Sử dụng phương pháp dạy học vi mô để rèn luyện kĩ năng dạy học cho sinh viên sư phạm địa lí ở trường đại học sư phạm hà nội

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0053 Educational Sci , 2016 Vol 61, No 6, pp 94 104 This paper is available online al hitp //sidb hnue edu vn SU DUNG PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC VI MO D[.]

Educational Sci., 2016 Vol 61, No 6, pp 94-104

This paper is available online al hitp://sidb.hnue.edu vn

SU DUNG P H U O N G P H A P DAY H O C VI M O D E REN LUYEN

K I NANG DAY H O C C H O SINH VIEN SU P H A M DIA LI

6 TRUCJNG DAI H O C SU P H A M HA N O I

Tran Thj Tbanh Thiiy

Khoa Dia li Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ngi

Tom tat Phrfdng phap day hoc vi mo (PPDHVM) drfdc phat trien vao nam 1963 tai Tritbng

Dai hoc Stanford (Hoa Ki) Cho den nay, phrfdng phap day hpc nay van drfpc ap dung lai

nhieu cd sd dao tao giiio vien d nhieu nrfdc tren Ihl gibi Hien nay, PPDHVM da dUOc nghien cffu va ap dung trong qua Irinh dao tao giao vien lai Khoa Dia If Trtfbng Dai hoc

Stf pham Ha Ngi Bai bao tom til qua irinh nghien cffu Iren mpl mlu gdm 43 smh vien vdi

qua trinh ren luyen 3 kt nang day hpc la kT nang sff dung ngon ngff, kT nang sff dung cau

hoi va kt nang sff dung ban do Kel qua nghien cflu brfbc dau khing djnh Ihem gia iri ciia

phrfdng phap day hoc nay irong dieu kien cu the cl Viet Nam

Ttikhda: Phrfdng phap day hoc vi mo, kt nang day hgc, biii hpc vi mo, lbp hpc vi mo, phan

hoi

1 Moi dau

Phrfdng phap day hoc vi mb (PPDHVM) ra dbi vao nam 1963 tai Trrfdng Dai hoc Stanford (Hoa Kt), phrfdng phap ban diu dtfdc stf dung Irong mot khba dao lao gido sinh vao dip he vii ngay cang khdng djnh vai trb trong ddo lao gido vien (GV) b nhieu ed sb giao due b nhieu quoc gia Trong suot qua trtnh phat trien cua phffdng phdp, da cd rat nhieu nghien cffu dtfbc ihiJc hien Nghien ctfu diu lien do chinh nhom giao sff tai Trffbng Dai hgc Stanford thtft hien trong cdng trinh Mb ta ve phtfdng phap day hpc vi mb (1967) [1] cua D W Allen Cdng trinh da trinh bay kit qua nghien cffu vl PPDHVM trong ba nam 1965, 1966 va 1967 Nhflng nghien crfu tap trung vao nhflng van de: Ldp ke hoach cho bai hgc vi md (BHVM), kha nang ren luyen ki nang day hgc (KNDH) bang PPDHVM, viec tan dung kinh nghiem cua nhfing ngtfbi quan sat BHVM, cau tnic cua mgt khba ren luyen KNDH bdng PPDHVM Day la nhflng nghien ctfu mb dau co y nghia quan trgng, mang tinb dinh hflbng cho viec trien khai dp dung PPDHVM trong dao lao GV tai Ho'a Kt noi rieng va eae qubc gia tren thi gidi nbi chung

_ Tiep theo la nghien cflu cua cac nha giao due vl PPDHVM vao diu thap ki 70 tap trung vao mpt sb van dl lien quan din PPDHVM va anh htfdng cua phffbng phap nay tdi qua trinb dao tao

GV Cd theke din cac dl tai nghien ctfu tieu bieu cua P C Limbacher vao nam 1971 [2] Nghien cffu ldc dbng eua thffc hanh day hpe vi md ten hanh vi dtfng Idp eiia cae giao sinh chuyen nganh khoa hgc xa hpi; J E Shively va cgng sff vdo ndm 1970 [3] Tac ddng cua phtfdng thffc phiin hoi trong day hpc vi mo; J C Cotrell, va R C, Doty vao ndm 1971 [4] Danh gia phrfdng phiip day

