JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0061 Educational Sci , 2016, Vot 61, No 6, pp 158 164 This paper is available online at hllp //stdb hnue edu vn TU TUONG HO CHl MINH VE GIAO DUC[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2016, Vot 61, No 6, pp 158-164 This paper is available online at hllp://stdb.hnue.edu.vn DOI: 10 18173/2354-1075.2016-0061 TU TUONG HO CHl MINH VE GIAO DUC DAO DUC TRONG NHA T R U N G PHO THONG Dfldng Van Kboa Mai Tbi Tuyet Khoa Li ludn chinh trt - Gido due edng ddn, Trudng Dgi hoe Supfigm Hd Ngi Tom tat Ho Chf Minh luon de cao giao due dao dtfc mdi quan he vdi c^c nhiem vu khac d nha trrfbng Ihong Ngrfbi coi dao dtfc la gdc ciia ngrfbi can bp, vi vay giao due dao dtfc phai la nhiem vu gdc ciia nha trrfbng noi chung, nha Irtfbng Ihbng nbi rieng Ngi dung giao due dao dffc hoc sinh cin thilt thrfc, phii hdp vbi ddi Irfdng, ldp trung vao mgt sd chuan mrfc: Veu va bao ve Td qudc, nhan dan; yeu ngrfdi lao dgng; tham gia nhtfng viec CO feh Idi chung; kfnh Irgng Ihiy co, yeu, doan ket, giup db ban be; kfnh yeu, giiip dd cha me, ong ba, ngrfdi than gia dinh; that tha, dung cam, sach chii phac, hang hai, can kiem Co nhieu phrfdng phap giao due dao dtfc cho hoc sinh, Ngrfbi lrfu y hdn phrfdng phap neu grfdng ciia giao vien viec giao due dao dtfc cho hpc sinh Ttikhda: Giao due dao dtfc Ho Chf Minh, trrfbng phd Ihong Mof dau Tff tffbng, minh triet, dao dffc Hd Chf Minh ta chu de dtfdc ddng dao gidi nghien cflii va ngoai ntfdc quan tSm tim hieu iff sbm, dien hinh nhtf: Bao Le Monde vbi "Ho Chi Minh - La figure de I'lnd ependanee relrouvee du Vielnam" xuat ban nam 2015; Pham Van Dong vdi "Ho Chu Tich tinh hoa cua ddn ldc Itfdng tam ciia thdi dai", xuit ban nam 1976; Vd Nguyen Gidp vdi "Ttf ttfbng Ho Chf Minh va dtfdng each mang Viet Nam", xuit ban nam 1997; "Ttf ttfbng Ho Cbf Minh ve giao due" Dao Thanh Hdi, Minh Tiln stfu tam, luyen chpn, xuat ban nam 2005; Thdi Binh Dffdng vbi "Ttf Itfbng Hd Chf Minh ve giao due dao dtfc each mang cho ddng vien" Tap chf Giao due If luan, nam 2007; "Quan die'm ve giao due dao dffc cho smh vien tinh htnh hien nay" cua Nguyen Thj Thuy, Tap chf Lf ludn eht'nh trj va truyen thdng, sd 3/2015, "Stf can thiet cua viec gido due dao dtfc each mang theo tff iffbng Ho Chi Minh cho sinh vien Viet Nam hien nay" cua Pham Hflu Hoang, Tap chi Tam Ii, sd 3/2015; "Ttf tffbng Hd Chf Minh ve bdi dtfbng the he tre" cua Nguyen Ddc Vinh, Tap chf Lf ludn ehinh trj, sd 5/2015 Ve cd ban, eac bai viet, cdng trinh neu tren deu de cap din tff ttfbng Ho Chi Minh nbi chung, Itf ttfdng dao dtfc ndi rieng, cung nhrf cude dbi va srf nghiep ciia Ngrfbi Tit cd diu cd gid trj tham khao tdt Tuy vay eho den nay, chtfa cd mbt chuyen luan nao ban den vin de: "Quan die'm cua Ho Chi Minh ve gido due dao dtfc nha trtfbng phd Ihbng" Tren eb sb kl thtfa ket qua nghien ctfu cua eae nha khoa hpe di trtfdc, chiing tdi se di sau phSn tfch quan diem eiia Hd Chf Minh vl vj trf, vai trb cua dao dflc va giao due dao dtfc, ndi dung vd phtfdng phap giao due dao dtfc nha trtfbng phd thbng d Viel Nam fl dd, de xuat hfldng van dung nhflng quan diem ay vao thtfc tiln hoat ddng giao dttc cua chflng ta hien Ngaynhanbai 11/11/2015 Ngay nhSn dang 20/6/2016 Lien h6 Dildng Van Khoa, e-mail, duongvankhoagdci@gmail.com Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve gido due dgo dtit nhd truOng phe)' thdng 2.1 Noi dung nghien cihi Tir tirdng Ho Chi Minh ve tam quan cua dao diJc va giao due dao diic tririmg thong Hd Chl Minh ludn cd quan diem bien chffng ve pham tru dtfc va tai Tuy nhien, ddi vdi ngffbi each mang, Ngtfbi coi dao dflc la yeu id quan trgng hbn Dao dffc phdi la goc eiia ngtfbi each mang Khong cd dao dffc, ngtfbi cdch mang khd cd the hoan dtfdc nhiem vu va khdng Idnh dao dtfde dan chung "Sffc^cd manh mdi ganh dffdc nang va di dffdc xa Ngrfdi each mang phai cb dao dtfc each mang Iam nen tang, mdi hodn drfdc nhiem vu each mang ve vang" [9, tr.283] Giong nhtf cSy phai cb gdc sdng phai eb ngudn, cay Ichdng gbc tht edy heo, sbng khdng ngudn thi song can Thang 10 ndm 1964, Ho Chi Minh den thdm tmdng Dai hoe Stf pham Ha Ndi, Ngtfbi noi: "pay cung nhrf hgc, phai bill chu trgng ca tai lan dtfc Dffc la dao dtfc each mang Do la cai goc, rat quan trgng Neu khdng cd dao dflc each mang thi cd tai cung vb dung" [10, lr.329] Dieu dd cd nghia la, cdng tac giao due dao dflc eho ngrfbi hgc la gdc cua nhiem vu giao due va dao lao cdc nha trffbng Nbi chuyen tai Ibp hgc chinh tri cua giao vien nam 1959, Ho Chf Minh can dan: "Chinh tri la Iinh hdn, chuyen mdn la cai xac .Phai cd ehinh tri trffdc rdi cd chuyen mdn Neu thay gido, cd giao bang quan tht tai due mpi sd cdng dan khdng tdt, can bb khdng tdt Thay giao phai grfdng mSu, trflc tiep lam nhiem via: dao lao nhflng edng ddn tdt, nhflng can bd tdt sau nay" [9, tr.492-494] Y thffc dfldc tim quan trgng cua dao dffc each mang, Ngffbi tffng lrfu y nganh Giao due va Dao tao cin phai giao due dao dflc cho ngrfdi cdng dan tfl cip hoc mim non "Cdng ldc giao yien va mau giao cd khac nhau, nhtfng cung chung mdt mue dfch dao tao nhflng ngtfbi cbng ddn tot, can bp tot cho Td qudc, cho chu nghta xa hbi Dieu trrfde lien Id day cac chau ve dao dflc" [ 9, tr.509] Trong ban Di chflc, Ngtfbi da cin than can dan Iai chung ta: "Bdi dtfdng the he each mang cho ddi sau la mdt viec rit quan va rat can thiet" [II, lr.510] VI cdng tac giao due dao dflc cho hpe sinh, nhat la nhi ddng lai quan trpng nhtf vay Ho Chf Minh ndi: "Ngay chung la nhi ddng It nam nfla, chung se la cdng dan, can bd Vi vay, Chinh phu, cac doan the va tat ca ddng bao deu cd trach nhiem gitfp vao viec giao due nhi dong" [12 tr.77] Nhrf vay, theo Ho Chf Minh, dao dtfc la gdc cfla ngffdi cdn bg, "cdn bd Id gdc cua moi cdng viec", "Mudn viec edng hay thit bai deu can bd tdt hay kem" Hdn nfla, ve ed ban can bd trffdc dd deu tff hgc sinh ma trffdng din Ttf dSy cho thay, cai gdc eua sff hgc nha trrfdng phd thdng Viet Nam hien phai la dtfc due Suy cho cung, dtfc eiing da chtfa tai Hgc sinh cd dtfc tfnh ham hgc hdi, ham tien bg, nhat djnh cae em se cd trf tue va sff hieu bill, 2.2 TlT tirdng Ho Chi IVlinh ve noi dung giao due dao dd'c tnrcmg thong Hieu theo nghTa ehung nhit, ndi dung dao dtfc (hay chud'n mflc dao dtfc) Iheo quan diem cua Ho Chf Minh la: Trung vdi nrfdc, hieu vbi dan; can, kiem, liem, chfnh, chf cdng vd trf; thrfdng yeu ngffdi, sdng cd tinh cd nghTa; cd tinh thin qudc te sang ihiiy chung Thai Btnh Dffdng bai viet "Trf trfdng Hd Chf Minh ve giao due dao dtfc each mang cho dang vien" dang tren Tap chf Giao due If lugn cho rang, chua'n mtfc cua dao dtfc each mang