TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM SS 4(82) nam 2016 MAY VAN DE VE XAY DUTNG CHl/OfNG TRINH TIENG VIET CHO NGlTCn NXrOC NGOAI THEO MO HINH PHAT T R I E N NANG LlTc'''' BUI MANH H O N G '''' TOM TAT Bdi viil thdo l[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM SS 4(82) nam 2016 MAY VAN DE VE XAY DUTNG CHl/OfNG TRINH TIENG VIET CHO NGlTCn NXrOC NGOAI THEO MO HINH PHAT T R I E N NANG LlTc' BUI MANH H O N G ' TOM TAT Bdi viil thdo ludn mot s6 vin di vi xdy ditng chuang trinh tiing Viet cho nguai nuac ngodi theo mo hinh phdt triin ndng luc (PTNL) Viec xdy dung chuang trinh ndy duac dua h-en nhiing ki ndng duac xdc dinh theo Khung tham chiiu ndng luc ngoai ngU cua chdu An vd nhang lain thic tiing Viet cdn cho nhu cdu giao tiip ciia ngirai hqc theo nhirng chu diim nhdt dinh Bdi viit tap trung vdo cdch xdc dinh nhung kien thiic nhu vdy chuang trinh tiing Viet cho nguai nuac ngodi a trinh doAl Tirkhda: tiing Viet, ngoai ngu, chuang trinh theo mo hinh phat trien nang lire, ngon ngu hgc chiic nang, khung tham chilu nang lire ngoai ngir cua chau Au, kien thiic ABSTRACT Some aspects of designing the competence-based curriculum of Vietnamese language for foreigners The article discusses some aspects of designing the competence-based curriculum o Vietnamese language for foreigners The design of this curriculum is based on the skills determined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the knowledge of Vietnamese language necessary for learners to communicate in the differen topics The article focuses on how to determine such kind of knowledge in the curriculum of Vietnamese for foreigners at level AJ Keywords: Vietnamese, foreign language, competence-based curriculum, functional linguistics, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, knowledge Dat van fle XSy dung chuong trinh day hgc theo mo hinh PTNL la xu huong chung cua giao due Viet Nam, nhim dua giao due nuoc nha hgi nhap voi giao due quoc te va dap ling nhu cau dao tao nhan luc Trong xu huong chung do, viec xay dung chucmg trinh tiing Viet cho hgc sinh Viet Nam Cling nhu cho nguoi nuoc ngoai dang CO nhiing buoc chuyen quan trgng, dua tren nhung each tilp can dugc cong nhan rgng rai tit ca cac nuoc phat triin Bai viet tap trung ban ve viec xay dung chucmg trjnh tiing Viet nhu mgt ngoai ngO cho ngucri niroc ngoai Cl Viet Nam, hien co nhieu co so giao due co chuong trinh day hgc tieng Viet cho nguoi nuoc ngoai Nhung cac eo so giao due chi cong bo nhung thong tin rat van tat ve chuong trinh, ngi dung day hgc cho cac trinh Da co nhilu sach giao khoa (SGK) Tiing Viet cho nguoi nuac ngoai cac ca so giao due va ca nhan bien soan, nhung tat ca cac bg SGK loai deu dugc xay dung theo nhung ngi dung dugc cac tac gia du kiln, phac thao, chii chua co mgt chuong trinh dugc xay dung co he thing, va dT • PGS TS, Trip&ng flai hoc Su pham TPHCM; Email: manhhung160Bl^yahoo.com m 22 TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Biii Mgnh Hung nhien cung chua eo mdt ehuang trinh qudc gia lam chuan de bien soan SGK Nam 2007, Vien Khoa hgc giao due Viet Nam cd xay dung chuong trinh va bien soan SGK dgy tidng Viet cho ngudi Viet d nudc ngoai Xet ve mdt phuong dien nao thi ddi tugng ngudi Viet d nudc ngoai hgc tieng Viet cd phdn gidng vdi hge mdt ngoai ngii Tuy vay, ngudi Viet d nude ngoai khdng hoan toan la ngudi nudc ngoai Hg hgc tieng Viet nhu m0t "ngon ngii di san" (heritage language), chu khdng phai thudn la mgt ngogi ngd Hon niia, ndi dung chuong trinh cdn tuong ddi khm quat va chua cap nhat nhung tyu mdi nhdt vd xay dyng chuong trinh day hgc ngogi ngii cua the gidi cung cd chuong trinh rieng cho mdn Tieng Viet nhu mgt ngoai ngti^ Cac mgch ndi dung va he thdng chudn ciing thiet ke theo cau tnic chung danh eho cac mdn ngoai ngii d Australia, vi v|ty nd mang dam dgc trung cua mdt chuang trinh dgy hgc ngon ngu" bdi canh cua nudc Cac ca sd ed dao tao tieng Viet d M^, Phap, Lao cung cd cae chuong trinh, de cuong bai giang ("syllabus"), nhung ndi chimg, chi la nhung chi dan va yeu eau rat van tat, thuge chii yeu vao quan diem eiia timg ngudi sogn thao va timg co sd dao tgo Cff Sff h' thuygt cho viec x3y dyng chirong trinh mdi 2.1 Cdc li th uyit vi th u dde ngdn ngit mdt sd nude, nhat la nhimg noi cd cgng ddng ddng dao ngudi Vidt sinh sdng, viec dgy hgc tieng Viet kha phat trien Tuy nhien, viec day hgc van dya tren cac tai lieu, SGK dugc bien soan theo each don le, khdng cd mdt chuong trinh lam chuan Ci mgt sd bang cua Australia nhu New South Wales (2003) va Queensland (2008) cd nhiing chuong trinh tidng Viet dugc xay dung ehuyen nghiep va cdng phu'^ Tuy nhien, sy phan biet ve nang Iyc giao tiep (nghe, ndi, dgc, vidt) giiia cac trinh khdng dugc the hien cy the va chi tiet Thdng tin ve ttr vyng va ngii phap tieng Viet kha ngheo nan va nhidu chd thidu chinh xac, chang ban each hieu ve eac phuong tien chi "thl", ve "trgng tu", "tinh tir sd hiiu" tidng Viet Cd ve nhu nhiing each hidu dugc hinh tren co sd eai "khudn ngir phap" cua tieng Anh Chuong trinh qudc gia eua Australia Cd nhieu each giai thich khac ve qua trinh thy dac ngdn ngii, nhung cd anh hudng sau rdng nhat la eae Ii thuyet Hdnh vi lugn, Bdm sinh ludn, va Tri nhdn ludn Ddng sau nhihig Ii thuydt cd bdng dang cua mdt sd trudng phai ngdn ngii hgc va tam li hgc chi phdi cae dudng hudng giao due ngdn ngii gan mgt the ki qua Trong Hdnh vi ludn cua Skirmer [15] de cao vai trd ciia mdi trudng thi Bdm sinh lugn cua Chomsky [9] nhan manh nang luc ndi tai, kha nang sang tgo eua ngudi chu the qua trinh thu dac ngdn ngG Tri nhdn ludn thi duge hinh ehu yeu trdn co sd Ii thuydt tam li hgc ciia Piaget Li thuyet gidng vdi quan niem cua Chomsky d chd coi ngdn ngii la ket qua ciia qua trinh phat trien tri khdn, chii khdng phai la san phdm cua hanh vi (Piaget 1980) [14] Tuy vay, khac vdi Chomsky va cae mdn de TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM cac nha tri nh^n luan co chii y nhieu hon din vai tro cua moi truong Theo Tri nhgn ludn, kha nang tu la co so cho su thu die ngon ngu Truoc diia tre CO thl noi vl mgt su vat thi no phai biet vl svr vat Piaget cho ring sir tuang tac gitta hoat dgng nhan thiic cua diia tre va moi trucmg (ngon ngO va phi ng6n ngO) diln thi nhiing cau tnic ngon ngir phiic tap se phat triin Quan niem lam eo so cho each tiep can giao due dugc bilt duoi ten ggi la "Constructivism" ("Kien tao luan" hay "Li thuylt kiln tao") Kien tgo lugn eho ring hgc khong don gian la su phan anh true tilp qua trinh day, ma ngucri hgc phai kiln tag eac khai niem va tri thiic cho chinh minh nhu la ket qua ciia qua trinh day hgc Trong linh vuc day dgc vilt, Kiin tgo lugn dugc the hien qua li thuylt dugc ggi la "whole language education" (d^y hgc ngon ngU nhu mgt chinhthi) [12], [16] Vcfi su hinh va phat trien ciia Tri nhgn ludn va Kien tao ludn, Hdnh vi ludn da mat dan anh huong Ba quan dilm diu da dat co so li thuylt cho nhiing each tiep c$n khac viec xay dung chuong trinh day hgc ngon ngii noi chung va ngoai ngii noi rieng [7], [1] Song tu goc ling dung ngon ngll hgc vag day hpe ngoai ngO thi each tilp can cua ngon ngQ hgc chiic nang (Functional Linguistics), nhat la ngon ngd hgc chiic nang he thing (Systemic Functional Linguistics) va Khung tham chilu nang luc ngoai ngO chau Au (CEFR) dugc cong bo khoang muai nam cho ta nhiing ggi y cu thl hon SS 4(82) nam 2016 2.2 Ngon ngO- hpc churc nang va Khung tham chiiu nang life ngoai ngtr cua chau Au Khong tilp can ngon ngii nhu mgt hien tugng tam li ma nhu mgt hien tugng xa h5i, ngon ngO hgc chiic nang da dat nin mong vQng chic cho giao due ngon • ngii Trong b6i canh giao due ngon ngii hien nay, each tilp can chiic nang dang chi phii ITnh vuc xay dimg chuang trinh va thiit kl tai lieu day hgc ngon ngO tren toan thl gidi Cac nha chuyen mon ITnh vuc giao due ngon ngii cang d6ng thuan cho rang khong the day hgc ngon ngu nhu mgt he thong cau tnic "trong ban than no va vi no" theo tinh than cua Saussure [3] va cac nha cau tnic iuan cua MT [8], ma phai day hgc ngon ngU moi quan he vai chiic nang ciia no Ngon ngO hinh thanh, phat triin, va d^c biet la dugc sii dung vi nhiing chiic nSng cila no Chinh nhiing chiic nang quy dinh djc dilm ciu tnic va co chi van hanh ciia ngon ngtt Trong cac "nhanh" cua ngdn ngO hgc chiic nang, li thuyet chiie nang he thong ciia Halliday co anh huong manh me hon ca doi vdi viec day hgc ngon ngd nha trucmg [13] Theo each tiSp cgn chiic nang he thong, chuong trinh giao due ngon ngQ, day hgc tieng me de cting nhu ngoai ngu, cin giiip nguoi hgc hieu dugc ngon ngtt hanh ehiic nhu thl nao cac moi truong khac [11], [13] Cach tilp c$n chiie nang rat nhit quan vod ducmg hucjng day hgc ngoai ngQ cila Hfli ddng chau Au (Council of Europe) the hien qua Khung tham ehilu nSng luc ngoai ngO cua chau TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Au (The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) CEFR duge cdng bd chinh thde vao nam 2001, mgt uy ban gdm cac chuyen gia giang dgy ngdn ngii soan thao sudt 10 nam Day la kdt qua eua mdt hudng tiep can day hgc ngoai ngd mdi khdi phat tir nhimg nam 1970 d chSu Au Ngay nay, CEFR duge chuyen ngii sang hang ehuc thir tidng khac CEFR nhdm muc dich cimg cdp mgt CO sd chung cho viee xay dyng giao an, bd hudng ddn chuong tririh giang dgy, thi cii, bien sogn SGK d chau Au Theo quan diem cua cac nha sogn thao CEFR, day va hgc ngdn ngCr theo hudng giao tiep la hudng ISy ngudi hgc lam trung tam (learner-centred) Nd khuydn khich ngudi hgc hgc ngdn ngd dich (target language) thdng qua vigc xay dung, md rdng kien thiie va kinh nghi?m cua ngudi hgc Ngudi hgc sg tap trung vao nhiing chu didm lien quan va lya chgn nhiing nhiem vu nham dat dugc cac myc tieu ma giao an de Nang lyc giao ti^p cua ngudi hgc phat trien hg tham gia vao mdt sd nhiem vu mang tinh thyc te, cd y nghia, hQu ich va cd the dat dugc Coi viee hgc ngdn ngii la mdt khia canh eiia sir dung ngdn ngit, CEFR da xac dinh kha nang ngudi hgc cd thd lam gi d timg edp dg Giao vien can biet nhimg cap ma CEFR dua de dinh hudng ngi dung va phuang phap dgy hgc cdng nhu lya ehgn SGK va cac tai li?u khac [10] Xay dyng chirong trinh Tieng Viet cho ngirdi nirdc ngoai tren quan diem chirc nang va Khung tham chieu n§ng lu-c ngoai ngii cua chau Au Biii Manh Hung Viec xay dyng chuang trinh day hgc ngogi ngii ndi ehung va tidng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai ndi rieng theo md hinh PTNL ddi hdi phai dya tren quan diem chiic nang va nen van dung CEFR nhu mgt qua ciia chau Au viee tiep can giao due ngdn ngii theo quan diem chiic nang Thay vi dua tren quan diem ehuc nang de thiet ke cua khung nang luc ngoai ngii ridng, cac nudc tren the gidi cd xu hudng ap dyng cang rOng rai CEFR de xSy dyng chuang trinh ngoai ngti eho minh Va ciing la lya chgn tdt ddi vdi Viet Nam Tuy nhien, CEFR chi cung cap nhiing md ta tuong ddi khai quat va dgt cac chuan can dgt cho timg loai kT nang d timg bac: Al, A2, Bl, B2, Cl va C2 Chdng hgn cae ehuan can dgt d bgc Al dugc tdm tdt nhu sau: u KT ndng tiip nhgn Nghe: Cd the nhan biet dugc cac tir va nhdm td can ban, quen thudc Hen quan den ban than, gia dinh va mdi trudng xung quanh ngudi khac ndi chgm rai va rd rang Dgc: Cd the hieu duge cae tu, nhdm tir quen thuge va cac cau dan gian lien quan den ban than, gia dinh va mdi trudng xung quanh gdn gdi, nhu van ban ngdn va don gian tren quang cao,tiidngbdo b Ki ndng tuffng tde Ndi tuong tae: Cd thd hdi va tra ldi cac cau hdi don gian ve cac chu didm quen thudc vd ban thSn, gia dinh va mdi trudng xung quanh ngudi khac ndi cham rai, r6 rang va ddi nhdc lai dd gidp the