Ngaynhanbai 12/12/2015, Ngay nhan dang: 10/6/2016

Lien he, Tran Thi Thanh Thuy, e-mail: thuyppdi@gmail-com

4 A:

hoc vi mo va viec ghi htnh trong dao tao gido vien day nghe va giao vien kt thuat Pha IV- Ung

nam 1971 [5] Hieu qua ciia ba mbi trtfbng day hoc vl mo trong viec dao tao giao sinh bac dai hgc Nhflng nghien cffu nay eho thiy y nghla cua nhiing nhan td quan trong trong PPDHVM nhff: Cac

tao GV Phan tich cac ket qua nghien cffu cho thay mpt qua trinh danh gia Iau,dai va da phfldng dien vl tac dgng cua PPDHVM din qud trinh dao tao GV Cac ket qua deu chflng minh viec dp dung PPDHVM vao dao lao GV mang y nghta thtfc lien va If ludn eao

Cho den nhflng nam sau nay van cd nhflng nghien cflu tap Irung vao nhflng vin de cd ban cua PPDHVM nhtf nghien ctfu ciia: M R Malone, B M Slrawilz (1985) [6] Tdc ddng ttfdng ddi cua phffbng phap day hgc vi mo va trai nghiem tbtfe te ten giao sinh; A T Karckay va S Sanii (2003) [7] Tac ddng cua tfng dung day hgc vi mo ten trinh do chuyen mbn cua giao sinh; A E Al-Methan (2003) [8] Nhtfng gia trj cua day hgc vi mo theo cam nhan cfla giao sinh trffbng Dai

chi mdi ap dung PPDFTVM trong nhflng nam gin day Kel qua nghien cffu deu chi ra nhflng tac ddng tich etfc trong qua trtnh dao tao GV xet tren gbc do danh gia cua ddi ttfdng ngtfdi hgc Nhffng khong thtfc stf thuan lbi nhtf nhflng qudc gia b chau My hay chau Au

Sau khoang thbi gian bung nd flng dung PPDHVM vdo thap ki 70 va 80, trong thbi gian gin day, cd nhflng thay ddi trong nghien ctfu vl PPDHVM Nhtfng nghien ctfu cho thay xu htfdng ket hbp gitfa PPDHVM vbi phffbng ihffc ddo lao GV khdc, hoac xem xet cdc tdc dgng cua nhan td Iich stf, van hba - xel tren quan diem tam Ii hgc boat ddng trong qua trinh hinh thanh kT nang (KN) cfla giao sinh Cd the ke den J W Vare (1993) vbi nghien cffu ve viec hinh thanh hanh vi eua giao sinh dtfbi tac ddng cua Hge thuyet Lich sff vdn hda xd hgi cua Vtfgblxki trong mbi trrfbng ren tuyen bing PPDHVM [9]; M L Femdndez (2009) trong nghien eflu vl viec ket hdp gifla PPDHVM vdi Nghien cffu bai hgc cua Nhdt Ban trong dao tao GV [10]; N D Bell (2007) nghien cffu ve dac trtfng boat dgng cua cac giao sinh trong mdi trrfbng eiia PPDHVM [11]

6 Viet Nam, PPDHVM la mdt nbi dung nghien cffu cbn kha mdi me Cudn Phffdng phap day hoc vi mo va dao tao giao vien cua M Altet, J D Britten Dai hoc srf pham Dakar [12] dtfdc dich ttf tieng Phap sang tiing Viet, in nam 1999 trong khudn kho eua Dtf dn Viet Bi - Ho trd hgc ttf xa Cd the nbi day la cuon sdch de cap den PPDHVM chi tiet nhat, de cap den nhflng van de cd ban cua stf dung PPDHVM nhff cd sb lam If hpe cfla phflbng phap, nhflng thanh phin cd ban cua PPDHVM, quy trinh ap dung

Dffa tren viec ke thtfa cac nghien ctfu di trffdc, ket hbp vdi dinh htfdng ddi mdi trong dao tao giao vien noi chung va dao tao giao vien tai Trtfbng Dai hge Stf pham Ha Ngi trong thbi gian gan day, tdc gia da tien hanh nghien cffu nhim tra Ibi cau hdi: "Quy trinh sff dung PPDHVM dtfbc tac gia de xuat se tac dbng nhtf the nao den stf phat trien kt nang ciia sinh vien stf pham Dia If?"

