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TAM 1 1 Hft tIMH 1 1 H^e l ttft TU^I PHAM CHAT CHU YEU CUA HOC SINH PHO TH0N6 PGS TSKH, NGUYEN KE HAf Abstract Essential qualities of school students in particular and of human beings in general, ^ re[.]
TAM 1.1 H f t - tIMH 1.1 H^e l.ttft TU^I PHAM CHAT CHU YEU CUA HOC SINH PHO TH0N6 PGS TSKH, NGUYEN KE HAf Abstract: Essential qualities of school students in particular and of human beings in general, ^ reasoning, affection, and will Basic solutions (or solutions system) to help establish these esseti&i qualities in school students Include (1) Reforming cumculum and textbooks; (2) Building capacity In teachers and educational managers; and (3) Prouiding necessary and sufficient facilities and eqi^ ments Keywords: Essential qualities; Reasoning; Affection; Will; Basic solution T rong xa hpi, bat ki ttidi nao, nhan dinh, danh giampt ngudi eg the nao dottiudng thdng qua pham chat, nan^ luc hay dfle va tai cua hp cae CO quan^ doan the, trudng hpe va to chue xa hpi cung vay, moijhanh vien deu dupc xem xet, danh gia dinh ki vepham chat, nang luc, hay hanh kiem (dflc) va nang luc (\a\).Trong^ Dt/hao Chuang trinh giao ducphoMng tong thecodua yeu cau ve nhung pham chai chu yeu va nang luc chung cua hoc sinh (HS) Bai viet decap van de pham chatva dua nhflng quan diem ve pham chat chu yeu cua ngudi Viet Nam noi chung va HS phothong noi rieng I.VetrietligiaoducfTLGD) ^ Conhieu each nghT, each hieu, diin dat khac ve TLGD, nhung tuu chung deu phan anh dudng hudng giao due, phuong each giao dye Quan niem trp triet II "con han cha ia nha cophuc", da c6 nen van hoa nude ta tfl xa xua, theo eo nhflng gia dinh ban rugng ban vudn, trau bo de lay ti^n cho em an hpe; hoac "yeu cho roi chg vol, ghet cho nggt cho bui"6e g\ao diJC nghiem khic ddi vdi cai Cho den ttidi nay, P cac nha trudng nguyen cae khau hieu djnh hudn^: "Day tdt- Hgc tor, "Tat caviHS than yeu".hay "Moi den tn/(^gia mp//73ay w r c u n g CO thehieunhula TLGD Ngay^nay.eottiehieuTLGDIanhflngquanniSm, quan diem ve giao due cua mot ngudi hoae nhieu ngudi (nhom ngudi, cpng dong ngudi) duoc ngudi ta y thflc trdthanh phuong cham hanh dpng, le song cua hp; co the la quan niem cua dan thudng hoac eua nha khoa hpc, cua Dang, Nha nudc Hay ttieo each diin dat chung nhat la: Ai cung dupc hpc, hoe dephat trien ca nhan, hoan thien nhan each de sdng tot dep hon frong xa hpi dang van dpng theo hudng dan giau, nudc manh, xa hpi dan ehu, cong b^ng, van minh; cung CO nghTa la cung hoc:'Wocds phat tiien, hgc desong tot dep han" aK; TLGD suy cho cung la triet lisdng.Tflxi/ap^ CO rat nhieu quan niem ve triet lis6ng.Tro(i|(3fl, trietlisdng phdbien cua ngudi phupng TSyvangui phUPng Dong cd diem khac biet (ngudi phuona^ thudng sdng thien ve li tri, cdn ngudi p t i u o n g m lai thien v l t i n h cam) Nhflng ngudi sdng ttiienp tri la ngudi sdng thien ve tritue, coitrpng li le, tiif|| theo luat le eua cupc sdng Nti flng ngudi sdng t l i i vetinh cam phg thupc vao xue cam, nhieu khittiley tinh tao The gidi la 'Ihe gidi phang", thS'gidlhoi nhap, Con ngudi du d noi nao tren trai dat, du thuoc cpng dong dan tpc nao, ton giao, hetutudng naoliii cung can nhflng pham chat eo ban ngudi, can song CO li tri, CO tinh cam va y chi Con ngudi van minh hien dai hudng tdi suphattrien ca nhan vahudngt^ su hai hoa cua ba pham chat chinh lam n&n tru Ml nhaneach 2.Nhungpham chat chuyeu cuaHSphottioil ^ Tron^ Duthao chuang ttinh giao ducpho^ long the, co neu: T e u cau can dat ve pham chatctw yeu cua HS phdttidng Viet Nam", la: -Songye? thuong; - Song tuchu; - Song trach /j/i/e/n Trong moi pham chat lai c6 mot sd bieu hien eu till, nhU: pham chat Sdn^y^u thuangco bieu hien; Smgtuchm bieu hien; Song trach nhiem c64 bleu hi§n Nhirng pham chatnaydanhan dupc ratnhieu ykien g ^ y ^ chieu; nhien, juy thupc vao quan Cfiem va cacli nhin nhan cua moi ngucri, CO ttie hieu vaco each ling xu khac nhau, nhung cung rat khd di vao cTdi s^g thue tien dcac trudng phdthdng Vi du, pham * Tnrifng Dai hpc Sir pham Ha Ngi 141 Tgp chi Giao due so 379 (kil-4/20m chat Song yeu thuang, danh cho cap tieu hpc co neu: nhflng pham chat chu yeu cho HS phothong "Yeu thich cac san pham, hoat dgng van hoa khac tfl phia nha tardng, gom: Uen Uiegk^, hoac pham chat Sdng tuchudcap 3.1 Boi mdi chuang trinh - Sach giao khoa tieu hpc CO yeu cau: "Yeu met) va lam tfieo nhOng tam (SGK) Trong he thdng giao due qudc dan, bac fiTi/onfiitfaodtfc" Nhung bieu hien cythenay CO the phothong dupe tdchflc theo cap hpc, phu hpp hieu khac vakho hudng d i n , thuc hien giao due vdi quy luat nhan thflc theo dudng han lam HS ttieo rihflng bieu hien do, lai cang kho danh gia eiia van minh nhan loai Trong do, co cap tieu hpc pham chatcua HS dflpc hinh ttianh qua trinh (5 narri hpc), cap trung hpc co sd (THCS), day la hpc tap hai cap hpc cap vdi mue tieu giao due toan Theo y kien ca nhan, nen thay pham chat dien; cap trung hoc phd thong (THPT) la cap hpc bling cac pham^ chat: - Song ii trf, - Song tinh cam; dinh hudng nghe nghiep Bae hpe phothong co y - Songychi Oe co dupc nhflng pham chat nay, eon nghTa dac biet nen m6i giai doan phattrien ngfldi can hpc, hoc sudt ddi de phat trien hoan thien eua xa hpi da d i l n cac cupc cai each giao dye minh; hpc de sdng, co hpc se biet va eo ttie sdng tdt (CCGD) hoac dd'i mdi giao dye Ke tfl dep hpn.Dieu can cho mpi ngucri, mpi thdi dai va lap nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam (1945) da co cupc CCGD va cupc doi mdi giao dye; hien nude ta cung COthehieunhulaTLGD _ Des6ngc6IIttI,connguciicanc6kienthuc(trittiuc), dang budc vao eupc doi mdi giao due lan thfl hai canco kTnang vanhung pham chat tam likhac.Nhung ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due Nha nudc dac pham chatdd dupc hinh dmdi ngudi thong qua bietquan tam den ddi mdi chuong trinh, SGK gjao due phothong (Qudc hpi da co Nghi quyet so 88/ quatrinh hpetap dtrudng hpcva "tnj'dng ddi" Tinh cam ngudi dupc hinh qua 2bl4/QH 13 28/1 i/2014 ve Doi mdi chuang dudng giao due, quatrinh hpc tap, lao dpng va trinh, sach giao khoa giao ditc thong) cac hoatdpng khac Con ngudi chan chinh can co "tinh cam dep", the hien qua ldi sdng nhan hau, nhan ai, bao dung, vi tha, cam thong chia se; dong thdi eung biet cam gian, dau tranh khong khoan nhupng vdi ke thu, tay chay thoi hu tat xau Tinh cam ngudi tren hdtthay latinh yeu gia dinh, yeu thuong eon ngudi, yeu que huong, dat nudc Ychicon ngucri dupc giao due, ren luyen nha trudng va cupc sdng thudng Thue te cho thay, nhflng ngudi hoan canh kho khan, phai buon chaittiudngcoychi.nghi lyc.Trong nhatrudng,nam hpc nao cung xuat hien nhflng HS c6 y chi vupt qua ngheo kho hpc t$p dat ketqua hpc tap, ren luyen tdt Con dirdng hinh pham c h ^ c h u yeu cuaHS Pham chat chuyeu cua HS phothong dupc xem la mpt nhflng nhan toco ban nhan each HS phdttidng, dupc quy djnh Luat