LY THUYET HANH VI L d i NOI VA VIEC DAY TIENG ANH CO BAN THEO DirONG Hl/OiNG GIAO TIEP D 6 THI THUY VAN Pt phat ngdn xa la khdng cd chflc nang Q "^^ ' — _ _ "^^ " ^ ^ ' ' ^ " ° ^ "^^ ""• "ôằ ô ã - ^ NHiN Lgc KHDA HOC XAHOI s i 11-211! Dd THJ THUY VAN '' "'' •' t »! Ji, i, i D i n luot (B) sau dflpc mdi, se g&t dau cudi va ch&'p nh&n ma khdng can tra ldi (nhu mdt chuan mflc hanh vi giao tilp cha'p nhan/tfl chdi ldi mdi mpt so nen van ho&) hay ngudi day cung can hudng dSn (B) tra ldi theo c&ch thflc phan hdi mpt ldi mdi: - Yes, please - T/iat's a good idea • No thanks ngdn dap flng dflpc quy luat ngfl ph&p v& tfl vflng d l nd cd mdt nghia diy du md cdn "thflc hien mdt hdnh vi" thdng qua ph&t ngdn a'y Vi du, phdt ngdn See you later (Gap ban sau), ky hieu A 1& menh d l thdng thi See you later, cd t h i ngudi ndi thue hien it nh&t mdt nhflng hanh vi sau: a ITdi dodn] (A): Hanh vi du doan (guessing) b [Tdi hfla vdi ban] (A): H&nh vi hfla (promising) Vdi quan s&t tren, b&i Viet se trtnh bay i; [Tdi dan ban] (A): Hanh vi dan vl dac tinh cung nhfl t i m quan ciia (reminding) ly thuyet "hanh vi ldi ndi" (speech act d Dfln gian [Tdi chi coi dd nhu mdt cau theory)'" vd sU flng dtmg ly thuyet n&y chdo tam biet] mdt each thtJc t l vdo vide day tilng Anh co Qua dd, cd t h i hieu dflpc r i n g ban theo dfldng hudng giao tid'p chung ta giao tiep, nhflng gi chiing ta phat Ly t h u y e t h a n h vi IM noi ngdn khdng chi md ta the gidi, hay khdng Ly thuye't "hdnh vi ldi ndi" (HVLN) chi 1& mdt phat ngon &'n chfla nghia dung mdt ly thuylt chu y l u v& d i u tien hojc sai (constative) md p h i n nhieu dupc kh&i niem dung hpc - b i t d i u dupe hilu nhu 1& Sfl t h i hien "h&nh vi" phat trien vdo nhflng nam 1950 v& dupc (performance of act), va h4nh vi n&y dupc quan tam rdng rai nhflng nam 1960 hien thuc va ho&n ta't cung luc sau va 1970 Nd tflng dflpc bien cac phat ngdn dupc phat di mdt hodn linh vflc t r i l t hpc (cha de cua ly thuylt canh cu t h i nao dd Vi du (A) ndi vdi (B): n&y, Austin, 1& mdt nh& trilt hpc), tam ly You look so beautiful today hpc, cflng nhu nhilu ng&nh khoa hpc khde (Hdm trdng chi dep lim) Tuy nhidn, hien nay, HVLN la mpt ly thi khdng quan tSm den tinh chan thuyet quan trpng ngdn ngfl hpc, md nguy cua thdng tin menh d l (thflc sfl "dep" cu t h i 1& ng&nh ngfl dung hoc.'a Mac dfl HVLN dflpc dinh nghia va xac dinh tfl nhflng nam 1960 nhflng 15 nam Co kha nhieu phien ban djeh thuit ngii ".peech act , V, du -hinh ri ngon ngiT, "hanh vi ngon tfl-, -ngO sau mdi cd budc chuyin ro ret v4 dudc VI, Xet thay td "speech" gSn giii nhft v«i nghia "lii nhin nhan nhu mdt ly thuye't cd tinh dot dich ]a "hlnh vi ioi n6i , pha ngdn ngfl hpc hidn dai '» Dung hoc (Pragmatic): Vi|c nghien ciu cad , i Nhfl da ndi, Austin (1962)™ la ngfldi dung ngon ngii xet quan he vai ngfl canh xa hoi die biet la cac kieu nghia cila cac phat ngon xuit hiin diu tien dua ly thuylt