc de ldm theo muc do; nlian biet, thdng hieu tai Ufu tham khdo de tao thih hudng vifc, ldm ngudi, Idm can bp Hpc de vd van dung cd van df vd neu muc dich hpc tj^; phyng sg dodn the, giai cdp vd nhan TM/ioi, xdc ^nh npi dung day hpc dl cu the hda kifn thiic ca hdn dan, Td qudc vd nhan logi"'-' "hpc de tiian di^ vd phii hgp vdi ddi tuong HS SGK; sii dung tai Ueu tham Idido kit tin tudng"''! vd "hpc de hdnh""*' Hd Chii tjch cho rang: 'Trong hpp vdi tiao ddi ddm thoai de giai Sd thdng 2-2015 Ly luan chinh tri & IWiy^n thong THU'C TI§N - KINH NGHIEM tiiich sy kipn hien tupng ljch su^ hoge de t)di tgp ve nhd Tht/ tu, qudn tiiet phuong ctidm gido dye "hpc di ddi vdi hdnti, ly hjdn gan Ufn vdi thuc tien" Qudn tiift phuong chdm gido dye tren, mdn lich sit, GV phai hudng dan HS thuc luen hai hogt dmig "hdnh" Id thuc hdnh tip mdn va van dung kien thiic lich sii vdo thyc t l cupc sdng Dk hudng ddn HS hoat dpng thyc hdnh bp mdn, GV cd tiie cdc bdi tgp yeu cau HS lap men bieu hf thong hda kien thiic, ve sa do, xay dyng vd sir dyng lupc Uch sii Ddng thdi de ket hpp "hpc vdi hdnh" day hpc lich su, GV cdn phdi hudng dan HS biet van dung kien thuc cu de hieu kien thiic mdi, van dyng kien thiic 6a hoc vdo thyc tf cudc song Thdng qua cdc hogt dpng tren se giup HS hieu sau sac kien thiic, ren luyen nang lyc nhdn tfaiic, nang luc thyc hdnfa vd bdi dudng tuih chuyfn can, kien nhin tiong lao dpng, hoc t ^ cho cac em Thu ndm, hudng ddn HS phdt trien hogt dpng tu hpc Ijch sii Chii tjcfa Hd Chi Mmh ludn nhdc nhd phdi coi trpng phdt trioi bidn difn HS, nhdt Id phdt tiien nang luc tu hpc, tu gido dye, ty dao tgo de cac em sau la trudng cd the tv tipc sudt ddi Tu tudng ciia Ngudi ve tu hpc Id mpt tu tudng todn dien va khoa hpc, dupc the hifn tir viec ddt myc dich hpc t | p dfn td ehiic hpc tdp, phuong phdp hpc t ^ Cupc ddl ciia Ngudi chinh Id mpt tdm guong sang ve tinh thdn vuan Ien ty hpc Trong DHLS, vifc hudng ddn HS til hpc dupc the hifn qua cac hoat dpng: Hudng din HS ty hpc vdi SGK d tren Idp vd d nhd; huong ddn HS bilt kit hpp nghe giang, trao doi thdo ludn vdi ty ghi chep; hudng ddn HS bilt ty Ml tgp Cling cd kifn ttiuc d tirai Idp va d nha; hudng ddn HS biet t\r kiem tra - danh gid *'> De faudng din HS tu hpc cd hieu qua, GV cdn bdo ddm cdc yeu cau ciia PPDH tw mdn Thu sdu, gido due tinh cdm mpt each tu nhien, khong gd bd, gupng ep Gido due the he tre Id mOt vdn de dgc biet quan trpng, la moi quan tdm cua cdc ddn tpc, qudc gia Chu tich H6 Ctu Minh dac biet quan tam tdi vifc "bdi dudng the he cdch mang cho ddi sau" Muc dicfa day fapc cdc hQ mdn ntid tmdng la pfadi thdng qua "dgy chii" de "day ngudi" Bp mdn Uch sir d trudng pfad tfaong cd uu thf ttong viec giao dye the