cho dang vien ttf tfldng Ho Chf Minb la "Nhan, NghTa, Tri, Dung, Liem" [I, tr.l7] Tuy nbien, vdi hgc sinh thdng, Ngffdi dffa qudn diem cu the hdn va phfl hdp vdi ddi tffdng Nam 1954, ve tham tnlbng trung hge Nguyen Trai, Chu Vdn An va Tning Vffbng (Ha Drfdng Van Khoa, Mai Thi Tuyli Npi) Ngtfbi ndi: "Chflng ta phai thrfc hien dffc ti'nh sach, chit phdc, bdng hai, can kiem; xda bd bet nhflng vet lich nd le tff tffdng va hanh ddng" [7, ir.399] Nam sau, thff "Gffi cdc em hoc sinh" loan qudc, Ngffdi neu cu the bbn"Dtfc due la yeu Td quoc, yeu nhan dan, yeu lao ddng, yeu khoa hgc, yeu trgng cfla cdng; cde em can ren Iuyen eai dfle tfnh thSt va dflng cam; b trtfbng tht kfnh ihay, yeu bgn, dodn kit va giup dd lin nhau; d nha thi yeu kfnh va giup dd cba me; b xa hbi lbi stfc mtnh ma tham gia nhffng viec cd feh lbi ehung" [8, tr.75], Dac biet, nhan djp ki niem 20 nam Ngay lap Ddi tbieu nien Tien Phong (15/5/1961), Hd Chf Minh da gffi thtf ehflc mflng, ddng vien cac chdu thieu nien, nhi ddng, dd cd dilu sau: "Yeu Td qudc, yeu ddng bao; Hgc tap tdt, lao ddng tdt; Doan kit lot, ki luat tdt; Gifl gin ve sinh that tdt; That tha, dung cam" Ndi chuyen tai Hdi nghi tdng ket phong trao thi dua "Day tdt, hpc tdt" nam 1963 cua nganh giao due thdng va sfl pham, Ngffbi tiep tuc nhan manh: "Ndi dung giao due can chfl trgng hbn ntfa vl mat dtfc due Day cho cac chau dao dtfc each mang, bill yeu Td qudc, yeu chu nghta xa hdi, yeu khoa hgc, yeu lao dgng va ngtfbi Iao ddng, that tha, dung cam, san sang tham gia lao dgng va bao veTdquoc" [10, trdt5] Nhff vay, theo Hd Chi Minh, nha trffbng phd thbng can tap Irung giao due dao dtfc cho hoc sinh theo mgt sd chuan mtfc sau: Yeu va bao ve To qude, nhdn dSn; tham gia nhflng viec cd ich ldi chung; kinh trgng thay cb; yeu, dodn kel, giup db ban be; kinh yeu, gitfp dd cha me, dng ba, ngtfbi than gia dtnh; that thd, dung cam, sach, chit phac, hdng hai, can kiem 2.3 TlT tu'dng Ho Chi Minh ve phurong phap giao due dao diic 2.3.1 Phirong phap neu girong Theo Ho Chf Minh, phtfdng phap giao due can hffbng ldi thtfc lien, khdng dung If thuylt sudng Ndi chuyen vbi can bb trffdng Chi'nh tri, Ngffbi ndi: "Hgc chfnh ctfdng, chfnh sach rdi thi phdl thtfc hien Neu thudc liu ma khdng biet danh giac tht vd dung" [ 5, tr.318] Can tang ctfbng phtfdng phap neu gtfdng, dd Bac dac biel nhan manh tdi nhtfng pham chat dao dtfc va trtnh cua ngrfdi thay viee giao due dao dflc cho hgc sinh "Hgc trd tdt hay xau la thay giao, cd giao tdt hay xau" [12, tr.239] Ngtfbi giao vien trtfbc hit phai Id ngtfdi cd dtfc "Mudn cho hgc sinh cd dtfc tht giao vien phai ed dtfc Vf nhrf bao hgc trd phdi day sdm, giao vien trrfa mdi day Cho nen thay giao, cb giao phai grfbng mau, nhat la ddi vdi tre Trdch nhiem dd rit ve vang, quan trgng"[12, tr.240] Ngrfbi gido vien can gan gui vdi ngrfbi hgc, de hieu lam tff nguyen vgng cua hg "Giao vien chffa dffbc coi trpng vi chrfa cb htfbng (hflu xa Iff nhien hrfbng), cdn xa rdi quan chung Cd nhieu giao vien dffbc quan chung coi trpng, nhtf chien sT thi dua, giao vien binh dan hpc vu, hpe cung vbi nhan dan ket mpt khdi nen dtfdc quin chung yeu men Neu-giao vien tach minh ra, ltf eho mtnh la tri thflc, tht lam quin ehung coi drfdc"[12, tr.241] Ngflbi giao vien phai ludn trau ddi them kien thffc, cap nhSt thbng tin, tri thffc