HVLN Tdc gii tinh huong (Diep Quang Ban, 2010, Ttt diin inual ngUNgon ngUhcc (Sathao) Nxb GiSo Due Viet quan niem r i n g ngudi giao tid'p, Nam, tr.l79) * ^ qu& trinh chuyin tai mdt y nghia «'™-"""°,' ' ' " ' ^ ' * • " ' " ' " ''' " " ' " S " " ' " • Words: the n&o do, khdng chi thuc hien mpt phat W a W J a m s Ltttuies Delivered at Harvard Univeiah Ul 1955, Cambndge: Harvard University Press, 1962 sliii-ais NHiN lUI; KHOA HOC XAHOl Q LY THUYET HANH VI L O I NOI hay "khdng dep") cua phat ngdn m& thudng cd khuynh hudng hilu la; (A) vfla mdi thflc hien mdt bdnh vi khen (B) (complimenting) vi muc dich giao tie'p hen nhan'^' Vdi nhiing ph&t ngdn nhu v&y, sau n&y, Searle (1979) da nh&ii manh y nghia va tam quan trpng cua HVLN gian tilp (indirect speech act) vdi dac tinh menh de thdng tin cua phat ngdn khdng phai luc ndo cfing chfla ddng tfl ngdn hdnh (performative verbs) ma thudng cd mdi quan he gi&n tilp vdi chflc n&ng giao tilp ngfl canh Vi du, Fm tired now (Gid tdi dang met) cd menh de thdng tin chi tinh trang t h i cha't cua ngudi ndi, nhung gia du tinh hudiig luc (A) ph&t ngdn Id cau tra ldi cua mdt ldi mdi thi rd r&ng (A) mud'n tfl chdi gi&n tiep ldi mdi cila (B) Cung dua tren quan dilm cho r i n g "ngdn ngfl dupe sfl dung de thuc hien hanh vi" va dupc hilu theo mdt chflc nang nao dd tinh hud'ng giao tilp quy dinh, nhflng t&c gia khac nhfl Hymes (1974)«'l, Bach and Harnish (1984)"', Wierzbicka (1988)™, da tid'p tuc ph&t trien va ho&n thien ly thuyet HVLN Cac nhdm h a n h vi ldi noi Theo Austin (1962), nhflng ph&t ngdn dupc coi la ddn vi giao tie'p cd chflc n&ng, tflc la lam ndn mdt HVLN n&o dd thdng qua ngdn tfl thudng glm cd ba loai hanh vi: + H&nh vi tao ldi (locutionary act), tflc la qua trinh ngudi ndi hinh phat ngdn dua v&o cac quy luat ngfl/tfl phap, lam cho phat ngdn cd nghia den/truc tilp, hay cdn dflpc gpi la nghia menh de' (prepositional meaning) + H&nh vi tai ldi (illocutionary act), tflc la phat ngdn cd mdt chflc nang tflong tie thdng qua menh d l thdng tin mdt tinh hud'ng nha't dinh n&o dd, cdn gpi i& Q NHiNLVC KHOA HOC XAHOI lUc d ldi (illocutionary force) + H&nh vi mupn ldi (perlocutionary) 1& kit qua hoac tac dpng dupc tao tfif phat ngdn mdt ngfl canh cu t h i Vi du, phat ngdn It's cold in here (dd&y ret qud) cd t h i dupc hilu: (1) Vi hinh vi tgo ldi: Mdt chudi tfl vflng dflpc tao lap theo quy lu&t ngdn ngfl, cd nghia menh d^ thdng tin v l mdt trang thai v&t ch&'t d mdt khdng gian nao dd (de cdp din nhiet dd phdng) ma khdng bao ham bat cfl y nghia nao khac (2) Vi hinh vi tgi ldi hay lie d ldi: Thdng qua sii n&m b i t nghia menh d l thdng tin, ngudi ndi mdt tinh hud'ng cu t h i n&o dd tao it nhit li mdt nhuing h&nh vi sau ddy: (i) Yeu cau (requesting) gian tiep tfl mpt ngUdi nio dd yeu ciu ddng cfla s i cua mdt can phdng nio dd; (ii) Phdn nan (complaining) ngu j rang mpt khdng nen md cfla so hoac md dilu ho& nhiet dp