hien dieu mudn ndi Vidt tucmg tae: Cd thd vidt buu 25 TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 4(82) ndm 2016 khao sat he thdng cac chu diem va thdng thiep don gian va ngan ggn, vi du viet ke tan sd xuat hien cua eac tir ngii dugc bim thiep ve ki nghi cua ban than Cd the su dung nhieu cudn sach dgy tieng dien bieu mau vdi cac thdng sd ca nhan, Viet eho ngudi nudc ngoai, trinh dp so vi dy dien ten, qudc tich, dia ehi vao bieu cap (cho ngudi mdi bat dau) da dugc luu dgt phdng khaeh san hanh chu yeu khoang 25 nam qua* e KJ nang tgo lap Ket qua xac dinh cac chu diem, bang tir Ndi sang tgo: Cd the su dung cac eiia chung tdi dugc nit hi ca hai each cum tu va cau don gian de ndi ve cac chu tiep can: quy nap (khao sat, thdng ke tir diem quen thudc ve ban than, gia dinh, va tai lieu dgy hge tidng Viet hien hanh) va mdi trudng xung quanh didn dich (tir cac ehu diem ma chung tdi Viet sang tgo: Cd the viet dugc xay dyng dya tren CEFR va danh gia cua nhiing cum tir hoac nhiing cau don gian chinh nhdm nghien ciiu) Cac chu didm ve ban than va nhan vat tudng tugng, ve giao tiep dugc khao sat tir cac cudn sach noi sinh sdng va cdng viec day tidng Viet hidn cd la rdt cd gia tri vi Nhu vay, theo each tiep can PTNL dd chinh la "thyc tidn Viet Nam", frong cho ngudi hgc, CEFR chi dat muc tieu dd cd kinh nghiem cua nhidu chuyen gia, can dat, tue chu y den dau ra, chir khdng nha giao cd kinh nghiem day tidng Viet quy dinh dau vao Nhiing kien thuc va cho ngudi nude ngoai Chiing tdi thuc ngii lieu cu the nao can dugc dua vao de hien quy trinh dya tren quan niem: cd dugc myc tieu can dat nhu vay khdng nhiing gi dugc eang nhidu tac gia bien phai Ia van de cua CEFR Vi vay, ngoai he thdng cac kT nang CEFR thidt kd, soan sach day tieng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai dua vao saeh trinh can ban (co chuang trinh Tidng Viet cho ngudi nudc mdt sy ddng thuan tuong ddi cao) thi ngoai can phai md ta cac kien thuc va eang cd co sd de xac djnh dd la ngi dung logi ngii lieu can dugc dua vao dya tren can day hgc chuang trinh bac Al ket qua nghien cuu li thuydt vd tidng Viet ma ehung tdi xay dyng va khao sat kinh nghiem thuc te viec xay dung chucmg trinh, bien sogn Vd he thdng chu diem, tham khao SGK va day hgc tidng Viet cho ngudi CEFR va cac chu diem/tinh hudng giao nudc ngoai nhung thap nien gdn tidp nhiing cudn sach day tidng day Cd nghTa la tir CEFR ddn mdt Viet, chung tdi dd xudt cac ehu didm cho chucmg trinh tidng Viet cho ngudi nudc chuang trinh Al, va cCng tir dd xay dyng ngoai cu thd, du chi tidt dd lam co sd cho he thdng kien thiic ve tieng Viet va van vide bien sogn SGK, cd rdt nhidu viec hda Viet Nam tuong iing vdi cac chii phai Iam Dudi day chung tdi trinh bay diem dd Trong 20 cudn tren^ cd mdt sd nhiing kdt qua nghien ciiu chinh dd hoan cudn cd sd ehii diem rat it nhu cudn eua dugc chuang trinh d bac Al Nguydn Viet Huong (7 chu didm), Nguyen Diic Dan (10 chu diem); ed mdt Dd xac dinh cac kidn thuc tidng sd cudn ten bai hgc vira cd the la chu Viet can ydu ddi vdi bac Al, chung tdi da 26 TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM diem, vira cd the la mdt/mdt sd cau tnic ngu: phap (Nguyin Van Phuc) hay nhiing eau ndi, phuong tien ngdn ngii cu the ma chu diem khdng rd (Biii Phyng, Le Quang Thidm, Nguyen Long) Vi v^y viec thdng ke cac ehu diem cd phan khd khan Tuy vay, cd the khang dinh hau het eac SGK dugc khao sat thi cac bai hgc ddu gan vdi mgt hoac hai chu didm sd nhiing chii diem da dd cap d tren, trii cudn cua Nguydn Dinh Hoa Cd nhimg cudn lay ehu didm lam ten bai hge nhu cua Bui Mgnh Himg, Du Nggc Ngan, Dd Thj Minh Hdng, Ngd Nhu Binh, Nguydn Anh Qud, Phan Van Giudng, Vu Van Thi Cd nhiing cudn ldy nhiing each ndi dgc tnmg cho chii diem (nhu Anh ten Id gi?; Anh ldm nghi gi?; Bdy gid Id mdy gid? ) de dgt ten cho bai hgc nhu Doan Thidn Thuat, HUES, Mai Nggc Chir (B), Nguyen Long, Nguyen van Hud, Nguyen Viet Huong Cd cudn xen ke ca hai each dgt ten nhu ciia Jran Van Tieng (vira ed nhiing bai nhu Gidi thieu, Di mua sdm; vira cd nhirng bai nhu Em sdng d ddu?; Di bdng gi?) Rieng cudn eua Nguyen Minh Thuydt ten bai hgc vira cd ehu diem vua cd cau noi dac trung cho chu diem dd, vi dy: Thdi gian, thdi tiet (Say gid Id mdy gid?; Bao gid me vi?), Mua sam (Chdu muon mua gi?) Mdt hoac mdt sd chu diem nhu vay gan vdi mgt tinh hudng giao tiep dgc thii Cach thirc tridn khai cac bai hgc nhu vay thd hidn rd xu hudng dgy hge tieng Viet theo quan didm giao tidp Kdt qua khao sat cho thdy, cac chu didm cd quan he chdng cheo, khdng phai nao ciing de phan biet rach rdi, vi du: Bui Mgnh Hdng giao thdng va dja diem (hdi dudng), thdi tiet va thdi gian (hdi mua), so lugng va tudi tac, mua sdm (hdi tudi, hdi gia ca), sd hiiu va vat (hdi sd huu dd vat), sd hihi va gia dinh (hdi ve gia dinh) Theo kdt qua thdng kd, chu diem "Ngdn ngii" CO miic phd bidn thap (xep thu 12, chi xuat hidn 10 tren 20 cudn sach dugc khao sat), la mdt ngi dung rdt dang luu y mdi bat ddu hgc bdt ki ngdn ngir nao Cd le Ii la nd thudng dugc tich hgp chu didm "Qude tich" Tuong ty, chu diem "tudi tac", "sd thich", "bgn be" ciing thudng dugc tich hgp mdt chu diem rdng va phd bien hon nhu gidi thieu ve ban than Nhieu SGK va giao vien dgy hai chu diem cimg mdt luc vi quan he vd ngi dung ciing nhu sy gan gui ve each bieu dgt (nhu ngudl Viet va tieng Viet, ngudi Nhat va tidng Nhat, ngudi Han va tidng Han) Mdi ehu diem cd mdt sd cau tnic cau dac trung Tuy nhien ciing cd nhtmg cau true cau dugc dimg d nhieu ehu diem nhu: CO khdng?; da chua? Td ket qua khao sat tren day, nhiing chu diem xuat hidn nhleu nhat cac cudn sach tieng Viet trinh co ban cd the dugc xep theo thu tu nhu sau: chao, hdi tdn; thdi gian {bdy gid Id mdy gid?; hdm Id ngdy thu may?; hom la ngdy bao nhieu?); dia diem (a ddu?; di thi ndo (hdi dudng)?; di