MOT Sfi BIEN PHAP GOP PHAN NANG CAD HIEU QUA SJIOUNG PHllONG PHAP KE CHUYEN TRONG UAY HUC LICH S H O T I E U HOC TS, N G O THI KIM H O A N ThS \£ THIJY MAI'''' Abstract Storytelling method is familiar to[.]
MOT Sfi BIEN PHAP GOP PHAN NANG CAD HIEU QUA SJIOUNG PHllONG PHAP KE CHUYEN TRONG UAY HUC LICH S H O T I E U HOC TS, N G O THI KIM H O A N - ThS \£ THIJY MAI' Abstract: Storytelling method is familiar to mdny teachers in teaching history, however its effe tiueness in Inspiring students is limited This drticle proposes measures to enhance effectiveness o this method in teaching and to improue qudlity of teaching history in primary school, meeting ihe social requirements Keywords: History, storytelling, storytelling method, primary Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/10/2016: ngdy sua chira: 05/03/2016: ngdy duy(t ddng: 09/03/2016 K S'chuyen lich su(LS) day hpc LS la dieu khdng mdi dpi vdi moi giap vien (GV), nhung denang phuong phap ien kinang va gay hdng thu cho hpc sinh (HS) qua trinh day hpciamptnghethuatsupham.Thuc tiln day hpc dtieu hpc hien chp tha'y, nhieu GV cdn gap khd khan trpng qua trinh day hpc LS Vc* dac die'm npi dung mdn hpc la nhdng su kien da xay vdi nhieu mdc thdt gian va su kien khd khan khd nhd Vi vay, ne'u GV khdng cd phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) phu hop se iam cho gid hpc trfl nen nang ne, cang thing iam mat di hdng thu cua cac em trpng qua trinh hpc tap Xuatphattdyeu cau thuc tien cua viec nang cao chat iupng day hpc ndi chung, day hpc LS dtieu hpc ndi rieng,bai Viet decapmptspbien phap gdp phan nang cap hieu qua su dung phuong phap ke chuyen (PPKC)trong day hpc LS dSeu hpc Khai niem PPKC va ke chuyen LS Thep Tudien Bach khoa Viet Nam "Kechuyen lamgthanh dgng dien gida mptchuthe^ ngudi ke via doi tuiyng la ngudi nghe vemat chij de nao Nhdng cau chuyen thugc veihe loai khac nhu: tnjyen thuyet, cotich hay than thoai Noidung cau chuyen nhim giai Ihich ve mot dia danh, mgt khai niem haygldithleu vemgtnhan valLS" [1; tr223] PPKC LS thupc nhdm thdng tin tai hien LS, la nhdm phuong phap cc vai trd quan trpng day hpc LS Theo T u dien thuat n g u LS pho' thong 'TniygnLSIabaihinhvanhgcvedetaiLS,cdphan hucau cOa lac gia, cdphan co the dung lam taiiieu tham khao ve mgt ngi dung LS Tnjydn LS co tac dimg boidudng linh cam, giao due td tmng va gay thu hgc tap LS cho HS" |2; tr 432 - 433] Tac gia Nguyin Van Ddng cho rang: "Kechuy^ LS la mot phddng phap dung tii noi de diia tamdt each sinh dgng, hap dan, co hinh anh vimotdu chuyen da xay qua khd Cau chuyen kec6 chiia nhung manh sukien, bl6i coLS lien qum den noidung bai hgc; co la nhung tinh tiet lien qtm den cac nhan vatLS, cdkhichiiagiaithichchomgtcai ten, dia danh cho mgt khai niem, thuat ngd tmng d a i t e " [3; tr21] Thep chung tdi, PPKC LS la dung idi noi ketiiflp vdi cac phudng tien tare quan de'dien tasinh dpng noi dung cau chuyen LS ve nhan vat, sukien, dja danh, bien cp LS, tuu van hda , cac cau chuyenc6 thechdadung yeu tehuapnhutnjyencdtich,tniyen thuyet nhung cct truyen phai dam bao tinh chan thuccuaLS,khdng dupc hien dai hda hay xuyen tat LS Dp dd, trpng qua trinh day hpc LS, GV can li/» ehpn nhdng cau chuyen kephu hdp vdi kie'n Ih^de lam sang npi dung bai hpc, giup HS linh hpi liien thdc tct