qu& th&p; (iii) Dl nghi nen di chd kh&c (suggesting) (3) Vl hinh vi muon ldi: Khi phat ngdn da chfla dung it nh&'t 1& mpt nhflng chflc nang tren, ngfldi ndi mong mud'n dd (ngfldi nghe) nhan bie't dupc y ph&t ngdn vi l&m theo ngu y ciia Iflc ngdn trung Da sd c&c nha nghien cflu dung hpc diu cdng nh&n rang ba h&nh vi vfla ke tren, hanh vi ldi thUdng dflpc nhic din nha't giao tiep lidn nhan Bdi IS, ^ Chuc ning lien nhin {interpersonal fiinction) bao gom viec sii dung ngon ngQ dl dien dat cic m5i quan h i xa hoi vl cac quan he ca nhin (D'l^p Quang Ban, •Tu dusn Thuit ngU Ngon n s i hoc (Sa thdo), 2010, Nxb Gilo Due Vilt Nam, tr 161) " Hymes, D., Foundations of Socialinguislia: M ethnographic Approach Philadelphia: Univeri.ty ot Pennsylvania, 1974 " j ' ? ' ^ ""'' t i " ™ * , R, Linguistic Communicalign and Speech Acts The MIT Press, 1984 Wierzbiea, A., The Semalics of Grammar, Amsterdam: John Benjamin, 1988 iltii-2ni D THI THUY VAN thuat ngfl HVLN thdng thudng dflpc giai thich theo nghia cfla Iflc d Idi ham chfla mpt ph&t ngdn Searle (1979) ph&n loai hanh vi ldi ndi thdnh n&m kilu h&nh vi CO ban dfla trdn y dinh giao tiep eila ngUdi ndi gom: (i) Mieu ta (Hepresentatives): 1& nhflng hanh vi xae nh&n cho ngudi ndi sU that cua mdt sfl viec (vi du: qua quyft, x&c nh&n, bao cao) (ii) Hieu Idnh (Directives): 1& ngudi ndi c l ging khien ngudi nghe phai l&m dilu gj dd (vi du: ydu cau, Idnh, thinh ciu, cau xin) (iii) Kit udc (Comissives): la nhflng hanh vi budc ngudi ndi phai thflc hien viec gi tflong lai (vl du: hfla, d l nghi, de dpa) (iv) Bilu Id (Expressives): la nhflng h&nh vi bde Id trang th&i tdm ly (vi du: cam On, xin ldi, khen ngpi) (v) Tuyen bd (Declaratives): 1& nhflng hdnh vi dem lai sfl tflflng flng gifla ndi dung dUflc gpi y v& su that (vi du: chi dinh mdt chu tpa, d l cii mdt thi sinh, ke't hdn, rfla tdi) U n g d u n g ly t h u y l t h a n h vi ldi ndi t r o n g d a y t i e n g A n h c o b a n 4.1 Phiiang phdp giing dgy tieng Anh qua cdc thdi ky Ljch SL( day hpc ngoai ngfl da trai qua nhieu phuong ph&p khac nhu: PhUflng ph&p Ngfl phap Dich "Grammar - Translation Method"; phflOng phap Nghe - Nhin hay phflflng phap Nghe - Noi "Grammar Translation Method"; phflflng phap Giao tilp (Communicative Approach), v.v Trong gidi han ciia bai vilt, chung tdi chi dilm qua hai phuong phap cd anh hudng nha't va ton tai ISu dai nha't qua trinh day tie'ng Anh tren t h i gidi cung nhfl d Viet Nam PhUdng phdp Ngit phdp Dich (Grammar - Translation Method) Nhu cai ten cua nd da chi ra, phUflng phap tap trung chu ye'u vao phat trie'n ky nang dich xudi, dich ngflflc, nang cao vdn tfl vflng, dich van ban, vilt luan v& phSn tich ngdn ngfl (hpc de n i m chic quy tac ngdn ngfl) v& tap trung hu&'n luyen phan tich quy l u i t ngfl phdp cua ngdn ngfl Phflflng phap ngfl ph&p dich dflflc sfl dtmg rdng rai d chau Au d l day cac ngdn ngfl La-tiuh v& Hi Lap, sau n&y 1& c&c thfl