mdt bao ldu?); mua sam (gid bao nhieu?; mudn mua gi?); an udng, nha hang {cho toi xem thuc dan; cho toi li cd phi); giao thdng {di bdng gi?); nghe nghidp {ldm nghi gi?); qude tjch {nguai nudc ndo?); tinh chat, trang thai {no thi ndo?; cdi ndy thi TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM ndo?); dl v|t (day Id cdi g'l?) (Co thl mo rgng them "con vat": day Id gi?); thai tilt, miia (hom th&i tiet the ndo?; bdy gia Id miia gi?); gia dinh (day Id ai?; day Id bd tdi); so hQu, ton tai (cd td khdng?; nhd co li vi khong?) Trong do, cac chu diem "chao hoi", "thoi gian", "dia dilm", "mua sim", "nghe nghiep", "qu6c tjch", "tinh chat/trang thai", "dl vat/eon vat" la nhung chu diem xuit hien nhilu nhit (tren mgt niia so sach khao sat) Theo CEFR (va Khung tham chieu nang lire tiing Viet cua Bg Giao due va Dao tao dugc ban hanh nam 2015 dua vao CEFR), chiing toi bl sung them ehu dilm "truang, lop hgc" va dua chii dilm ciing vol chii diem "gia dinh" hai nhflng chu dilm dugc uu tien day hgc giai doan doan diu Hon thl nua, d6 la nhQng chii diem rat thiet than doi vdi hgc sinh, nen can co vi tri uu tien hon cac chii diem khac, ehi sau cac chii diem: "chao hoi", "thoi gian", "dia diem" Theo logic di tir chii diem tir gan gui den xa hon cung nhu muc phiie tap cua nhihig each diln dat co lien quan thi "gia dinh", "nghe nghiep", "qu6c tich" ciing can xep trudc "mua sim", "giao thong" Chii diem "do vat/eon vat" CO thl tich hgp ca chii dilm "tinh chit, trang thai" Ngoai ra, theo yeu ciu ciia CEFR, can co nhirng each dien dat ed tinh nghi thire, khuon miu (chiic, mod, dl nghj, gidi thiSu diln gia) Va khong thl khong CO nhung each noi vl cac hoat dgng the hi$n c6ng viec hing ngay, thoi quen, kha nang, so thich ciia nguai Nhung each noi khong thuge vl mgt 28 SS 4(82) nam 2016 chil diem, tinh huong giao tiep nao rieng biet ma dugc tich hgp vao nhieu chil dilm, tinh hulng giao tilp khac Chil diem "an uing, nha hang" nen dugc ggp chung vao chii diem "mua sim" "mua sim, an uing"' de chi tap trung vao nhtmg ci^h diin dat lien quan den nhiing hoat dgng sinh tin hang ngay, chu khong gidi thieu nhirng tir ngit kho va cau tnic cu phap phirc tap Trong CEFR, sa hiru (nhiing gi minh co) dugc coi la chu diem thiet yeu, dugc liet ke cu the khung, ben canh chii diem gioi thieu ban than, ngucri than Nhung theo ket qua khao sat eiia chiing toi thi chu diem so hOu chi chilm vi tri thit 14 s6 nhQng chii diem phfi hiln SGK day tieng Viet cho nguoi nudc ngoai ma chung toi thong ke (chi xuit hien U-ong cuon tren 20 cuSn) Phai chang cd mgt su khac biet dang kl giQa nguai chau Au va nguoi Viet y thirc vl so hQu? Hay "nhflng gi minh co" chi thuan la chii diem ve vat? Thay vi xep ehu diem rieng, chiing toi tich hgp "sd hiru" vao chung vdi cac chii dilm khac nhu "gia dinh", "do vat" Tdm Iai, theo chung toi, cac chii diem ca ban can day hgc d trinh Al bao gom: 1) chao hdi, gidi thieu ban than va ngucri khac, mgt sd each dien dat cd tinh nghi thirc; 2) thdi gian; 3) dia diem; 4) truong, ldp hgc; 5) gia dmh; 6) nghe nghiep; 7) qudc tich, ngon ngfl; 8) mua sim, an udng; 9) giao thdng; 10) dl vat, vat; 11) thdi tilt, miia; 12) hoat dong hang ngay, sd thich Cd nhilu co sd day hgc nggai ngfl nhu British Council trao cho ngudi hgc TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM mdt danh sach cac ehu diem va ngudi hgc cd the chgn lya bat ki chii diem nao de hgc Tuy nhidn, each lam chi thich hgp vdi ngudi hgc d trinh nang cao theo nguyen tdc cap cang cao djnh hudng hgc tap theo nhu cau ngudi hgc cang cu thd va rd rang [4] Ddi vdi ngudi hgc d bac Al, kha nang lya chgn chu didm la rdt hgn ehd NghTa la tdt ca mgi ngudi mdi bat ddu hgc tidng Viet thi ddu phai hgc qua tat ca cac chu diem gan nhu Cae kien thuc ngdn ngfl- va van hoa dugc de xuat can cii vao nhiing tinh hudng giao tiep dy kidn sau tham khao CEFR va khao sat cac chu didm dugc day 20 cudn sach Ve ngii phap, can nam cac dgc tnmg CO ban thudc logi hinh ngdn ngii don lap cua tieng Viet: khdng bien hinh, trat ty tu ddng vai trd quan trgng (trat ty cu phap S (chu ngii) - V (vi ngii) - O (bd ngii), yeu td chinh thudng dimg trudc cau tnic ngii ehinh phu); mdt vai "loai tir" phd bien nhu con, cdi, quyin {cudn); tir xung hd, tu chi dinh phd bidn nhu: em, thdy, ed, minh, tdi, anh, ehi, bgn; ndy, kia, dy, ddy, day; quan he tir co ban nhu: eita, a, tgi, trong, trin, xung quanh, tir, din, vi, nen, nhung; tu ngii nghi van nhu: ai, gl, ndo, ddu, ndo, bao gid, bao nhiiu, sao, vi sao, thi ndo; tir chi lugng khdng xac dinh nhu: nhdng, cdc, nhiiu, it; tieu tu tinh thai va tir ngii hd dap thdng dung nhu d g, nhe, vdng, dg; cdu tnic dung de so sanh ed tir han, nhdt, bdng, nhu, kem; mgt sd cau true cau: Danh - Id — Danh; Danh - Dpng; Danh - Tinh; mgt so cdu trdc cau md Bui Mgnh Hung rdng bang each them trang ngii va md rdng phan cau (bang dinh ngii, bd ngii) vdi cau true ngii doan don gian; nhung cau cd cau tnic cau don va cau ghep cd hai ve cau; bidt dung cau khang dinh va cdu phu djnh; cac Ioai cau giao tiep phd bien: cau tran thuat, cau nghi van, cau cau khien, cau cam than Cac cau tnic ngir phap co ban va loai ngii lieu ciing dugc xac dinh tuong ddi cu the va dugc sap xdp theo mdt trinh tu khuyen nghi Chang han, tinh hudng chao hdi thi phai dung: Chdo X (anh, chi, em, thdy, CO )!; X (anh, chi, em, thdy, cd ) cd khoe khdng?; tinh hudng gidi thieu: X (tdi, anh, em, thdy, eo ) ten la X; X (toi, anh, em, thdy, co ) Id Y (sinh vien gido viin ) Ve ngii dyng, can nam dugc: each dung tir ngu xung hd theo quan he ve tudi tac va tdn ti; nghl thuc chao hdi, tgm bidt, cam on, xin ldi, gidi thieu, chuc mimg, mdi, de nghi, ddng y, tir chdi; nghi thuc khiem nhudng trudc Idi khen Vd van hda, can nam mdt sd net ehinh vd quan he gia dinh ngudi Viet; vd quan he cdng ddng cua ngudi