hfln Nhung cau chuyen phu hpp gop phan lam tang hdng thu, tinh tich cue chu dpng m HS qua trinh hpc tap, cung nhu niem yeu thich mon hpc cua cac em, cung cap them nhdng kie'n ttifc ma sach giap khpa khdng the'dang tai MeicauchuyenB mdt ta'm gudng phan anh nhiing dieu tptxau.Wenac, nhung ta'm Idng cap thuong qua cam cua cac anil dan tpc , qua ddcptac dung giac dgctirfonSi tinh cam, dap due chp cac em, ddng thdi gdp phan phat trie'n tu HS nhu: tri tUdng tUdng, kha nang phan tich,spsanh,tdm tat tnjyen, ghi nhdcac tinh tat nhan xet, danh gia cac nhan vat, sukidn LS * TnrSiig 0ai hoc lliii Ha NQI 381 Tap chi Gino due so 381 (hi 1-512016) Mpt sd'bien phap gop phan nang cao hieu qua s y dung PPKC t r o n g day hpc LS dtieu hoc Ke chuyen cJupc eoi la sa "sao chep" c6 sang tao, CO ^ e dung phat then kha nang tu5ng tuang va tai tao eua HS,vivay can khuyen khich HS kechuyen bang ngon ngu cua minh, phai eoi viec boi di/5ng kTnang ke ehuyen eho HS.Dethuc hien yeu cau do, GV nen cho HS doc taf6e sach giao khoa di/a theo cac eau hoi cho tru6c cua G V, eac cau hoi dua phai mang tinh khai quat va doi hoi phai tap hop nhieu chitiet cau ehuyen giup HS tra loi, sau dan dung tranh, anh theo trinh tu d i l n bien cau chuyen de HS nhdvaco khanang kelai Do su tap Mjng ehuycua HS tieu hpc ve mptvan de khong ducfclau, vithe thdi gian kechuyen khong nen keo daiqua 10-15 phiit Can danh nliieu th6i gian de HS tiep xue vdl tu lieu, qua hinh bleu tupng, khainiem Cothesudung nhieu hinh t l ire kechuyen nhu: ca cau chuyen, tutig doan, trucfc ca Icfp, tn/dc mpt nhdm, sau doe sach giao khoa, sach tham khao, ke'theo tranh anh , can ket hpp da dang, linh hoat cae PPDH giup HS tai hien dupc kien thirc LS Sau day, chung toi xin dexuatmpt so PPKC cuthe gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hpc mon LS dtieu hpc nhu: nhQng kien thde co san eho HS theo klSu ap dat, bat HS phai nhd, thuoc long, manen thletke, djnh hudng to chdc cac hoatdpng cho HS,tao dieu kien eho eae em dupc tham gia frao doi y kien, kinh nghiem cua minh tddd rut tri thdc eua bai hpc Dethuc hien tot yeu cau nay, tarde het, G V phai xae dinh duoc muc tieu coban vekien thdc, kTnang,thaidp maHS can dat, nhdng noidung coban HS can n§m viSig Can cd vao muc tieu bai hpc, GV can xae djnh PPKC phu hpp, chuan bj he thong cau hoi mang tinh gpi mddSn d5t, th let kephleu baitap detochdcehoHS thao luan noidung cua eau chuyen, bai hpe.Tren eo sd ket qua thao luan va ke ehuyen eua eac nhom, G V khai quat lai dien bien cua su kien LS hoac dae diem nhan vat LS ; cdthe yeu eau mpt so HS nitra nhung nhan xet, ket luan sau nghe ke chuyen, hoac ket hc^ ke chuyen vdl cac trd choi, cau de eung co kien thdc va gay hdng thu cho HS G V can dpng vien, khen thudng kip thdi cac nhom heat dpng tich cue, CO kS't qua toL Sudung PPKC ket hpp vdi thao luan rat can thiet day hpc LS, gdp phin nang eao tinh tieh cue, tugiac va chu dpng cua HS, tang cudng7ay WS/am tnjng Cam"trong quatrinh day hpc, gdp phan nang cao chat luong day hpc LS dtrudng tieu hpe 2.1 Kethqp PPKC vdi sudung dUng tmc quan Phuemg tien tn/e quan day hpe LS het sue da dang nhu hinh ve, tranh anh, so do, ban do, lupc Sudung dodung tnA; quan vua nham khai thac ngidung LS the hien qua tranh anh bo sung cho bai giang,viJra phat huy nang luc