tieng Dflc, Ph&p, Anh va nd dupc ap dung manh me d Viet Nam vao nhflng nam 1970 cho din nhflng n&m 1990 Tuy nhien, nhfl da bilt, tren thflc te d Viet Nam,' phflflng phdp nay, vi nhilu ly khac nhau, v i n cdn sfle anh hfldng ldn h&u h i t cac mflc va muc dich day va hpc tie'ng Anh d Viet Nam hidn Uu diem cfl ban cua phflflng phap ngfl phap-dich la ngfldi hpc dflpc hpc cac t&c ph&m van hpc nguyen t&c, ngfl ph4p dupc hpc r&'t cu the', tieng me de la ngdn ngfl giang day vd la ddi tflpng so s&nh ddi chilu cua hpc vien Trai lai, cung chinh Uu dilm n&y lai chfla nhflng khuye't dilm nhfl la muc dich hpc qua dai tra, ky nang ngfl phap cua ngfldi hpc du nhay ben, vd'n tfl vung du phong phu nhung tan man, khdng phuc vu nhu can thUc to cua ngudi hpc Ngudi hpc bi "d&nh Ifla" 1& da n i m vflng kiln thflc ngdn ngfl dang hpc nhung thuc te, cdc c&'u true ngQ phap v& tfl vflng ma hp n i m vflng lam chSm lai, th&m chi pha vd tiln trinh giao tilp vi thid'u kiln thflc v&n hoa giao tilp (hay ndi c&ch kh&c la khdng n i m vflng hoac khdng quan tam din viec hpc HVLN qua c&c c&'u true dudc quy udc sSn, d i n de'n tinh trang '15ng phi" cdng sfle khdng d&ng cd) Sl!l1-201S NHiN LUC KHOA HOCXA nai QI LY THUYET HAlffl VI LOI NOI Phidng phdp giao tiep (Communicative Approach) Thflc ra, d&y 1& mdt "dinh hfldng" nhfl ten cua nd da chi (approach) Quan diem tiep can cua phUOng phap ph&t trien Cling luc ba nang lUc: Nang luc ngdn ngfl (Cdc kie'n thflc ngdn ngfl nhfl ngfl am, tfl vflng va ngfl phap dflpc coi la phuong tien, dilu kien hinh mang tinh hinh thflc), nang Iflc ngdn ngfl hpc xa hdi (kie'n thflc vl each diing ngdn ngfl mdi quan hd vdi quy chuin xa hdi) v& nang luc chien lupc giao tiep (each thflc chpn Ifla, dieu chinh ph&t ngdn vd h&nh vi phi ngdn tfl cho phu hdp sU kien giao tie'p).*"^ Tfl dd, cd t h i tha'y phUdng phap giao tilp coi sU hinh v& phat triin bin kl nang giao tie'p nhu nghe, ndi, dpc vd vilt dd, ky nang dau dupc nhan manh d c&p giao tie'p mat ddi mat Day la mdt dinh hudng tao die'u kien cho ngUfli day phdi kit hpp nhilu phUflng ph&p, cd Uu dilm hfln h i n c&c phUflng phap khac vi nd quan tdm din nhilu phuong dien quan trpng cua qu& trinh day va hpc ngoai ngfl nhu cSc ylu to ngdn ngfl, van hda, xa hdi, cdc yen td'ngodi ngdn ngfl (cung chiu anh hudng rd't nhilu bdi van hoa), nhim rdn luyen ki nang giao tiei hoan chinh he thd'ng tfl vflng hoac ngfl, v.v cua ngdn ngQ ndy Dd la dieu khdng thUc t l va d i n den ngfldi hpc thieu hut nang luc ngfl dung hpc ndi rieng va nang luc giao tie'p ndi chung, Thay vao do, thdng qua ngdn ngfl mdi dang hpc, ngfldi hoe c i n hfldng ve sU "thflc Men mdt hdnh vi" cu t h i dl phyc vu cho mdt muc dich giao tiep cu the n&o dd Ching han, nhflng ngudi cd nhu ciu di du lich thi mdt Idp t i l n g Anh day giao tiep c&'p td'c can cung c&'p cho hp 1& nhOtng m i u cau (cflng la nhQng HVLN) t h i hidn hanh vi hdi nhfl: hdi gi& (flow much is