Viet; vd dia li Viet Nam Kien thiic ve ngti am, chinh ta cd the eoi la "bat bien", vi nd dya tren ydu cau hidn nhidn ddi vdi tat ca nhiing bdt dau hge tieng Viet, du theo bdt ki md hinh giao dye nao bac Al, ngudi hge edn ndm: bang chii cai va he thong ddu cua tidng Viet; mdi quan he giiia am (phu am, nguyen am, dieu) vdi chii cai va dau tidng Viet; each phat am cac nguyen am, phu am, dieu; each dgc, vidt cac chu: cai, ddu va am tidt tidng Viet; mgt 29 TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM so quy tic chinh ta: Quy tic diing chQ cai "k", -q" "c" ghi phu am /k/ nhu uong "ki", "quy", "ca", chfl cai "ng", "ngh" ghi phu am /tj/ nhu "ngay", "nghe", ehu cai "g", "gh" ghi phu am /D/ nhu "ga", "ghi"; each ndi cac cau dan gian, thudng dimg U-ong giao tiep hang (uin thuat, nghi vin, ciu khien, cam than) dung ngu dieu vin de dat nhilu diaeh diiic nhat la xac dinh vfin tu vimg tli diieu cho trinh Al Trudc hit chiing ta phai ua ldi cau hdi: Lieu cd the dimg tu dien tan sfi eua tiing Viet (nlu ed) de xay dung bang tu vung cho trinh Al dugc khdng? Ndi each khae, cd thl ap dung each lam: nhQng tu ngfl nao cd tan so xuit hien cao nhat tu dien tan sfi thi se dugc dua vao bang tu vung tieng Viet cho trinh Al Viet Nam ehua xay dung duge khfii ngQ lieu (corpus) tieng Viet de lam can cir cho viec xay dung danh sach eac tu ngu thfing dung nhat Hien da cfi mgt so tu diln tin sl va tu lieu ve tin sfi tir tieng Viet, nhung van de ranh gidi tir ciia tieng Viet va each xir li hien tugng dfing am (de phan biet mdt trudng hgp nao la mgt tu da nghTa hay nhieu tir dfing am vdi nhau) ehua cd giai phap thda dang nen sfi Heu tan sfi chua that dang tin cay Vi thl, cau hdi tren chi cd tinh chit gia dinh Tuy nhien, ca ed dugc danh sach nhirng tu ngu thfing dung nhit nhu kilu danh sach 100, 500, 1.000, 1.200 tir ngu thfing dung nhit nhu tieng Anh thi theo chiing tfii, danh sach cung khfing ddng vai trd quylt djnh viec xac dinh bang tir ngQ tfii 30 SS 4(82) ndm 2016 thilu cho ngudi nudc ngoai hgc tieng Viet trinh dg Al vi miy le sau day: a Cac khfii ngQ lieu thudng dugc xay dung tir ngQ lieu cua dii eae loai van ban, dd van ban vilt chiem vi tri ehu dao Trong dd, vfin tu ngu cho trinh Al ehu ylu la diing cho ngdn ngu ndi; b Ngay ca ed bang tu dugc xay dung tren eg sd ngfin ngQ ndi thi dd ciing la ngfin ngu ndi cua ngucri ban ngu (ngu6i Viet) Ngudi nudc ngoai mdi bat dau hgc tiing Viet hg phai hge nhiing tinh hufing giao tilp ma hing ngudi ban ngu it gap phai, chang han: gidi thien ten, gia dinh, nghe nghiep, qudc tjch, hoi gid Nhihig dnh hudng dd rat dien hinh dfii vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, va doi klii ngudi Viet ciing dimg de giao tiep vol nhau, nhung nd chiem mgt ti le rat nhd be thuc tien giao tiep phong phii, da dang cua ngudi ban ngfl Khdng phai nhimg tir ngu ma ngucri Viet dimg nhieu nhat thi phai day cho ngudi nudc ngoai dau tien Co the kiem tra xem nhirng tir ngfl dugc dimg nhirng bai dau tien cua sach day tieng Anh cho ngudi nudc ngoai cfi phai ia nhirng tu ngfl cd tin sfi cao nhat cac bang tan sfi tu vung cua tieng Anh hay khong Sau day la mfit vai kit qua kiem tra ban diu Rit nhilu tu ngfl duge diuig nhimg bai diu tien B-ong cuon Streamline English, nhung khfing co h-ong bang 500, 1000, 1200 tu phi biln nhit cua tiing Anh Vi du: daughter, husband, san, hat (bai 9); chicken, beer, fruit, grape, tomato, wine, banana (bai 10); beef, drink, menu, coffee (bai 11) khfing ed bang 500 tu thfing dung TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bang 1000 tir (vi du The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fourth Edition, © 2000 by Prentice Hall Authors: Fry, Kress & Fountoukidis) cd: son, fruit, hat; nhung eung khdng cd husband, daughter, chicken, beer, grape, tomato, banana, beef, menu, coffee Bang 1.200 tir (vi du Rebecca Sitton's "Spelling Sourcebook") cd: husband, coffee, daughter, son, hat, drink; nhung khdng cd wine, chicken, beer, grape, tomato, banana, beef, menu Ddn bang tdn sd 1.200 tu thdng dung nhdt ma khdng cd nhidu tu 11 bai dau tien cua sach dgy ngogi ngd eho thay mdi tuong quan khdng that rd giiia tan sd cua tir ngii giao tidp cua ngudi ban ngii va thii ty uu tien de dua tu ngii vao bang tir ngii day cho ngudi nudc ngoai, it nhat la giai doan bat ddu Cach xay dyng bang tu cua chiing tdi trudc het cd tinh chat quy ngp, dya tren quan diem cho rang can cu vao sd thdng kd tu vyng tu cac cudn saeh tidng Viet can ban, ta cd thd biet dugc cam nhan eua ngudi ban ngii (tac gia cua 21 bd sach) vd vdn tu vyng can ban ma mgi ngudi hgc tieng Vidt nhu mgit ngoai ngii cdn cd Ndi chinh xac hon la dya vao vdn tu vyng ma cac tac gia da su dung dd thidt kd cac bai hgc cho ngudi mdi bat ddu hgc tidng Viet Cac ngii lieu thu thap dugc va eon sd thdng ke nhu vgy cung cdp CO sd thuc te cho cac nhgn dinh Mat khae, nhdm nghien ciiu eiing kidm ehdng ngii lieu thu thap dugc va sd thdng kd bdng phuong phap diln djch: vdn tu can ban dugc dien dich tit nhu cdu bidu dat cac tinh hudng giao tidp ma ta xae dinh ngudi hgc trinh Biti Mgnh Hiing Al phai hoc, dya vao CEFR Chiing tdi cho rdng CEFR xac dinh cac tinh hudng giao tidp cho Al cdng phai dya vao thyc tidn giao tidp va day hgc nhieu ngogi ngii ciia chau Au, tiic ciing phai cd di dudng quy ngp Dya vao thdng ke tan sd ciia cac tir ngii cac bang td vung cua tat ca nhiing cudn saeh day tieng Viet thi chung ta cd dugc co sd dang tin cgy dd xac dinh nhirng tir ngii nao thudng dugc diing nhat thiet ke cac bai hgc tidng Viet cho ngudi mdi bat dau Tuy khdng can biet mgt tu X nao xuat hidn bao nhidu lan mdt cudn sach, nhimg ndu nd xuat hien tat ca cac bang ttr vyng cua tat ca cac cudn sach thi chac chan dd la tu can dugc dua vao bang ttr vyng can ban cho trinh Al Tir khao sat va thdng ke, chung tdi thu duge': a