2 Noi dung nghien cuTu

2.1 Phtfdng phap day hoc vi mo

PPDHVM dfldc phat trien bdi mgt sd giao stf b Trffbng Dai hpc Stanford (Hoa Kt) vao nam

1963 Tfl do cho tdi nay da cd rat nhieu khai niem vl phffdng phap nay dfldc dtfa ra, thdng qua tim hieu, chtfng tdi thay cd ba dac irtfng cua PPDHVM dtfdc nhie din rit nhilu, dd la:

- PPDHVM la mgt phffdng phap dao tao gido vien;

- PPDHVM cd stf dung sff ddn gian boa mot bai hgc thbng thtfbng thanh mdt bai hgc vi md, stf dbn gian dd the hien trong so Itfdng kl nang dtfdc chu y ren luyen, sd Itfdng hgc sinh trong Idp hoc va stf rut ngdn ve ngi dung cung nhtf thbi gian diln ra bai hpc;

- PPDHVM td ra hieu quii khi van dung ren luyen nhflng kt ndng lien quan den viec thrfc hien bai hgc tren tbp - nhCfng KN to the dl dang dtfbc quan sal va ddnh gid

Do db, tac gia cho rang PPDHVM tii mot phtfbng phap dao tao GV, trong dd mdi sinh vien (SV) se tap trung van dung mgi hoat mbt viu ki nang day hot de thtfc hien mgi biii hgc vi md trong khoang thdi gian ngan cho mot nhom nho HS

2.2 Quy trinh ren luyen kT nang day hoc bang PPDHVM

Thdng qua tbam khao vii phan tith nhflng quy trinh tua PPDHVM da dtfdc dl xuat, kit hop vbi phan tfch nhflng van de lien quan den tam If hgt hanh vi [13] [14] va van de ren luyen kTnang, tae gia de xuit quy trinh ;jp dung PPDHVM irong ren luyen ki nang cho smh vien nhtf sau:

QL\ TRINH REN Ll YEN K^DH B.\>G PPDHVM

Tiep nhgn nhiing dmh

huong CO bati \ c

PPDHVM va KNDH

Cung cap nhfmg kicn

Ihuc ly ihuyit vl KN

seren luyen va quan

sdt KN mau

Phan tich thdo luiin v6

KN dupc quan sat

S\' kip kc hoach cho BHVM

i

SV giang tap lan 1 6 lbp hoc VI mb (5 - 15')

Quan sat, ghi hinh

i 1

Quan sat doan bang ghi hmh bill hoc \ a dua ra chiin h(ii

Phicu danh gia

s v chinh sua h i kc hcich BHVM

i

S V c ang tap I.Tn 2 ^- I ' l

i

SV He X ac l.ip KN dirac

en lii>cn

Hinh 1 - Sd dd quy trinh ren luyen ki nang dgy boc bdng PPDHVM

Giai thich mgt sd thanh phin trong sd dd:

* Bdi hgc vi md: BHVM la mgt yeu td ddc trtfng cua PPDHVM BHVM la mgt bai hgc gdn

vbi mgt ddn vj kiln thflc nhd, diln ra trong mbt kboang thbi gian ngan chl tap trung vao mgt (hoac

Iam cho nhffng SV chfla co kinh ngbiem cam thay de dang hdn trong khau ren luyen KN BHVM dtfdc thtfc hien eho mpt nhbm nhd HS

* Ldp hgc VI md: Lbp hoe vi mo la ldp hgc cb tfl 5-10 sinh vien ddng vai Id hgc sinh, mdt

SV dbng vai trd la giao vien Lbp hge dien ra dtfdi stf to ehfle, dieu khien eiia GV, phdi hbp boat dgng eua hgc sinh de dat dfldc mue tieu cua BHVM trong khodng thbi gian iff 5-15 phut

* Mot hogc mdt nhdm KNDH: Day la diem dac biel ciia quy trinh ren luyen KNDH bang

PPDHVM, Trong qua trinh ren luyen b giai doan dau, SV ehi tap trung ren luyen mot KNDH duy nhat, do dd nhiJng danh gia hay nhan xet eung ehi tap trung vao ki ndng nay Vao giai doan ren luyen thff hai, cb the kit hdp nhilu KNDH trong mdt BHVM de tien hdnh ren luyen