Giao due va Cac van ban quy pham phap luat vemuc tieu giao rfircuttiedanh chp HS tflng Idp hpc, cap hpe "Pham eliat nguoi" luon gan bo chat chevdi "nang lue ngudi", tao ttianh nhan each cong ddng, xa hpi Vdi HS, nhan each dupc xem xet danh gia theo mat: Hanh kiem vaj-igc tup P/)amc/?af(hanh kiem} va/7pc/yc (nang luc) cua HS dupc hinh ttianh bang dumg hgc tap (con dudng giao due - giao due nha tn/dng, giao dye gia dinh, giao due xa hpi) ya dudng tugiao due Sau day, chung ioi de xuat mpt sd giai pliap nh^m hinh (kil-4/2016) Viee Qudc hpi Ngh J quyet ve ddi mdi chuong trinh, SGKgiaodycphothong noi l&n ynghTava tam quan trpng cua cong viec nay, nh§m muc tieu dua giao ducphdthong phattrien dattrinhdpcao hon giai doan tnj'dc (nghia la chuyen sang day va hpc theo chuong trinh va SGK mdi thi HSse dat dupc suphat trien ve pham chatva nang luc cao hon trinh dp phat tnen cua HS cac giai doan trudc) Chuong trinh,_SGK phothong Bp GD-DT ehu tri tdchflc thiet ke, tham dinh, thiet ke bien soan den quan liehi dao trien khaittiuc hien Vivay, can dat dupc cac tieu chi: - Tam nhin: Co chatlupng cao hPn giai doan trudc, eo thethuc h ien tren pham vi ca nude, COttiehpi nhap (ngang tam khu vuc va thegidi); - Tinh /f/ioa/ioc: Tinh II thuyet (han lam) vahanh dung (thue tiin) thugc eae khoa hpe co ban vacac khoa hpc giao dye; - Tinh thi/c tien: Tinh khathi (dam bao thuc hien dupe tten pham vi canudc (phdeap), c6suphan hoa (phat trien|, tinh Ipi Ich (chuong trinh, SGK mdi dam bao tnen khai dat ehat iupng va hieu qua cao hon giaidoan trudc) Ngoaira, chuong trinh, SGK phai tuan thu cac nguyen tac nhat dinh, Theo chung tpi nen dua tren nguyen tae: - Nguyen tie phat trien :Qu'^ 6mh npi dung chuong trinh, SGK dupc the hien theo logic phattrienkien thflc cua tflng mon hpc Dong thdi, each the hien phai phu hop vdi dac diem phat trien tam sinhji lua tuoi HS cac ldp hpc, cap hpc; -Nguyen /acc/iuanmuc.-ChuPngtrinhva SGK phai dat dupe Tap chi Giao due so 379 I is cac chuan m ue ve khoa hpc; - Nguyen tac toi thieu: Npi dung chuPng trinh, SGK dam bao su hpp li, khong qua tai, khong ttiieu tai Noi each khac la dam bao tinh gian duve chat (chat lieu), khong du thfla ve vat lieu (tdi thieu ve vat lieu) (day dupc coi la nguyen tie tdi uu) Chupng trinh, SGK phai phu hop vdi muc tieu chung, vdi chuan kien ttiflc, kTnang, yeu cau CO ban vepham chatva nang luc cac mon hpc, cac hoat dpng giao dye (do chinh la chuan dau cua tflng ldp hpc, cap hpc, ehuan chi la tdi ttiieu, tfl HS dupc phan hoa vuon toi trinh dp phat trien cao hon chuan), Hon nfla,con the hien npi dung hpe tap danh cho HS, npi dung da an chfla phuong phap hpe tap va phuong thflc to chuc hpe tap 3.2 Xay dt/ng dgingugiao vien, can bg quan ligiao duc(QLGD).Th\Jc tien doi hoi giao vienvacanbpQLGDphaidatnhflng ehuan muc mdi ve dao due nghe nghiepva nang iuc nghe (tay nghe) Pham chat(dao due) va nang luc nha giao,nhaQLGD phai the hien c6 nhflng yeu td mdi vdi trinh dp phat trien cao hon giai doan tn/dc Dpi ngu giao vien, can bp QLGD phat trien bang dudng dao tao mdi, dao tao lai va boi dudng thudng xuyen; co suquan li cua Nha nudc, chu yeu la ve che dp chinh sach, dai ngp giao vien va can bp QLGD Trong cae phuong thfle phat trien doi ngu giao vien, can bp QLGD giai doan ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giaodye thi phuong thfle tuhpc, tuboi dudng theo dinh hudng vatao dieu kien eua nganh la thudng xuyen,CPban 3.3 Tao casavatchat-thiet