Tan sd cua tir ngii xuat hien 21 cudn sach dugc khao sat Theo do, tu ngu cd tdn sd eao nhat la tir ngu xuat hidn 21 lan, tdc dugc dung tat ca 21 cudn sach Td ngii cd tan sd thap nhat la tir ngii chi xuat hien lan, die chi dugc dimg I tdng sd 21 cudn sach Kdt qua thdng ke tan sd ehiing tdi ty thuc hien tu eac bai hgc cua 21 cudn sach, chu khdng phai dua vao bang tir vung cd sdn d cudi mdi cudn, vi khdng phai cudn sach nao cung cd bang tu vyng nhu vay, va ndu cd thi each xu li cua cac tac gia khac cd su khac biet dang ke b Hai danh sach: 1) Danh sach xdp xi 600 tir ngii cd tdn sd cao nhdt; 2) Danh saeh xap xi 700 tu ngii cd tdn sd cao nhdt Cd thd coi 600 - 700 tu ngii cd tdn sd cao nhat la vdn tu vyng can ban 31 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM danh cho trinh Al Sd lugng dugc ude tinh tdi thieu la 600 tir ngii va tdi da la 700 tir ngii Ngoai nhiing hi ngii dugc xac dinh tren ca sd thdng ke, chiing tdi cd bd sung mgt sd tu ngii dugc nhdm nghien cuu cho la phd bien, thdng dyng, can thiet ddi vdi ngudi hgc, tan sd xuat hien dudi lan, chang han nhdm tu ngii dimg nhieu nha trudng: truyin (5 lan), but ehi (3 lan), bdt bi (3 lan); nhdm tu ngu: thudc cung trudng nghia va lien quan mat thidt vdi nhiing tir ngii thudc chu diem dugc hgc: xe hai (5 lan); em trai (5 lan), em gdi (4 lan), chi gdi (4 lan); dong (phia) (4 lan), tdy (phia) (4 Ian), Cd mgt ddi dieu thu vi tu ket qua khao sat Chang hgn tu cua {eon cud) xuat hien den lan 21 cudn sach, cua khdng phai la tu phd bien giao tidp Chung tdi thu Ii giai: Cd le eua la mdn an dugc ua thich eiia ngudi Viet, nen tu cua duge nhidu tac gia lya chgn bai ve chu diem "an udng" Mac dii coi cua khdng phai la tir phd bidn giao tiep, nhung chung tdi vdn giii nguyen tir bang tu vi mudn tdn trgng kdt qua thdng ke khaeh quan Trong cac ten rieng qude gia, Aff, Phdp xudt hien ddn 16 lan, Anh 15 ldn, Uc, Due mdi danh tu 12 ldn 21 cudn sach Sd lieu phan nao cho thdy "vi thd" cua cac nudc tam thuc ciia nhimg ngudi soan sach Cac tac gia bien sogn SGK dgy ti^ng Viet trinh Al cd thd coi day la vdn tu vyng khuydn nghi, chu khdng bdt buge phai tuan thu mdt each nghiem ngat Ngoai nhung tir ngii danh sach trdn day, dua vao chu diem, ndi dung giao 32 So 4(82) ndm 2016 tidp, ngudi viet SGK cimg nhu giao vidn cd thd didu chinh bang each them hoa: bdt mgt sd lugng tu ngii nhat dinh, nhung sd tir ngu nam ngoai danh sach khdng ndn vugt qua 10% Theo dd, neu sd tu ngfl- bi bd bdt di so vdi danh sach cang nhieu thi sd tu ngu dugc them vao cang it va ngugc lgi, de bao dam danh sach tu ngir cua SGK khdng qua lech so vdi danh sach ggi y d day Khi thong ke tu vyng cua tdt ca cac cudn sach, chung tdi chi tinh den cac tir ngir xuat hien hdi thogi, luyen tap, va bai dgc; khdng tinh den tu ngd xudt hien d phan luyen phat am (vi muc dich khdng phai hgc hi, chi luyen phat am vd ngff am), d phan giai thich ngii phg^ (« vdn tu rigu d phdn thuc hien chuc nang sidu ngrai ngu) va mdt sd loai ten rieng can giai thich mgt chut vd li khdng thdng ke mdt sd logi tdn rieng de dua vao bang tu vung Chung tdi khdng thdng ke ten rieng cua ngudi {Nam, Hoa, John ), eua phd {Hd Ngi, Sdi Gdn ) ma ehi thdng kd ten rieng ciia qudc gia {Anh, MT, Phdp ), ngdn ngii {tieng Anh, tiing Phdp ), chau luc {chdu A, chdu Au ) Bdi vi ten rieng ciia ngudi, phd, khdng thudc vdn tir ciia ngudi hgc Len eac trinh cao cdn cd van de ten rieng eiia cac td chiic , nhung d Al chua cd tu ngir logi dd Vi cd sy phan biet giiia nhdm edn thdng ke va nhdm khdng cdn thdng kd? Cac ten ridng nhu Nam, Hoa, John, Hd Ngi, Sdi Gdn phai dimg nguyen nhu vay, nd khdng dugc "dich" sang cac ngdn ngfi khac Ten cua qudc gia, ngdn ngu; chau iuc thi khac, tidng Viet ggi la (nudc) JWT, TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tieng Anh ggi la America Khi xac dinh cai ggi la tu hay tu ngii, chiem mgt mye tu vyng, chiing tdi chu yeu dya vao Tic diin tiing Vi$t ciia Hoang Phe de cd each xu li thdng nhat Vide chu thich tu logi cho tdt ca cac muc tu vyng ciing vay Hd thong td loai va ki hidu viet tdt cho timg tu logi dugc ghi theo quy udc Tie diin tiing Viet cua Hoang Phe Viee chu thich tu logi dac biet can thiet nhiing trudng hgp gay Idn ldn, vi du: Anh (nudc), anh (dai tu, vidt tat d), anh (danh tu chi quan he hg hang, viet tat d); bgn (dung nhu d) va bgn (be); dudng (an) va dudng (di) Tuy vay cung cd nhidu tu ngii: 1) khdng cd_ Tu- diin tiing Viet cua Hoang Phd^ nhu: hiim cd, mot so, ong ldo (nhung cd ong gid), the dgc (d thu vien) (trong Biii Phung), mat tiin, mdy giat (trong Biii Mgnh Himg), dn chgy, dn nhe, dn nong, di gidy, hiiu dn, hiiu phd, hiiu thuoc, liia ggo, lua nudc, ngdy li, ngdy nghi, nhd nghiin cuu, nudc mia, sita da, tiiy theo, xanh Id cdy, xanh nudc biin, xe cdp cuu (trong Ngd Nhu Binh), hdu hit, khdng (trong Du Nggc Ngan), dn tit, nghi mdt, ngodi khai (trong Le Quang Thiem), edm gio, cdm Ignh co duyen, trai {Tir diin tiing Viet cd trai vdi nghla nhu boy), trudng, thir, hit long (nhung Tir diin tiing Viet cd hit minh, hit muc) (trong Nguydn Anh Qud), dn thif, bgn hgc, buoi tiic, em trai, gid hgc, ldn dau, ngudi bgn, ngudi con, vi khu hdi, ve mgt chiiu (trong Nguyen Van Hud) ; 2) khdng duge phan loai (chii thieh td loai) nhu ke cd (Bui Phung); 3) each ehu thieh td logi khdng thdng nhdt, Biti Mgnh Hiing chang hgn cho giong la ddng tu, nhung khdc la tinh tir Ddi vdi nhiing trudng hgp nhu vay, chung tdi se xu Ii theo quan niem ciia minh, tren tinh than ed gang bao dam sy nhat quan va chu y ddn tinh thuc tien cua giai phap, nghia la thugn lgi cho viec day tieng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai Ngoai ndi dung dgy hgc, mdt chuang trinh giao due theo dung quy chuan can ed eac phan gidi thuyet ve nguyen tac xay dyng chuang trinh, muc tieu, phuong phap day hgc, phuong phap danh