mdi, phai cau thi de tien bd "Can bd giao vien pbai lien bg cho kjp thbi dai thi mdi iam dtfdc nhiem vu Chd ttf tuc Iff man, cho la gibi rdi thi dffng lai Ma dtfng lai la lui btfdc, la lae hau, minh ttf dao thai trtfdc Cho nen phai cd gang hgc lap de cai tao minh, cai tao em va giup vao cat lao xa hgi Mudn cai tao ttf ttfdng tht phai nim lay vu cfla chu nghta Mac - Ldnin, ma d xa hbi cu khdng the cd dtfbc, dd la that tha ttf phe binh va phe btnh"; Giao vien phai cd ban ITnh chfnh tri, phai "lap trtfbng vffng vang va each xem xet dflng din" [9, tr.492 - 494] 160 Tu tudng Ho Chi Mmh vi gido dut dao dtic nhd trudng phd ihong tcc6i(i]j ^ K h o n g ehi cb tam gtfdng ciia ngtfbi tbay H o Chf Minh edn ltfu y den viec neu cao nhtfng tam gtfdng sang Iao ddng san xuat va chien d i u bao ve Td Qudc "Yeu Td qudc Yeu To qudc nhtf the nao'^ Yeu Id phdi lam cho To qudc ta giau manb Mudn eho Td qudc ta giau manh thi^pbdi stfc lao ddng, sfle tang gia san xuat, thtfc hanh tilt kiem Yeu nhSn dan: Minh phai hieu rb sinh boat eua nhan dan, b i l l nhan dan ebn ctfe khd nhtf t h i nao, biet cbia se nhtfng lo ling, nhtfng vui budn, nhflng cdng tdc nang nhgc vbi nhSn ddn" [9, tr.l73] ^ ^ H d Chl Minh chi'nh la mdt lam gtfbng mau mffc viec thtfc hanh dao dtfc each mang d tat ca cac vai trb, ttf vai trb cua mgt ngrfdi ddn binh thffdng cho den Ianh tu vi dai cua each mang, Ngtfdi da tan h i l n ca cube dbi minh cho ddn tgc va sff nghiep each mang t h i gidi Dung nhrf nhffng ngrfbi ban b D a n g Cgng san M y da vilt "ten ludi cua ddng chi Hd Chf Minh se mai mdi gin bd vbi nhtfng hanh ddng cao ea n h i l va nhflng tfdc md cao quy nhat ciia nhan loai" [3, tr 121 ] 2.3.2 Phirong phap ke chuyen, thuyet trinh ' Ngoai cdc phtfdng phap neu tren, gido vien thdng hien van chu yeu sff dung phrfdng phap thuyet trtnh, ke ehuyen viec giao due, giao drfbng hgc sinh Chiing ta ludn suy nght, lam Ihl nao de phrfbng phap thuylt trinh trd nen hieu qua, lam cho hoc sinh hao hffng, ehu ddng hdn tham gia vao qua trinb gido due, Tim hieu, each ndi, each trinb bay cua Ho Chf Minh, chung tdi nit mdt sd ddc diem sau: Thuyel trinh ngan gpn va di thing vao vin de Ngffbi thtfbng xuyen nhac nhd can bd can phai chdng "benh ndi dai, viet rong" Tuy nhien, dai ma cd ndi dung thilt thtfc thi van tdt, nhtfng dai ma rdng thi phan tac dung Trong bai ndi chuyen lai ldp Htfbng dan gido vien cap H, IH va hgi nghl Stf pham thang nam 1956, Ngtfbi ndi' "van hay kbdng cin ndi dai" Ngrfbi can ddn can bd luyen trayen: "chb cd not qud mdt tieng ddng hb, vt ndi dai ngtfdi ta chan tai, khdng thfch nghe nfla" [5, tr.l62] Ngan ggn b day khdng phai la cat xen npi dung, sb sai hode khbng ndi drfdc ndi dung gi, ngdn ggn cin hieu theo nghla Irfdc bb nhflng chi till thtfa, khdng phuc vu cho ndi dung cin nbi, ndi cd dgng, lot la van de ehinh Van kien ndi tieng, cd vai trb loi quan trgng dbi vbi each mang nrfdc la la Chanh crfdng va Sdch ltfdc, Dieu Ie Dang (1930) cung dtfdc Ngtfbi viet va trinh bay bet stfc van lal Ndi chuyen vdi ndng dan va dien chu Htfng Yen nam 1946, Bac md dau bdng cdu: "Chung tdi xuong dSy cdhai viec: Trrfde lade tham ddngbdoHrfng Yen, thtf hai lade thdm de " [4, tr.l54] Ndi chuyen vdi fly vien tuyen truyen cac tinh BacBb ve viee tai lai ki Hiep dinh Sd bg nam 1946, de mgi ngtfbi myen truyen cho nhan