tuduy,kich thieh tri tuong tucfng phong phu, tao hutig thu hpc tap va eo tae dung giao due tutudng,tinh cam HS Tuduy eua HS tieu hpc thudng dupe hinh tCrnhung van de cuthe,tn/cquan,dodddesudungPPKCkethppd6 dung trucquancd hieu quatrong day hpcLS.GVcan xacdinhnhOngmue tieu CO ban veklen thde, kTnang, thai d o m a H S can dat duoc bai Tren CO sddd, xacdjnh muc dich ke chuyen Vidu: CO thegiiipHS hinh dung bde tranh thong qua eau chuyen dupc ke,friayduocquakhLi'LSdi§nranhuthenao,saud6 lua chon tranh anh G V hoac HS chuan bj phu hop vdl npi dung eau chuyen; GV cung can ehuan bi he thongcauhoigcrtmddeHSn&m dupc noidung cau chuyen phan anh, hieu kien thdc bai hpe 2.3 Ket hgp PPKC vdi trao doi, dam thoai Vi§c su dung PPKC ket hpp vdi trao doi, dam thoai nh5m cu thehda sukien, hien tupng LS, giup HS khoi phuc lai buc tranh eua qua khd, tao bleu tupng LS Thong qua moi cau ehuyen, G V khong ehi la ngudi dong vai trd ehu dao hudng dan HS, ma phai phat huy tinh tieh cue cua HS trao doi, dam thoai, b l n g viee G V neu nhOng cau hoi deHS thao luan Nhung eau hoidupcxoayquanh noidung eau ehuyen LS ma GV ke, giup HS hieu ro mue dich, npi dung cau chuyen nhung vSn dam bao kl^'n thde CP ban Tuy nhien can xac djnh trao doi, dam thoai ch i la yeu to botrpcho PPKC, do khong nen qua lam dung ma can su dung eho phu hpp vdi cau chuyen duoc ke Cdthe ket hop trao doi, dam thoai cac cau chuyen LS ke ve cac van de Idn cd mau thuan, can li giai de tim van de hoac cac cau chuyen ve nhan vat, bien cp, dia danh tao budc ngoat Idn LS 22 Kethap PPKC vdi thao luan Khi sudyng PPKC ket hop vdi thao luan, GV khong truyen dat Vidt/ Khi to chde eho HS tim hieu vetinh eanh ngudi nong dan Viet Nam cuoi the kl XIX, dau the kl Tap chi Gido due so 381 ; fh.n-512016) XX, GV cho HS quan sat Hinh 3: Nong dan Viet Nam ttong thdi Phap thugc (bai A: Xa hgi VietNam cu6ilhekiXIX-dauthe'k!XX-lS5),saua6t6chdc cho HS trao do'i, dam thoai thdng qua mdt sd cau hoi goi y: - O i / d t W Phap thugc, ngudi nong dan VietNam phailao dgng dieu kien nhuthe nao ? • Em CO suynghigi veddl song nong din VietNam thdi Phap thuoc? - Vai trd cua giai cap nong dan cugc dau tranh chdng thuc dan Phap xam luac?lien co sd y kie'n trao dd'i cua HS, GV cd the ke cho HS nghe mau chuyen ve su khd' cue cua ngudi ndng dan dudi ach cai trj cua thuc dan Phap, sau dd chdt y dudi ach thd'ng tri cua thuc dan Phap, ngudi dan Viet Nam ndi chung, ndng dan ndi rieng bj ap bde bpc Idt nang ne, ddi sd'ng cua hp vd cung cue khd', lai dupc ke thda truyen thd'ng yeu nudc chd'ng ngoai xam cua dan tdc, vi vay, hp san sang ddng len da'u tranh chd'ng thuc dan Phap de gianh dpciapdantpc 2.4 Ket hop PPKC vdi ling dung cong nghe ttdnff ft/i Nhd suhd trfl cua cdng nghe thdng tin, cac cdng cu va phudng tien phuc vu chp viec day hpc, ke chuyen nhu: van ban, hinh anh, phim didn hoat, am thanh, hethong kenh chd, kenh hinh Qua dd, HS khdng chiduflc ren luyen cac kha nang nghe, ndi, dpc, viet ma cdn quan sat va cam nhan dupc cac sukien,giup HS hinh bie'u tupng LS thong quatriJc quan sinh dpng, cac em se n j m batva hinh dung dupc cac su kien LS mpt each chan thuc, rd net Deviec sudiing dathieu qua cao, GV can duoc trang bj nhdng kie'n thuc ve cdng nghe thdng tin Ben canh dc, GV cung can xac djnh ndi dung cd ban cua bai