gia, giai thieh va hudng dan thyc hidn chuong trinh (dac diem chuang trinh, thdi lugng dgy hge, ngu lieu, tai lieu dgy hgc, dieu kien thye hien chuong trinh) va djnh hudng ndi dung day hgc Trong khudn khd mgt chuong trinh theo md hinh mdi, tat ca nhiing van de tren deu dugc thidt kd theo mdt nguydn tdc: tat ca deu nham muc tieu giup ngudi hge cd the lam gi sau hgc, chu khdng phai hgc duge gi Nhidu ndi dung nhu phuang phap day hge, ndi dung day hgc, ngti lieu deu cd tinh chat dinh hudng, chu khdng bat budc Nhiing gi duge trinh bay d trdn cho thay viec xay dyng mdt chuong trinh dgy hgc tieng Viet cho ngudi- nudc ngoai theo md hinh PTNL la didu kha mdi me ddi vdi Viet Nam Nd dat cho cac nha chuyen mdn rdt nhieu nhidm vu cdn giai quydt Nhiing nhidm vu vira la thach thuc vira la co hgi de thdc ddy hon nua sy phat tridn ciia ngdn ngu hgc ung dyng, nhat la ITnh vyc giao dye ngdn ngti d Viet Nam TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM danh cho trinh Al So lugng dugc udc tinh tdi thieu la 600 tu ngu va tdi da la 700 tir ngii Ngoai nhtmg tu ngii duge xac dinh tren ca sd thdng kd, chiing tdi co bd sung mdt sd tu ngii duge nhdm nghidn ciiu cho la phd bien, thdng dung, can thiet ddi vdi ngudi hgc, tan sd xuat hien dudi lan, chdng ban nhdm tu ngu diing nhieu nha trudng: truyin (5 lan), but chi (3 lan), but bi (3 lan); nhdm tir ngii thudc cimg trudng nghla va lien quan mat thiet vdi nhung tu ngu thudc chu diem dugc hgc: xe hai (5 Ian); em trai (5 lan), em gdi (4 Ian), chi gdi (4 lan); ddng (phia) (4 lan), tdy (phia) (4 lan), Cd mgt ddi didu thu vj tir ket qua khao sat Chang hgn tu cua {con eua) xuat hien den lan 21 cudn sach, eua khdng phai la tu phd bidn giao tiep Chiing tdi thu li giai: Cd le cua la mdn an dugc ua thieh cua ngudi Viet, ndn tu eua duge nhidu tac gia lya chgn bai ve chu diem "an udng" Mac du eoi cua khdng phai ia tii phd bidn giao tidp, nhung chung tdi van gitr ngi^en tu bang di vi mudn tdn trgng kdt qua thdng kd khaeh quan Trong cac ten rieng qude gia Mi, Phdp xudt hien ddn 16 ldn, Anh 15 ldn, Uc, Dde mdi danh tir 12 ldn 21 cudn sach Sd lieu phdn nao eho thdy "vi thd" ciia cac nudc tam thiie cua nhiing ngudi sogn sach Cac tac gia bien sogn SGK day tidng Viet dinh Al cd thd coi day la vdn tu vyng khuydn nghi, chu khdng bdt budc phai tuan thu mdt each nghidm ngat Ngoai nhihig tir ngti danh sach trdn day, dya vao chu didm, ngi dung giao 32 Sd 4(82) ndm 2016 tidp, ngudi vidt SGK cdng nhu giao vien ed thd didu chinh bang each them hoac bdt mdt sd lugng tu ngii nhat dinh, nhung sd tu ngu nam ngoai danh sach khdng nen vugt qua 10% Theo dd, neu sd tir ngii bi bd bdt di so vdi danh sach cang nhieu thi sd tir ngii duge them vao cang it va ngugc lai, de bao dam danh sach tu ngii cua SGK khdng qua lech so vdi danh saeh ggi y d day Khi thdng ke tu vung eiia tdt ea cac cudn sach, chung tdi ehi tmh den cac tu ngu xuat hien hdi thogi, luyen t ^ , va bai dgc; khdng tinh den tir ngu xudt hidn d phan luyen phat am (vi muc dich khdng phai hgc tu, chi luyen phat am vd ngii am), d phan giai thich ngii phap (vi vdn tii ngii d phan thyc hien chue nang sieu ngdn ngii) va mdt sd logi ten rieng cdn giai thich mdt chut vd li khdng thdng kd mgt sd loai ten ridng dd dua vao bang tu vung Chiing tdi khdng thdng kd ten rieng eua ngudi {Nam, Hoa, John ), ciia phd {Hd Ngi, Sdi Gdn ) ma chi thdng kd ten rieng cua qudc gia {Anh, Mi, Phdp ), ngdn ngu {tiing Anh, tiing Phdp ), chau luc {chdu A, chdu Au ) Bdi vi tdn rieng cua ngudi, phd, khdng thudc vdn tir cua ngudi hgc Len cac trinh cao cdn co van de ten rieng ciia cac td chuc , nhung d Al ehua ed tir ngii logi dd Vi cd sy ph§n bidt giiia nhdm edn thdng ke va nhdm khdng cdn thdng ke? Cac ten rieng nhu Nam, Hoa, John, Hd Ngi, Sdi Gdn phai dimg nguyen nhu vay, nd khdng dugc "dieh" sang cac ngdn ngii khac Tdn eiia qude gia, ngdn ngu, chau luc thi khae, tidng Vigt ggi la (nudc) Mi, TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM tidng Anh ggi la America Khi xac dinh cai ggi la tir hay tu ngu, chidm mgt muc tu vyng, chung tdi chu yeu dua vao Tir diin tiing Viet cua Hoang Phd de cd each xu li thdng nhdt Vide chu thich tu logi cho tat ca cac myc tu vyng cung vay Hd thdng tu logi va ki hieu viet tat cho timg tu loai dugc ghi theo quy udc Tic diin tiing Viet cua Hoang Phd Vide chu thich tu loai dgc biet can thiet nhiing trudng hgp gay lan ldn, vi dy: Anh (nudc), anh (dgi tu, viet tat d), anh (danh tir chi quan he hg hang, viet tat d); bgn (dimg nhu d) va bgn (be); dudng (an) va dudng (di) Tuy vay cung cd nhieu tu ngu: 1) khdng cd Tie dien tieng Viet cua Hoang Phd^ nhu: hiim cd, mgt so, ong ldo (nhung ed dng gid), the dgc (d thu vien) (trong Bui Phyng), mat tiin, mdy gidt (trong Bui Manh Himg), dn chay, dn nhe, dn nong, di gidy, hi^u dn, hieu phd, hieu thudc, lua ggo, Ida nuac, ngdy li, ngdy nghi, nhd nghien cuu, nudc mia, siea dd, theo, xanh Id cdy, xanh nudc biin, xe cdp cicu (trong Ngd Nhu Binh), hdu hit, khong (trong Du Nggc Ngan), dn tit, nghi mdt, ngodi khai (trong Ld Quang Thidm), edm gid, cdm Ignh, co duyen, trai {Tu diin tiing Viet cd eon trai vdi nghTa nhu boy), trudng, thu, hit long (nhung Tir diin tiing Viet cd hit minh, hit myrc) (trong Nguyen Anh Que), dn thu, bgn hge, buoi tiie, em trai, gid hgc, ldn ddu, ngudi bgn, ngudi con, ve khir hoi, ve mgt chiiu (trong Nguydn Van Hu?) ; 2) khdng duge phan loai (ehu thich tu loai) nhu ki cd (Bui Phyng); 3) each chu thich tir logi khdng thdng nhdt, Biii Mgnh Hiing chang ban cho giong la ddng tu, nhung khdc la tinh tir Ddi vdi nhiing trudng hgp nhu vay, chiing tdi se xu Ii theo quan ni?m eua minh, tren tinh than cd gang bao dam sy nhat quan va chu y den tinh thye tiln eiia giai phap, nghTa la thuan Igi cho viec day tieng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai Ngoai ndi