dan hieu, Ngtfbi ndi dung cSu, ttfbng dtfbng khoang 12 dbng [ 4, tr.205] Thdng ke bai nbi chuyen (dai trang) tai Ibp Htfbng dan giao vien cap II, IIT va hdi nghi Srf pham thang nam 1956, Ho Chi Minb trinh bay 17 doan van, hdi trtfdng trao ddi vbi Bac 12 doan van Trong chuyen ve thdm vd nbi cbuyen vdi Trrfdng Dai hpc Srf pham HdNgi nam 1964 cd doan: "Cdc chau hoc sinh kbdng nen hoc gao, khdng nen hgc vet Bac khdng cin giai thfch hpe gag, bpc vet la the nao vi cac chdu bill ca rdi" Bac khbtig giai thfeh dai dbng the nao la hgc gao va hgc vet, vt ngtfdi nghe qud quen thugc rdi - Dd la ngin ggn Md dau bai ndi chuyen, Bdc ttf phe binh vi it den thdm tnlbng, sau dd di thing vao ngi dung "Bay gid Bac ndi miy ffu diem cua Trtfdng " [12, tr.l 53] Budi ndi ehuyen lai Hpi nghi Dai bieu nhflng ngtfbi tich ctfe van hda quan ehflng nam 1960, bao Nhan dan dang tai bai ndi cua Ngtfbi ven ven hbn trang [12, lr.l76] Mdt lin nbi chuyen vdi can bd tuyen truyen, Ngtfbi ndi' "Khi luyen truyen trtfdng kt khang chien Trtfdc het, minh phai hieu TO vi phai khang chiln Khdng khdng chiln cd hai nhtf the nao Khang chien ed ldi nhtf the ndo, Vi khang chien phai Irtfdng ki Trong cudc trtfbng kt khang chien phai qua nhflng gian nan cffc khd the nao Vi ta phai gdng chiu nhflng srf gian nan erfc kho ay Trong luc khang chiln, moi mdt Ibp nhdn ddn phdi lam nhtfng cdng viec gi! Vt khang chien nhat dinh thang lbi" [ 5, tr.l62] Dudng Van Khoa, Mai Thi Tuyli Ndi ngan ggn, rd rang, sue tich, khdng nhflng tilt kiem drfbc thbi gian ma ngfldi nghe se tiep thu nhanh, de dang ndi dung ehinh, khdng met mbi cho ca khach the va chu the Thuyet trinh ludn gan vbi neu vin dl Ho Chi Minh cd the neu vin de drfdi dang cau hdi d diu bai ndi chuyen hoac ca bai ndi chuyen de djnh hfldng ngi dung loan bai va eac muc Ddn ctf: Bai ndi chuyen tai budi Ie khai mac trflbng Dai hgc nhan ddn Viel Nam nam 1955, sau cd Idi hdi tham mgi ngtfbi, Hb Chi Minh neu Iudn cau hbi djnh htfdng cho ca bai ndi chuyen: 'Trrfde het phai hieu rb hgc the nao? Hgc cdi gi?Hoc de lam gi?" [12, tr.81]; ndi chuyen tai ldp Htfdng din giao vien cip 2, cip va Hdi nghj Stf pham ndm 1956, Ngtfdi ndi: "Bac ndi nien khdng thich lam thay gido, lam thiy giao khdng oanh liet, khdng anh hung, cd dung khdng?" [12, tr 110]; ndi ehuyen tai Hdi nghj Can bd Dang nganh giao due nam 1957, Ngrfdi dat cau hdi md dau cho eude ndi chuyen "Nhiem vu eua can bd Ddng nganh giao due phai nhrf thi nao?" [12, tr.l 18]; ndi ve cbng tae huan luyen va hoe tap nam 1950, mdi ndi dung chfnh Ngrfbf dal mgicSu hdl, cu the la: "1 Ttf trrfbc din Doan the da huan luyen drfdc may ngrfdi?; Huan Iuyen ai? Ai huin Iuyen? Hudn luyen gt? Huan luyen the nao? Tai lieu huan luyen?" hoae d muc II "Phai nang cao va hrfdng dan viec trf hgc", Ngtfdi cung ddt ede cSu hbi: "I Hgc de lam gi? Hgc d dau?".v.v Cd bai, Ngtfbi Iai neu cac van de dtfbi dang eac eau hdi gdi mb de kich thich trf va lao srf tap trung, ldi keo moi ngtfbi Trong bud'i ndi chuyen tai ldp Hrfdng dan giao vien cap 2, cap va Hdi nghi Stf pham nam 1956, Ngtfbi dat 16 eau hdi Cd cdu hdi dat ra, Ngtfbi iff giai quyet, cd cSu hdi, mgi ngtfdi hdi trtfdng phdt bieu Ndi chuyen tai Hdi ngbj can bd Dang nganh gido due ndm 1957, Ngtfbi cung dal 16 cau bdi Vi du: "Lao ddng trf 6c cd quy khdng? - Quy Lao ddng chSn tay cd