it?), hdi dfldng x& (Could you please tell me/us the way to ?), hdi xin phdp chup anh (May I take a photo of that?), thdng tin vl kh&ch san (What is the hotel like?), Hoac mpt Idp tie'ng Anh day cho nhflng ngudi trd th&nh nhfin vien chay b i n nen cd trdch nhiem cung ca'p cho ngudi hoc cac ph&t ngdn da ldm sSn, quy fldc nhflng hanh vi hudng d i n khach chpn ban, tim ban trdiig (Would you come over here, table 4, sir/madam?), gpi thflc an (What would you like, Sir/Madm?) cung vdi nhflng hinh vi tuong t&c xa hdi khac nhfl: c&m On (Thcaik you), xin ISi (Tm sorry), dinh chuih, (Tm sorry but ) TuOng tu nhU the, ddi vdi nhflng ngudi se trd th&nh phi cdng lai may hay thi nhflng phat ngdn phuc vu dilu hanh chuyin bay, giao t i l p khdng Iflu, d p cflu, la nhflng dac thu hanh vi ngdn tfl ma Idp day tie'ng Anh can cung cffp cho hp chfl khdng phai la mdt bai dich vin hpc i l y y nghia nghe thu&t vd nhan van 4.2 Gid tri od y nghld ciid ly thuyet hdnh vi ldi noi dgy tiehgAnh ca bdn Mac du phflflng ph&p tilp c&n theo dfldng hfldng giao tilp giflp ngudi hoc phat tnen Uu tien ky nang giao tiep nhUng cd mpt van d l vin t i n tai la ngUfli hoc thuong van gap khd khan kiln tao phat ngdn dl t b i hien hdnh vi giao tiep Cot ldi cua va'n de la hoc tie'ng Anh nhu mdt ngdn ngfl mdi, ngudi ta cd " Canale & Swain Theoretical Base, of Cgmmunicetilie tham vpng bpc toan bd c&c c&'u true cau Approocte of Second Language Teaching and Tctni, Oxford University Press, 1980 [Q NHlN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOl Ufn-nii D THI THUY VAN Ly thuyet HVLN tfl se giup cho ngfldi dung cac bilu thflc vd'n da dupc ldm sin, day nhan thflc dflpc gia tri cua "phat ngdn tflc la HVLN tie'ng Anh cua ngudi ban ngfl ngdn hinh" (performative utterances), chpn ndi tie'ng Anh, coi chung nhfl la diem xu&'t lua va cung clip cac m i u c&u phfl hap, phat™ mang de'n lUc d ldi chung va dat tranh ma't thai gian, cdng sfle khdng d&ng de'n mdt phep lich su trung gian n&o Vi cd cho ngudi hpc vd dac biet mang lai cd dy, mdi n l n van hoa diu co c&ch hidu qua giao tie'p cao tinh h u i n g mdi mpc khac thi can mdi Would you giao tie'p hen ngdn ngfl like to come to my birthday party? 1& mpt 4.3 Nhu cdu ling dung ly thuyit hdnh h&nh dpng trung gian nha't, khdng chi vi m noi dgi dien giao tiip liln ngudi My, ngudi Anh, Uc cam nhdn nd la vdn hod lich sfl ma cac van hoa khac ndi tie'ng Nhfl da biet, giao tidp ldi ndi tilng Anh Anh d l mdi mpc cung coi nd nhu mdt m& khdng dflng lai d giao tid'p gifla ngdn ngQ (codification) da dupc cung c&'p ngfldi ndi tilng Anh ban ngfl v& ngudi ndi de sfl dung mud'n mdi dd l&m gi tilng Anh phi ban ngfl m& la giao tilp cd 4.4 Nguyen tac ing dung ly thuyit hdnh tinh to&n c i u nen ngdn ngfl n&y hien vi ldi noi vdo viec dgy tiing Anh cabin cd hai dpc dilm ldn rat d l nh&n Id: Ly thuylt HVLN tfl vide flng dung 1) Ludn cd tinh hen nhan tflc 1& tinh day hpc