de'ii/a ehpn cau chuyen cho phu hdp, cd nhu vay mdi tap duoc su ket hop nhuan nhuyin, linh hpat ranh mach d l hie'u trpng cau chuyen Vi du: khitc'chdc chp HS tim hie'u v l chie'n thdng Bach Bang nam 938 oua Ngd Quyen (LS va Dja li 4) tren lupc dd Chien thdng Bach DSng nam 938 va doan video Ngd Quyen vdi chien thdng Bach DSng nam 938 (doan videp cd s i n tren thu vien Viplet), GV ket hpp dat cau hei gpi md: - Khi quan Nam Han chuan bikeo vao xam luge nudc la, Ngo Quyen tathi/chlSn kesach gi dechu dgng danh giac? Vi saoonglalchgn each danh ay? - Khi thuy quan cua Hoang Thao keo vao cua bien Bach Bing, Ngo Ouyendacdchutnianggidenhijquandlchlgtvao bai cgc ngam ? -Khi quan giac vuat qua bii coc ngam, nudc tneu bit dau xuong, dudisiiSnh iao cua Ngo Quyen, quan dan ta da phan cong quin dich nhuthenao? - Kelquacua Iran thuychi^ta sao?Thdng qua cap cau hdi, ket hop vdi viec guan sat iuflc dc (videp) se kich thich tu va Iri lirong tuflng cua HS, giup cac em tich cue, chu dpng Iham gia vap qua trinh ITnh hpi kie'n thdc S i i d u n g PPKC day hpc LS edtac dung td't viec nang cao nang luc nhan thuc vaphat trie'n pha'm chat dap due cua HS, gdp phin "eg ttie hda" su kien LS, giup HS de dang khdi phgc b^ tranh qua khd, la cfl s d de' hinh lihai niem tim ban chat cija su kien LS, gdp phan phat Irien toan dien nSng lire nhan thdc cdng nhu khciday xuc cam LS d H S Tuy nhien, de'PPKCtrongd^y hpc LS dat ke't qua cae, GV can lua ehpn chuyen ke sap chp phu hpp vdi ndi dung kien thdc bai hgc, sSp xep thdi gian chp phu hpp, tranh tinh trgng "chay giap an"; can ke't hdp PPKC vdi cac PPDH khac sap chp hop ii, can ren iuyen de gipng k§'hay, hap dan thu hutdudc HS, sap chp chuyen ke "khong chibSng ngdn ngd, mabSng ca trai tim", giup HS cam nhan duoc cai hay an chda cau chuySn, tddd cac em mdi nhd kie'n thuc bai hpc gan li^nviS chuydn ke'cuaGV a Tai li^u t h a m khao 11 ] HOi ddng qudc gia chi dao biftn so^n Tir di^n Bich khoa Viet Nam (2005) Tirdign Bdch khoa Vi^ttiim (tip 2) NXB Giio due [2] Phan Ngpc Lien (chu bien) (2008) TUdlin llail ngaLichsiiphdthdng.t^XBmm'l [3] NguySn Van Dkng (2000), Phmmgphdpkl'cm' lick sii dgy hpc Ifch sir d trung hpc cdsii^i? ctii Nghien cuu giao due, sd [4] Dang Diic An (chu bien) (2012) Nhang ini' chuydn lich sd thegidi (tip I) NXB GiSo dye [5j Nguyin Anh (2006) Nhdng mdu chuyin Hch si thii W NXB Tir di^n BSch khoa -, [6] N.G Dairi (1978) Chudn bi gi* A(ic Ijc* Jlf"»' thi ndo (D5ng Bich H& - Nguyin Cao Lay djcti) NXB Giao due 17] Nguyin Th€ Ho4n -1.1 Quy Mtii (2011) WlW mdu chuyin Itch sd (quyin I) NXB Dai hpc Sirpk*" [8] Phan Ngoc Lien - Trinh Dinh Tting - Nguy^Tlii C6i Phuang phdp day hpc lich sii (2009) NXB D>i hgc Supham 401 Tap chi Giao due so 381 (kil-512016) ... eao tinh tieh cue, tugiac va chu dpng cua HS, tang cudng7ay WS/am tnjng Cam "trong quatrinh day hpc, gdp phan nang cao chat luong day hpc LS dtrudng tieu hpe 2.1 Kethqp PPKC vdi sudung dUng tmc... giup HS tai hien dupc kien thirc LS Sau day, chung toi xin dexuatmpt so PPKC cuthe gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hpc mon LS dtieu hpc nhu: nhQng kien thde co san eho HS theo klSu ap dat, bat HS...2 Mpt sd''bien phap gop phan nang cao hieu qua s y dung PPKC t r o n g day hpc LS dtieu hoc Ke chuyen cJupc eoi la sa "sao chep" c6