quy khdng? - Quy Ai cung mudn an no mac am Nhrfng chi muon mgt minh dn no mac am, cd dung khbng? - Khdng dung,,," [12, lrl21] Chung ta tbay, cac van de ddt rit trung vbi ndi dung cbfnh ngtfdi muon truyin dat tdi ngrfbi nghe So Itfdng cdc cdu hdi vffa pbai, mflc dp eung phu hdp Nhieu luc, Ngrfbi chi hdi dung hay sai de mgi ngfldi the hien thai dp va gay srf tap trang Vf du: "Day cho hgc sinh mau hieu, mau nhd If luan dl ddi vbi thtfc banh Cac cd eae chtf cd thiy khac trtfdc khdng?" [12, tr.l 11] Thuyet trinh gin vdi ke ehuyen, lay dan chtfng sinh dbng, hai htfdc Truyen cd anh htfbng rit ldn din dbi sdng tinh than, thai dd, tinb cam cfla mgi ngtfbi Qua nhflng cau truyen, ngrfdi nghe se suy ngam, rtft bai hgc cho mtnh Hd Chi Minh thtfbng xuyen dung nhtfng mdu iruyen ngan long vao cac bai ndi chuyen de minh hga cho ngi dung dang ndi Khi cdn bdn ba hoat dpng d nrfdc ngoai, Ngi^en Ai Qudc da viet truyen ngan, dung nb nhrf mdt vu khf chta mui nhgn vao bgn de qudc thrfc dan, phong kien lay sai, vf du: truyen Nhtfng trb id hay la Varen va Phan Bdi Chdu (1925); Con Riia (1925) Ngrfbi cd the dung mdt mau truyen de so sanh vdl ngi dung, chang han ndi den thdnh qua cua giao due nhan buoi ndi chuyen vbi Dai hoc Srf pham Ha Ndi, Bac ke mgt cau chuyen de so sanh: "Qudc hgi My ed mdt ban trdng nom tre con, ban ay bao cao rang nam 1963 hbn 1/5 tre My tfl tudi den 10 luoi da pham tdi: an trdm, an cap, tham tri giet ngfldi cung cd, v.v Vay thtf hdi: My van minh hbn, hay ta van minh hdn? Ta cd 40 van chau ngoan, ma My cd 1/5 tre em pham tdi Ta cd the ndi: ta van minh hbn!" [12, tr 155] Thdng Ihffbng, Ngffbi sfl dung mau truyen de minh chffng cho mdt ndi dung nao day, dbn tfl: ndi vbi can bb tuyen Iruyen, Ngffdi ke mdt cau ehuyen cua ddng chi Dimitbrdp: "Hoi dd d Dtfc mdi cd mdt cudc bai cdng rat to Dang ctf mdt ddng ehi den de luyen truyen Dang le ngffdi ta dang bai cdng, tht phai ndi bai cdng nen Iam the nao Nhflng dong chi lai ndi chu nghTa Mac Id gi, thang drf gia trj la gt Nhrf thi la ndi khdng dung cho, khdng thiet thffc May ma ddng chi dd khdng bj quan chung nem da Tuyen trayen nhrf the khdng an thua gt" [ 12, tr 197] Cac mS'u truyen Ho Chi Minh sff dung thrfdng rit ngin ggn, rb rang, lien quan chat che vdi Tu tudng Ha Chi Mtnh vi gido due dgo dtic nhd trudng phd thdng npi dung can minh hga, so sanh Bao gib Ngrfbi cung phan tfch nbi dung eau chuyen va drfa kel luan de lam ro ngi dung mtnh can trinh bay Ben canh nhffng mS'u trayen Ho Chi Minh khai thac tri?t de cac vf du minh hga Hiu het cac bai ndi chuyen diu cd vi du dffbi nhflng gde dp va each the hien khdc nhau, chung deu gin gui, chfnh xae, dl hieu va sinh ddng Day la each ma Ngffdi stf dung biln nhil va rat bieu qud (Ioi ndi binh anh) Cac nha nghien cffu danh gid "Ho Chi Minb la ngtfbi tai tinh nhat viec diing hinb anh de gidi thich cac khdi niem trtfu tffbng" Ngffbi lubn nhac nhb can bb tuyen trayen chu nghTa Mde - Lenin, dffdng ldi ciia Dang ta la: "phai ndi cho dan hieu, dSn nhd, dan theo, dan Iam"; each ndi tht phai "het stfc gian dbn, rd rang, ihuyel phuc " [ 5, tr 162] Vt muc dfch minh hpa cho ndi dung thuyet trinh, cae vf du bao gib cung dat sau nhtfng kit luan ve mbt vin de nao dd Tiep xuc vbi can bd tinh Thanh Hba ndm 1947, Ngtfbi nbi: "Doi vdi ddng chf minh thi phai than vbi Thf du: mdt anh ndi gidi, mbt anh khdng, quin Chung anh ndi kem sb anh ndi gidi ten ndi se drfbc cdng chtfng v6 lay hoan nghenh Ian at anh htfdng minh di, nen khdng cho anh ndi gidi Ien not" [ 5, tr.54] Cac Vl du minh hga rat phong phu, da dang, sinh ddng Cd Iuc Ngrfdi lay vi du vl nhtfng lam gtfdng sang, hoae dung stf vdt de din chtfng, ed luc, Ngtfbi dung so de minh hpa: "Ta eang xay dtfng chfl nghla xa hdi, eang giup cho ddng bao mien Nam mau duoi My - Diem, thdng nhit nrfbc nhd Vi du: Tit ca cac hbp tdc xa san xuil lot, ndng suit tang, trrfde moi miu ldy lffa dflbc tan, thi phai tan 3, tan hoac nhieu hdn nfla, nhfl thi la trflc tiep Iam cho mien Bie giau manh, gian tiep giflp cho ddng bao mien Nam diu tranh chdng My - Diem, thdng nhat nrfdc nha" [12, tr 188] - Bai ndi chuyen vbi Trrfdng Thanh nien lao ddng xa hdi chii nghta Hda Btnh.v.v Ndt chung, cac vi du rit phong phii, luy thugc vao ngi dung budi ndi chuyen Bac se drfa cac vi du pbu hdp Khdng chi phu hdp vdi ndi dung budi ndi chuyen, ma phu bdp ca vdi ddi trfdng can ndi vl trtnh do, nhan thffc, tap quan Ddn cfl nhrf: ndi chuyen vdi can bd, hgc vien trtfbng Dai hgc Nhan dan, Bac lay vi du ve viec chdng de qudc Phap va My de bao ve To quoc vd hda binh the gidi Ngoai ra, Ngtfdi cdn lay vi du ve nhtfng anh mgi Itnh vtfc de giao due cho can bd va hgc vien cua trtfbng phai hgc d nhan dan nhtf: anh La Van Cau, Giap Vdn Khtfbng, Nguyen Thj Chien (quan dgi); Le Van Quy, Nguyin Thj Mui (cdng trtfbng xe lfla) ; nbi ve gido due dao dtfc cua gido vien cho hgc sinh, Bac liy vf du: neu nhfl "bao hgc trd phai day sbm md giao vien thi trrfa mbi day" thi khdng giao due dflbc \ Cd nhieu budi ndi chuyen, Bac dtfa vao nhtfng thf du, dan chtfng rat hdm hinh, hai htfdc, dl hieu Khi ndi chuyen tai Hdi nghj tuyen giao mien nui ndm 1963, Bac Idy mdt vf du de phe phan hu tuc cua nhan dan vung cao "Ve sinh cdn kem, liy vb, lay chdng qua sdm Bac nhd lflc Bac ebn d tren 66, ddng chi A lay gal ddng ehf B, den kbi vl nha chdng, cd dau cdn be khdc ldc ddi Ira ve nha me" [ 12, tr.201 ] Mgt nguyen tac can chu y, cdng tac gtao due cho hgc sinh khdng phai la viec rieng cua nha trrfbng, can cd stf tham gia, phoi hdp cfla nhieu Itfc Itfbng khac nhau, chu yeu Id gia dtnh, nha trrfdng va xa hgi Trong thrf "Gtfi cac em hgc sinh" nam 1955, Ngrfdi viet: "Giao due cdc em la viec chung cfla gia dtnh, trrfdng hgc va xa hdi Bo me, thiy gido va ngrfdi Idn phai eung phu trach" [8, tr,74], Tdm lai, theo Ho Chi Minh, dao dtfc hpc sinh va giao due dao dtfc cho hpc sinh la van de quan trgng hang dau d nhd trrfbng phd thdng Ndi dung gido due can Irfa chgn phu hbp vdi ddi ttfbng Giao vien cd vai trd quylt djnh ddi vdi viec giao due dao dffc hgc sinh Trong cac phffdng phap giao due dao dffc, neu gtfdng Id phtfbng phap htfu hieu hdn ca Dtfdng Van Khoa, Mai Thj Tiiyll Ket luan Dao dtfc, gido due dao dtfc la nbi dung quan trgng nha trtfbng thdng Ho Chf Minh Iudn nhan manh, de cao dao dtfc ddt mdi quan h6 vdi tai Tuy vdy, Ngffdi khdng tuyet ddi hba dao dffc ma nhtn cac ylu td dd mdi quan he bien chtfng Ndi dung giao due dao dflc hpc sinh can tbiet thflc, phii hbp vdi ddi ttfbng Khdng "dao lo, bfla Idn" hoae hd hao khau hieu Ngffbi Iudn coi can bd la goc cua mgi cbng viec Vi vay, nha trffbng thdng, cdn bd, giao vien la gdc cua viec day hgc; ddng