tilng Anh da dat nguySn lich su, xa giao gifla c&c chu t h i giao tidp; t i c 1& "Ndi nhu the n&o" v& "Ndi cho tu 2) Ludn cd dac tinh lidn van hoa nMdn" Hai nguydn t i c n&y chu ye'u khdng (intercultural communication) rfi't ro vi chi Id thudc vao su san sinh cac dfln vi ldi giao tilp, ngudi sfl dung tieng Anh ndi mdt each tu m& cdn chiu sU c h i phi ban ngQ khdng chi dOn gian "ddi diu" dinh hinh thflc phdt ngdn nhfl nhflng cdng vdi ngudi ndi tilng Anh ban ngfl m& sfl thflc dflflc ldm s i n (formulaic utterances) giao tilp r&'t phflc tap lidn quan de'n va Iflc ldi (illocution) cung nhu tinh hidu quy t i c giao tid'p cua nhilu vdn ho&, cung qua cua chung (perlocution) CO nghia la HVLN da dang cfia van hoa Vi du, h&nh vi cam On (thanking) 14 nguIn se l&m anh hfldng tieng Anh, khid'n mdt nghi thflc giao tilp khdng the thie'u no trd ndn da dang Vi du ngudi Viet Nam dupc hoat ddng ldi ndi, la hdnh vi cd rat nhilu cdch d l ydu cau dd lam gi, dupc sii dung biln h i u he't cac ngudi Thai Lan, ngudi Trung Qud'e cung ngdn ngfl nhflng cung ra't khac khdng kdm, vi vay giao tilp vdi nhau, nhflng su kidn cu thi Trong tinh hud'ng nlu ba ngudi ndy dung each thflc cua nhan mpt mdn qua sinh nhat ttt mdt ngUfli tilng me de d l chuyin dich sang tie'ng ban than, vfin hoa Viet Nam cd kha nhilu Anh thi cd kha nang se rfi't khd h i l u vfi each t h i hien, nhung dien dat bing nguy CO tao "sic" van hofi (culture shock) tie'ng Anh d l cam On trfldng hflp n&y la r&'t cao D l giai quye't vd'n de' tren, chung ta can tim "hanh vi ldi ndi" cd tinh dai dien, tflc la can cd mpt chuan mUc cd tuih trung gian Mdt giai ph&p kha don gi&n la sfl " Chiing toi iin nhUi manh cum tti " d i ^ xuSt phit" t i k a , ; ' ! " " « " '«?S M ,sS cua nSng luc giao tie'p Ueag Anh dang eo ban De' phit t„«n mot ning lue pao fep hen v m hoi hoin chinh yl binh d i i g hon tni nhieu vin de can bin s i 11-2019 NHiNLVC KHOA HOC XAHOl Q LY THUYET HANH VI LOl NOL vdi mpt ngfldi ban Anh, An Dp hay Thai Lan, trfldc m&t, h&nh vi cdm dn cua tie'ng Anh se "dai dien" v& nhiing bieu thflc san cd de chiing ta cd the ndi mdt each tU nhien, nhanh v& hieu qua nh&'t 1& thanks a lot, the present is so lovely, you very much, you're so kind, Va h&nh vi ghi nhan hoac dap ldi cam dn cflng cd nhflng bieu thflc on dinh cd trudc nhU You're welcome Not dt all Don't mention if, m& ne'u ngudi ndi tieiig Anh phi ban ngQ sfl dung mdt each t h u i n thuc, tfl nhidn thi ch&c chan giao tiep se cdng Nhfl v&y, dl dat dflpc cac hanh vi tao ldi va tai ldi thuan thuc v& tu nhidn nhu vi du tren, HVLN chiu le thupc mpt nguyen tic thfl ba, nguyen tic "si kien ldi ndi" Ldi ndi mang theo h&nh vi giao tie'p khdng t h i nio t&ch rdi khoi su kien m& dd nd dupc san sinh Vi v&y, su kien ldi ndi 1& mdt kh&i niem dupc dinh nghia nhfl 1& mpt trfldng hflp giao tid'p cu the md dd, ngudi ta trao doi h&nh vi giao tiep thdng qua ph&t ngdn Hymes (1972) cho