fae tre £>f cdng tac gido dye ed hifu qud, chiing ta can qudn trift quan difm Hd Chi Minh v l PPGD thdng qua cdc hoat ddng: Sir dyng tdi hfy sinh ddng cu the ve ngudi that, vifc tfadt hcfa su de gido due HS Ddy etiinfa Id phuang phdp neu guang md Bde Hd thudng nhac nhd Tren cdc td bdo cdch mgng, Ngudi yeu cau pfadi cd cfauyfn myc ngudi tdt, vipc tdt de gido due mpi ngudi Mgt khdc de gido due tu tudng, tinh cam, tiidi dp cho HS tiong DHLS, GV cdn phai sii dung ngdn ngii cd sire thuyit phuc vd thai dp cua minh kfai tiinh t)ay Tren co sd ngttien ciiu ly lugn va thyc tien d tren, chiing tdi df xudt mpt sd bipn phdp van dyng quan dilm Hd Chi Minh vf PPGD nhim nang cao chat Iuong DHLS Vift Nam ldp 12 d tmdng THPT (chuong tiinh chudn) Df kilm nghipm tmh khd tfai cua cdc bien p h ^ dd, chiing tdi da tien hanh thuc ngfaiem su pham Sau mdi tiet thyc nghiem, chung tdi da trao ddi vdi GV v l nhiing van de lien quan vd nhgn duac nhieu y kien ddng gdp, ddnh gia Cdc y kien deu khdng djnh viee qudn trift quan diem Ho Chi Minh vf PPGD Id can thiet nhdm ndng cao chat luomg dgy fapc tip mon, gop phdn ddp ling yfu cdu ^ i mdi PPDH d tiudng THPT hifn Ddi vdi HS deu the ttien Ifadi dp ttiicfa tfau vdi gid hpc, tich cue tham gia vdo tiet fapc, khdng cdm thdy cang thdng, bu6n ngii nua Da sd cdc em cho rdng, mac du ve ntid ptidi chuan bj bdi nhi&i hon, vdl vd faon vifc tim tir l i ^ nhung van thich vi nd giup cdc em hifu bdi hon va thay kien tfairc lich sir rat hay Cac quan diem cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh ve gido due la su kit tinh tmyen thdng gido due cua dan t^c, kl thira nhung di san ciia van hoa nhan Ioai vd phdt trien tren nen tang ciia tu tudng gido dye Mdc - Lenin VI thf, nd cd CO sd Iy Iuan va thuc tien viing chdc, phu hpp vdi ly Iuan vd tfayc tiln ciia ddi mdi PPDH licfa sir hifn Vifc qudn trift quan difm Ho Chf Minh ve PPGD gdp phan thiet thtrc tiong vifc thyc hien myc tieu day hpe tip mdn Bipn pfadp vgn dyng i ^ da dgng, GV can can cii vao dieu kien cu thf ciia itiid trudng df v ^ dung Imh hogt Song, muon thirc hien duoc dif u ddi hdi GV lich sir d tmdng pfad tfadi^ pfadi siic hpc hdi de nam viing cdc quan diem giao due ciia Ngudi, ndng cao trinh dp chuyen mdn lich sir vd Ij* luan PPDHbpmdnn (1) H6 Chi Minh, Todn tgp, Nxb CTQG - Su thgt, H.,2011, T3, tr,413, (2),(3),(7) H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, T6 tr.360,361 (4) H6 Chi Minh, &i/, T3, trJ55 (5) Phan Ngge Lien (chii bien), Nguyen Thi C6i, Trjnh Dinh Timg (2009), Phuangphdp dgy hgc hch su Nxb D^i hpc Suphgm,H tr.87 (6) H6 Chi Minh, i i i / , T12, tr.647 (8)Ngiiyen'niiC5i,ffinA9^/iafg4«;Hr ^ hgclfdisuchoHSgopphdnndngcaoMfuqui dgyhgcl)Qm6n&trudngpholkaig,Tap