dung day hgc, mgt chuong trinh giao due theo diing quy chuan can cd eac phan gidi thuydt ve nguyen tae xay dyng chuong trinh, muc tieu, phuong phap day hge, phuang phap danh gia, giai thich va hudng dan thye hidn chuong trinh (dgc diem chuong trinh, thdi lugng day hgc, ngti lieu, tai lieu day hgc, didu kidn thuc hidn chuong trinh) va dinh hudng ndi dung day hgc Trong khudn khd mdt chuang trinh theo md hinh mdi, tat ca nhiing van dd trdn ddu duge thiet kd theo mgt nguydn tac: tat ca ddu nham muc tieu giup ngudi hgc cd thd lam gi sau hgc, chu khdng phai hgc dugc gi Nhieu ndi dung nhu phuong phap day hgc, ndi dung day hgc, ngti lieu ddu ed tinh chat djnh hudng, chii khdng bat budc Nhiing gi dugc trinh bay d tren cho thay viec xay dyng mgt chuang trinh day hgc tieng Viet cho ngudt- nudc ngoai theo md hinh PTNL la didu kha mdi me ddi vdi Viet Nam Nd dat eho cac nha ehuyen mdn rat nhidu nhidm vu can giai quydt Nhiing nhiem vu vCra la thach thuc vira la co hgi de thue day hon nda sy phat trien eiia ngdn ngd hgc umg dung, nhat la ITnh vuc giao due ngdn ngu d Viet Nam 33 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(82) nam 2016 ' Bii viat dira Iren kat qua tliirc liien nhiem vu nghien ciiu khoa hpc va cong nghe ckp Bo Biii Manh Hung Iam chu nhiem voi su tham gia cua Nguyin Thj Ly Kha Nguyin Hoang Trong Nguyin Thi Hong Van, Bo H6ng Duong (2015) " Xem: www.boardofstiidies.nsv!.edii.au/syttabtts /vielnamese vd www.qcaa.qld.edu.aii/dowrtloads/senior/sce_yti;lnamese_sytl_08.pdf ' Xem: bllp://www auslratiancurricutitm edu.aii/langitages/vieInamese/conlexl-slalemenl * G6m 21 cu6n cac tac gia sau chu bien: Biii Manh Himg 2007; Bui Phung 1993; Du Ngoc Ngan 2012; Doan Thien Tliujl 2015; E)6 Thi Minh H6ng 2004; Khoa Tiing Viel (HUFS) 2014; Le Quang Thiem 1998; Mai Ngoc Chir 2007 2008; Ngo Nhu Binh 1999; Nguyin Anh Qui 1996; Nguyin Dinh Hoa 1966; Nguyin Dire Dan 1998; Nguyen Long 1994; Nguyin Minh Thuylt 2007; Nguyen Van Hue 2001; Nguyin Van Phuc 2007; Nguyin Viet Huong 2015; Phan V5n GiuSng 2007; Tiin Van Tiing & Jeon Hye Kyung 2004; VS VSn Thi2011 ' Cu6n sach cua Nguyin Dinh Hoa (1966) bien soan theo he thong cau tnic ngii phap tieng Viet, khong co chu diem Day la din chung dien hinh cho sach day tieng theo mo hinh cung cap kien thirc ngon ngij * Trong so 21 cu6n sach ma chiing toi khao sat, cuon ciia Nguyin Anh Que cung co each xir li tuong tu nghTa la co mQt bai chung vl chu diem "Mua sim, an uong" ' Viec th6ng ke va xir li s6 lieu cho bang tir Nguyin Thi Ly Kha thuc hien voi su cong tac ciia Nguyin Thi H6ng Van vii E)6 H6ng Duong (Biii Manh Hiing, 2015) * Co nhieu tnidng hep co the coi la Tir dien tiing Viet ciia Hoang Phe bo sot, nhung CO nhilu tmong hgp khdc la co su khac biet gi&a tac gia Tir dien lieng t let va cac tiic gia sach day tieng Viet each xu li ranh gioi muc tir vung, mpt van de lat phuc tap tiong tiing Viet 34 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bui Manli Hung (2014), Ngdn ngir hoc ung dung vd viec ung dung Viel ngif hoc vdo ITnh vuc gidng dgy NgU vdn a Irudng phd thdng Bao cao t6ng Ic^t dg tai Idioa hpc va cong nglie cSp Bo,raas6: B2010.19, Tmong Dai lipc Su pliam TPHCM, TPHCM Biii Manli Hiing (cliu bien), Nguyin Thj Ly Kha, Nguyen Hoang Tmng, Nguyen Thi Hong Van, Do Hong Duong (2015), Xdy dung chuang trinh mdn Tiing Viet nhu ngogi ngir cho hgc sinh nuac ngodi Igi Viel Nam (chudn ddu mirc Al, Khung tham chieu chdu Au) Bao cao tdng Icet ii tai Idioa hoc va cong nghe cip Bp, ma s6: B2014.19.12NV, Tmong Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM, TPHCM Saussure, F de (1916), Gido trinh ngdn ngU hoc dgi cucmg (ban dich ti6ng Viet cua Cao Xuan Hao, 2005), Khoa hpc Xa hpi Ha Npi Nguyin Hoang Tmng (2015), "Vl CEFR va kha nang ling dung CEFR vao viec xay dung chuong trinh day hpc tiSng Viet chp nguoi nuoc ngoai", Bid Manh Hiing (chu bien) (2015), Bao cao tfing kit dl tai khoa hpc va cong nghe cip Bp Xdy dung chuang trinh mdn Tieng Viet nhu ngogi ngir cho hoc sinh nudc ngodi tai Viet Nam (chudn ddu muc Al, Khung tham chiiu chdu Au Dl tai cSp Bo, ma s6: B2014.19.12NV, Tmong Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM, TPHCM Vi$n Khoa hpc giao due Viet Nam (2006), Chuang trinh day tiing Viet cho nguai Viet Nam a nuac ngodi (chuang trinh ddnh cho ngudi lan), Dl an hn tro viec day vii hpc tiing Viet cho nguoi Viet Nam o nuoc ngoai Ha Npi TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bid Mgnh Hiing Vien Khoa hgc giao due Viet Nam (2006), Chuang trinh dgy tiing Viet cho ngudi Viet Nam d nudc ngodi (chuang trinh ddnh cho thanh, thieu nien), De an ho trg viec day va hgc tieng Viet cho ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai, Ha Ngi Bell, R (1981), An Introduction to Applied Linguistics - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd, London Bloomfield, L (1933), Language Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York Chomsky, N (1965), Aspects of a Theory of Language, MIT Press, Cambridge Council of Europe (2001), Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Derewianka, B., Jones, P (2012), Teaching Language in Context, Oxford University Press, Oxford Gleason, J (1989), The Development of Language, Charles E Merrill, Columbus, Ohio Halliday, M (1998), Ddn ludn ngu phdp chuc ndng (ban dich tieng Viet cua Hoang Van van, 2001), Dai hgc Quoe gia Ha Ndi, Ha Ngi Piaget, J (1980), "Introduction", In Language and Learning: The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, edited by Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Skinner, B (1957), "Verbal Behavior", Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York Weaver, C (1996), Teaching Grammar in Context, Heinemann, Portsmouth (Ng^y Tda so^n nh$n dwgc bai- 25-01-2016; 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