ring c&'p dd ngdn ngfl v& HVLN khdng the nao tach rdi khdi ho&n canh giao tid'p xa hpi, tflc la "su kien ldi ndi" NhU vay, cd the ndi 1& HVLN chi cd t h i hdnh chflc va chi cd tinh hud'ng giao tilp 4.5 Thi phdn tich si hinh chic eua phdt ngon theo md hinh SPEAKING cud Hymes pudi d&y, Chung tdi thfl ph&n tich mdt mdu ddi thoai dl khing dinh tinh "dung hpc" ciia ly thuylt HVLN nd duoc flng dung vdo viec giang day tilng Anh giao tiep CO ban theo md hinh SPEAKING cua Hymes (1972) Ten md hinh dUflc Hymes l&y tfl chfl cdi dSu tien cua t&m th&nh td cua md hinh d l dat ten- S (Setting and Scene) Boi cdnh hgi thoai; P Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOl (Participants) Ngiidi tham gia hgi thoai; E (Ends) Muc dich hgi thoai; A (Act Sequence) Chudi hdnh ddng hdi thoai; K (Key) Thai do, giong dieu cia ngiidi tham gia hdi thoai; I (Instrumentalities): Kenh hgi thoai; N (Norms): Chudn mic xd hgi digc diac quy Udc hgi thoai: G (Genre): iooi dien ngdn hgi thoai Mau dli thoai phan tich: A: Are you ready to order Sir? B: Yes, rd like to have a hamburger, French fries, and a cola, please A: Is that all for you Sir? B: Yes, thanks Dua v&o khung phan tich, cd the thiy mau ddi thoai xay r a nhd hang fin ud'ng (setting) Ngfldi tham gia giao tilp (partipants) la thuc kh&ch va ngudi hiu b&n vdi muc dich trao dd'i thdng tin (mdi va gpi mdn dn) (ends) Tuy nhien, de hinh ndn mdt m&'u trao dli ho&n chinh, gifla ngudi h i u ban v& thflc khach phai can de'n mpt chudi glm h&nh vi (act sequence), dd la, (1) Hanh vi yeu ciu gpi mdn (Are you ready to order Sir?), (2) Hdnh vi yeu ciu cac mdn minh muln (Yes, Td like to have a hamburger, French fries, and a cola, please.); (3) Hdnh vi ydu ciu xac dinh da gpi du mdn ((/s that all for you?), (4) H&nh vi xac nhdn (Yes) vk (5) H&nh vi cam On (Thanks) Qua dd, ngfldi tham gia hdi thoai cd th&i dd trung hoi (neutral) v4 lich sfl (key) thdng qua cic d&'u hidu lich sU (politeness marker) nhfl Sir, please, cd'u true Td like , KSnh giao tie'p anstrumentahty) sU kien ldi ndi n&y la "mat ddi mfit" thong qua chuin muc (Norms) dupc quy dinh theo nhiing HVLN giQa nguoi phiic vu (hiu b&n) vi ngudi dUdc phuc vu (thflc khach) cho dung vdi khudn phep xa giao xa hdi Cu^i lin-ini DC THI THUY V A N cflng 1& chu d l (Genre) hay t h i loai diln ngdn la nhflng chil dl, chu dilm giao tiep thudng xay nh& hdng an udiig gifla nhan vien h i u bdn va thflc kh&ch Qua phan tich tflng td, cd t h i thay mdt ph&t ngdn phan anh lUc d ldi thudng la nhQng gi phai n i m mdt mach cua su kien giao tiep, nhQng ca'u tnic d l chuyen tai nd (hanh vi tao ldi) cung thudng dflflc ldm s i n hS thoiig chu dl Vl vay, day giao tiSi, ngudi day cin tuan thu theo quy lu&t n&y Duoc uhu v&y, viec phat triin nang lUc cua ngudi hpc mdi cd t h i ph&t triin nhanh v& it^gap nhflng trd ngai anh hudng cua tieng me de Ket Iu£in Trai qua hfln 60 nam t i n tai va phat triin, ly