thbi, phffbng phap neu gfldng (neu cao phS'm chat, dao dtfc cua ngtfbi giao vien) la phrfdng phap giao due dao dtfc tot nhat, hieu qua nhat cho hgc sinh Ho Chf Minh da dSng hien ca cudc dbi mtnh cho dan ldc, Ngrfbi da thrfc hanh mdt tim grfdng dao dtfc mau mile cho ca dSn tdc ta noi theo Minh triet va hanh ddng dao dtfc cua Ngrfbi da tao mdt stfc manh, srf Ian tda to ldn, dinh hrfdng cho hanh vi dao dtfc cua can bd, dang vien va nhan dan ca ntfdc TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Thai Binh Dtfbng, 2007 Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh vi gido due dgo dtic cdch mgng eho ddng viin Tap cbi Giao due If Iuan So 03, tr.l 7-21 [2] Pham Van Dong, 1976 Hd Chu Tieh tinh hoa eua ddn tdc luang tdm cua thdi dgi Nxb Stf that, HaNoi [3] Drfdng Van Khoa, 2014 Hd Chf Minh vbi khat vpng ve ddc lap, tiido eho dan tdc VietNam, Tap chf Khoa hgc Trtfbng Dai hgc Stf pham Ha Ndi, So 59 (10), tr.l 17-121 [4] Hd Cbf Minh toan tap (CD ROM), lap Nxb Chfnh trj qudc gia, 2009 [5] Hd Chf Minh loan iSp (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chfnh trj qudc gia, 2009 [6] Hd Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chfnh trj qudc gia, 2009, [7] Ho Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chi'nh trj quoc gia, 2009 [8] Hd Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, 2009 [9] Hd Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, 2009 [10] Hd Chf Minh toan tap (CD ROM), tap 11 Nxb Chfnh trj quoc gia, 2009 [II] Ho Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap 12 Nxb Chfnh trj quoc gia, 2009 [12] Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vi gido due (Ddo Thanh Hdi, Minh Tiin - sUu tdm tuyen chgn) Nxb Lao ddng, 2005 ABSTRACT Ho Chi Minh's viewpoint on the teaching of ethics in schools Ho Chi Minh always held moral education high in relation to other duties of the schools He considered ethics is the basic of officers Thus, ethics education must be schools' duty The content of moral education for students needs lo be practical and consisteni Il should focus on loving and protecting the country and the people; getiing input from employees; participalation in a collective interest; respect for teachers; love, unity and helping friends, beloveds, parents, grandparents and other family members; being naive, entbusiaslie, frugal, trustworthy, loyal, helpful, brave, clean and reverent There are many ways to provide students with a moral education and he noted the more exemplary methods ihat teachers use in providing a moral education Keywords: Moral education Ho Chi Minh, schools ... My van minh hbn, hay ta van minh hdn? Ta cd 40 van chau ngoan, ma My cd 1/5 tre em pham tdi Ta cd the ndi: ta van minh hbn!" [12, tr 155] Thdng Ihffbng, Ngffbi sfl dung mau truyen de minh chffng... Ho Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap 12 Nxb Chfnh trj quoc gia, 2009 [12] Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vi gido due (Ddo Thanh Hdi, Minh Tiin - sUu tdm tuyen chgn) Nxb Lao ddng, 2005 ABSTRACT Ho Chi Minh'' s... trj qudc gia, 2009 [5] Hd Chf Minh loan iSp (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chfnh trj qudc gia, 2009 [6] Hd Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap Nxb Chfnh trj qudc gia, 2009, [7] Ho Chf Minh loan tap (CD ROM), tap