bj can vadu.Qe thuc hien cong chuong trinh, SGK mdi, can tao dupc sudong bp vecP sdvat chat-ttiietbi phuc vy hoat dpng day cua giao vien va hoat dpng hpe eua HS Hien nay, cac tnidng phdtiiong tren pham vi ca nudc cosukhaebietnhieu veco sdvat chat-thietbj, nhieu tn/dng datchuan nhung cung nhieu tardng xa mdi dat chuan Vi vay, Nha nudc nen uu tien dau tu hon eho cac trudng gap nhieu kho khan Trong dieu kien KT-XH hien nay, viee dau tU tao lap CO sdvat chat-th let bi day hpe can coke hoach cu ttie eua tCmg tnidng, ti>ig dia phuang va trien khai theo bude di hpp li, thuc dung (hieu theo nghTa tich cue la ttiuc te, thuc chat, CO Ipi) Pham chatva nangluc{hay ducva tai) la nhan td CO ban tao nen nhan cach^2 nhan tdnay g i n bo mat thietvaeosuchuyen hoa lan Co pham chat tot eon ngudi se hpe tap tu dudng de cang co nang 16 Tap chi Gido dye so 379 luc hpn;ngudi CO nang luc selam nhieu viee tdt CO id) cho ban than, gia dinh va xa hpi, nghTa la cung seco pham chat tdt hon Cung rndi quan he nay.con ngudi CO pham chat tdt se la nen tang, tao dpng kjt hpc tap, ren luyen deed nang luc pham ctiatlifri, tinh cam, y ehi cua HS phdttidng ndi rieng, cua ngudinoichung COthehieunhulatrietlisdng,TLGD, la dao hgccua ngudi Q Tai lieu tham k h i o Ba GD-DT Du thdo Chuang trinh gido dtic phi thdng tdng thi li.20\5 H Nggc Dai Giai p h a p giao due NXB Gidod^c Vi^lNam, H.20]0 Ph?im Minh Hac T a m li giao due th? gidi vi Viet Nam NXB Gidod{ic VietNam H, 2011 Pham XuSn Nam (chu bien) Trift liphattrieiiB Vi€t Nam - Ma'y va'n d^ cfft I6i NXB Khoa hf>cxi ft^i.H 2015 Tap luyen Clio Sinli Vien (Tiep Iheo trang 46) hpc dinh II Toan hpc nham lam cho tiet hpc sinh dong, pliatliuydupctinti tieh cue, ehu dpng,sang tao, kidi ttiich susay me hpetap eua HS, gop phan khac phuc nang cao chait luong day hoc dinh II • Tai li^u tham khao TMn van Hao (trfng chu bifin) Gi^i tich 12 NXB Gido due, H 2008 Trjnh Thanh Hai Ong dung cdng ngh^ thdng tin vdo d^y hoc Hinh hoc ldp theo hudng tich cyic hda hoatddng hoc tdp ciia hoc sinh LuSn Sn tie'n si Giao due hoc, Vi^n Khoa hpc G i i o due Viet Nam, 2006, NguySn Bi Kim, Phtnmg phap day hoc m5iiTo^ii NXB D^i hpc supham, H 2011 Dao Thai Lai IJng dung cdng ngh^ thdng tin Irong dgy hpc & cdc trudng phd thdng Viit Nam Qt liii di^m cSp B6, Ma s6' B2003-49-42-11), 2006 Bui VSn Nghi VSn d u n g li luSn vao thuc ti^n day hoc mfln T o i n A trurnig phd thdng NXB Dgi hocSu phgm, H 2009 Tr3n Trung l/ng ditng cdng ngh^ thdng tin vd Iruyln thdng hd iri^ dgy hoc Hinh hoc Iheo hudng tich cifC hda hogt ddng nhdn thiic cua hoc sinh du bi dgi hgc ddn t^c Luan an ti^n sT Giio due hgc, Tru&ng Dai hoc Vinh, 2009 Nguygn Anh TuSn (chu bifin) - Nguyen Danh Nam - Biii Thj Hgnh Lam - Phan Th! Phuung ThSo GiiD trinh ren luyen nghi§p vu svt pham mfln Toan NXB Gido due Viet Nam, H 2014, il-4/201& .J ... phattrienkien thflc cua tflng mon hpc Dong thdi, each the hien phai phu hop vdi dac diem phat trien tam sinhji lua tuoi HS cac ldp hpc, cap hpc; -Nguyen /acc/iuanmuc.-ChuPngtrinhva SGK phai dat dupe Tap... 2015 Tap luyen Clio Sinli Vien (Tiep Iheo trang 46) hpc dinh II Toan hpc nham lam cho tiet hpc sinh dong, pliatliuydupctinti tieh cue, ehu dpng,sang tao, kidi ttiich susay me hpetap eua HS, gop... cdng ngh^ thdng tin vdo d^y hoc Hinh hoc ldp theo hudng tich cyic hda hoatddng hoc tdp ciia hoc sinh LuSn Sn tie''n si Giao due hoc, Vi^n Khoa hpc G i i o due Viet Nam, 2006, NguySn Bi Kim, Phtnmg