thuye't HVLN v i n hoan toan duoc khang dinh la mat dinh hudng giup ChuySn nganh ngdn ngfl hpc flng dung (apphed linguistics) trang bi cho ngfldi day va hpc tilng Anh cfl ban nhan thflc va nang luc v l each phat ngdn phfl hop c&c sfl kien ldi ndi khac Nhan thflc va n&ng luc dflpc phan flng bdi sfl sfl dung ty nhidn va thuan thuc phat ngdn ie tao nhflng HVLN giao tiep thdng qua moi quan he cua hinh thflc ngdn ngfl (nghia mdnh dl) va nhQng chflc nang tuong t&c xa hdi ma chung chfla dflng, tflc 14 h&nh vi tai ldi cflng vdi nhflng t&c ddng cua nd gifla nhflng ngfldi giao tie'p, tflc la h i n h vi mflfln ldi Khi a'y, ngdn ngfl mdi chflng minh dfldc vai trd nhfl la phflOng tien giao tie'p cua nd TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Didp Quang Ban, Tidiin Thuat ngi Ngon ngi hoc (Sd thdo), Nxb Giao due ViSt Nam, 2010 Austin, John L., How to Things with Words: the Wilham James Lectures Dehvered at Harvard University in 1955, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.' Bach, K and Harnish, B., Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts The MIT Press, 1984 Canale & Swain Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches of Second Language Teaching and Testing, Oxford University Press, 1980 Cohen, D A , SpcecAAc( in S.L.Mckay & N.H Homberg (Eds.), Socioliguistws and Language Teaching Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 ^ymes,-D.,FowidaiionsofSociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach Philadelphia: Univeristy of Pennsylvania, 1974 Nguyin Thien Gifip, 777 Khdi niem Ngon nga hoc, Nxb Dai hpc Qud'e gia Ha Ndi, 2010 Kasper, G, Linguistics Politeness: Current Research Issues Journal of Pragmatics, 1990 Lightbrown, P & Spanda, N., How Languages are learned Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 10 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionaiy (7" Edition), Oxford University Express 11 Rathert, Stefan.,' The Language Outside and Inside the Foreign Language Classroom: Speech Act Theory and Discourse Analysis The Internet Journal Language, Culture and Society, 2013 12 Searle, John, R., Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979 13 W i e r z b i c a , Grammar, A., The Sematics of A m s t e r d a m : J o h n Benjamm, 1988 Sllll-2015 NH«N LUC KHOA HOC XAHOl [Q ... n h vi ldi noi Theo Austin (1962), nhflng ph&t ngdn dupc coi la ddn vi giao tie''p cd chflc n&ng, tflc la lam ndn mdt HVLN n&o dd thdng qua ngdn tfl thudng glm cd ba loai hanh vi: + H&nh vi tao... da dang cfia van hoa Vi du, h&nh vi cam On (thanking) 14 nguIn se l&m anh hfldng tieng Anh, khid''n mdt nghi thflc giao tilp khdng the thie''u no trd ndn da dang Vi du ngudi Viet Nam dupc hoat ddng... phuc vu dilu hanh chuyin bay, giao t i l p khdng Iflu, d p cflu, la nhflng dac thu hanh vi ngdn tfl ma Idp day tie''ng Anh can cung cffp cho hp chfl khdng phai la mdt bai dich vin hpc i l y y