* Dogn bdng ghi hinh BHVM: Viec ghi htnh BHVM Id yen cau can ihieL tuy nhien, do han

che ve phffdng lien va thbi gian trong mbt chu trinh ren tuyen bang PPDHVM, mdi SV nen dtfdc stf dung ki thuat nay it nhit mgt Idn (thrfdng stf dung cho BHVM diu tien), Dd cd nhilu nghien ctfu ve tinh hieu qua eua thao tac ghi hinh trong BHVM Nhffng nghien effu nay deu chffng minh dffbc tinh hieu qua cua viec sfl dung kT thuat ghi hinh Irong PPDHVM Ro rang day la phrfdng tien phan hdi giau thong lin nhit chinh xae nhat va trung thrfc nhat No giiip eho SV drfbc ghi hinh nhin nhan khach quan ve bai day cua mtnh Viec kit hdp gifla doan bang ghi blnh va nhtfng nhan

thffc hbn va khdch quan hdn Ngodi ra, doan bang gbi binh cdn giup cho nhflng SV dffdc ghi hinb

cd the hgc hdi tff nhffng thanb cong bay that bai cua SV kbac, ttf db se cb nhflng dieu ehinh phu hdp Thao tdc ghi htnh cd the do giang vien htfbng ddn thtfc hanh hoac SV dam nhan Chung tbi Cling khuyen khich SV tijf ghi btnh BFfVM bang cac phtfbng tien ca nhan Ihong thffbng nhrf dien thoai di ddng khi thrfc hien ren luyen d nha,

* Phiiu quan sdl BHVM: Phieu quan sat Id cbng cu giiip eho ngrfbi quan sat djnh htfbng

nhtfng yeu td can quan sat va danh gta trong BHVM Dot vbi ngtfbi drfdc quan sat, philu quan sat giup cho SV bill dtfdc nhflng diem dat dtfbc hoac chrfa dat dtfdc d KN dang dtfdc ren luyen, qua dd

SV se CO nhtfng djnh hffdng tdt trong nhflng Ian giang tap tiep theo Philu quan sat trong BHVM phai dam bao dfldc cac yeu can:

- Mang tfnh chat khach quan

- Cung cap nhflng dinh hfldng ro rang cho ngffbi quan sat, giup ngfldi quan sal bill hg se phdl quan sat nhtfng yen td thanh phan nao va phai thuan ldi trong qua trinh diln cac thong tin vao phieu

- Du chi tiet cho ngtfbi dtfdc quan sdt nhan bill mflc dp thanh cbng hay that bai ddi vbi KN dang dtfdc ren luyen Cdc ylu to nhan xet trong phieu phai dam bao mfle db chi tilt nhffng khbng qua chi till den mflc do gay kho khan cho viec ghi nhd cac tinh hudng da xuat hien cung nhff viec hoan thanh philu quan sat

- Nen cung cap nhflng kha ndng danh gid mang tfnh dinh Iffbng de cac nha dao tao cd the kiem soat dtfbc mffc dd tiln bd cua SV

- Dbn gian du de nhflng ngtfdi quan sat cd the hoan thanh dtfdc irong thdi gian ngin

Cd bdn phieu quan sat dtfdc sff dung trong qua trtnh nghien cffu, do khudn khd cua bai bao, tac gia xin gibi thieu mgt trong bdn phieu quan sat drfbc sff dung Cach thflc sff dung philu quan sat nay nhff sau: Ngoai phan A Thong tin chung, phan B Danh gia chi tiet c6 muc dich ddnh gid

dinh Iffdng dfldc KN dfldc ren luyen qua moi Ian quan sdt Do 66 de dam bao viec quan sal chinh

xac, mdi Ian SV ren luyen thtfc hien mbt chuoi thao tac (dffbc hieu la mdt bffbc nhd trong qua trinh

day) thi se dadc danh gia bSng each gach mpt gach 6 miic dp danh gia Mdng ilng vdi thao tac vOa

(iUdc thuc hien Khi BHVM ket thuc, SV se tien hanh cpng diem va Itlu lai lam cd sii so sanh vSi

lan ren iuyen ke tiep Phan C Danh gia bo sung co tac dung dUa ra nhflng djnh hudng can dieu

chinh mot each chi tiet dpi vdi ngUdi ren luyen, do do ngUdi quan sat phai co trach nhiera ghi ro

nhBng l6i sai thubng gap trong qua trinh ren luyen Clia ngUdi dUdc quan sat va Co the gdi y each

thtic de lam tot hdn Moi lan se eo 5 SV va giap vien hudng dan thtic hanh tien hanh danh gia bang

phieu Nhiem vu danh gia nay se dUdc luan chuyen trong nhcm ren luyen KN Sau day la mot mau

phieu quan sat dUdc su: dung trpng qua trinh nghien ctiu:

PHIEU QUAN SAT DANH CHO LAN REN LUYEN KET HGP CAC KI NANG

Dien dat ngbn ngfl, sff dung cdu hbi, sfl dung BDGK

A - Thong tin chung

- SV dffdc danh gid: Ldp:

- SV ddnh gia: Lbp:

- Bai hoc: Tilt: Phan: Muc: Chffbng trinh Dja If ldp:

- Day lin: Ngay: Thbi gian: tfl din

B - Danh gia chi tiet

Danh gia

Rdt lot (4d) Tot (3d) Khd (2d)

TB (Id) Yeu (Od)

/ KN diin dgl ngdn ngti

- Phat dm

- Ngtf dieu cua gigng ndi

- Caeh stf dung tfl ngff (ehinh xae, ngan ggn, de

hie'u, logic, htnh tffbng)

- Am Iffbng gigng not

- Phdi hbp dgng tac cb the khi nbi

2 KN sudung cdu hoi

- Mffe dp phfl hdp eua eac eau hdi vbi mue dfch,

ngi dung cua bai hgc va trtnh do cua HS

- Mffc do chfnh xac, troi chay cua cau hdi khi dffa

choHS

- Phan bd can hdi den cac HS trong ldp hgc

- Tao khdng khi thoai mai de khuyen khfch HS

tra idi cau hdi

- Sff dung cdc cau hdi phu ho trd khi HS khbng

tra lbi dff0c cau hdi chfnh

- Xfl li cau tra Ibi cua HS

SM Cac ti€u chl

- Tdm tat lai nhflng diem chu chdt sau khi HS tra

lbi

Danh gia

Rdt lol (4d) Tdt (3d) Khd (2d)

TB (Jd) Yiu (Od)

3 KN sic dung bdn do

- Sff dung ban dd de to chffc hoat ddng nhan thflc

cho HS

- Sfl dung ban dd de ren Iuyen KN cho HS

- Cach chi cac doi ttfdng tren ban dd eua GV

- Sff dung ket hdp vbi eae phrfdng tien day hoc

khac hoac ngdn ngtf giup HS hinh thanh bieu

tffbng chinh xac hbn ve ddi ttfbng ngoai thtfc tl

4 Kit hop cdc KNDH

- KN ngon ngfl vbi KN sfl dung cau hdi

- KN ngon ngfl va KN sfl dung BDGK

- KN stf dung cau hdi va BDGK

- Ca ba KN

Tdng diem theo cgt

Diem trung binh

C - Danh gia bo sung

1 Hay cho mbt vai nhan xet va vi du cu the ve KN dien dat ngon ngfl''

2 Hay cho mgt vai nhan xet va vf du cu the ve KN sfl dung can hdi''

3 Hay cho mgt vai nhan xet va vf du cu the vl KN sff dung BDGK?

4 Hay nhan xel vl stf phdi hbp 3 KNDH tren''

Chuy: Neu trong BHVM, yeu td nao khbng xuat hien thi bd trdng yeu td do trong bang danh gia

2.3 VSn dung PPDHVIVI de ren luyen ki nang day hoc cho sinh vien sir pham Dia h' "

Trong qua trtnh nghien cffu, chflng tbi da van dung PPDHVM de ren tuyen KN stf dung

ngdn ngfl, KN stf dung cau hbi va KN stf dung ban dd cho 43 SV theo quy trinh da 6e xuat

Chflng tdi da sfl dung phieu quan sal vbi thang do tff 0-4 (Mffc 0: Yeu; Mfle 1 • Trung b'mh; Mffc 2: Kha; Mflc 3: Tot; Mffc 4: Rat tdt) de danh gia ket qua ren tuyen cua SV qua hai BHVM Ket qua danh gid thu thap dffdc se dtfde trinh bay dtfbi day:

2.3.1 K e t q u a r e n luyen k? n a n g d gial d o a n 1 - r e n Iuyen kT n a n g d d n lc

Bffdc dau chung lbi dd thu Ihiip sd lieu vii danh gia ldng quai bang nhrfng sd lieu thong ke

m d t a nhrf trong Bang 1

Quan sat bang 1, chung loi thay cac gui tri ttfc dai, ctfe lieu va Irung binh de thay ddi theo chilu hrfdng tang len giffa hai B H V M trong ciing mot KN Neu so siinh vc gia trj trung binh gifla cae kt nang cua B H V M lin 2 thi xuat bien xu htfbng lang d i n C a t gid in ctfe dai, ctft lieu cung tang dan gitfa cdc KN Gid tn tiia db lech chuan giam t h o thay stf khiic biet gifla hai B H V M trong mgt kt ndng dang t d xu htfdng rut ngan dan khoang each Nhin nhtfng so iieu thbng ke mo ta iren, chung tdi brfdc dau danh gia P P D H V M da co nhrfng tat dgng tfth erfc trong qud trinh ren luyen

K N D H ddn Ie, tac dung do ngay cang rb vbi nhffng KN ren luyen d thdi gian sau

Bdng I Mgt sd gid tri thong ke md td ciia BHVM ldn I vd BHVM ldn 2

cua giai dogn ren luyen kindng ddn le

KTnang

Sti dung

ng6n ngli

Sii dung

cau hdi

S^ dung

ban dp

B H V M

B H V M lan 1

B H V M ian 2

B H V M lan 1

B H V M lan 2

B H V M lan 1

B H V M lan 2

Cu m a u

43

43

43

43

43

43

C u e tieu

0.59 I.IO 1.79 2,32 2,00 2,43

C u e d a i

2.42 3.88 2.91 3 'S8 2,77 3 M

T r u n g

b i n h

1 "^253 2,4494 2.263.S 2,7885 2 3987 2,9633

D o lech chuan 0,40066 0,63075 0,25907 0,26121 0,21951 0.23804

Chung tdf cung da stf dung phep kiem chflng T-test phu thubc de kiem chtfng xem srf khac biel Clia gid tri trung binh iren nhbm Ihtft nghiem b hai B H V M ed y nghia hay khong Kel qua thu dtfdc cho thiy, vbi mffc y nghta quan sdt hai phia nhd hdn 0 0005 ( < 0,05), gia thuyet Ho bi

bac bb, chap nhan ddi thiel H] - nghia la srf k h a t biet ve giii tn trung binh giiia B H V M tin 1 va

B H V M lan 2 la co y nghia

Chiing tdi ciing stf dung he so ttfdng quan Pearson dc xem xet mbi hen he gifla ket qua ciia

B H V M l i n 1 vbi B H V M lan 2 - nghia la srf tang len v l diem sd cua B H V M ldn hai cd drfa iren nen tang cua Ian riin luyen thff nhdl ( B H V M lan 1) hay khong bang gm tri ihu drfdc ve he so trfdng quan tuyen tfnh nhrf sau

Bdng 2 Cdc gid tri kiim chting hi sd IUdng quan r ciia BHVM ldn I

vd BHVM Idn 2 cita fldt ren luyen kindng ddn te

KT n a n g Stf dung ngon ngff Srf dung cau hdi Srf dung ban do

H e so P e a r s o n

0 , 9 9 8 ( * n 0,424 C-^) 0,225

Ki hiiu '** Irtmg hdng dti hiu the hien imic y nghia 0.01

Bang thdng ke cho thay gifla hai B H V M cua KN sff dung ngon ngff va srf dung tau hdi co moi lien he r i t Ibn, dac biet la ddi vbi KN srf dung ngdn ngfl Rieng ddi vbi KN stf dung biin do, chung tdi khdng thay cb moi quan he niio giffa B H V M t i n I va 2 Chung lbi cbo rang nguyen nhiin

la do KN sff dung BDGK la mgt KN khd (trong 3 KN dffbc ren Iuyen day la KN phflc lap nhat), dbi hbi SV ein phai cb nhieu thbi gian hdn nffa trong qua trtnh ren luyen Hai lin giang tap ddi vdi

SV khi ren luyen KN nay cd le Id khbng du de nhtn thiy sfl thay ddi ro net gifla cac BHVM Ngoai nhflng gia tri thdng ke chung tdi cung thiy rang doi vdi nhtfng Ian ghi htnh dau tien,

SV thtfbng cam thay Itfng tung, chrfa trf tin, luy nhien cang ve sau, SV se quen vdi viec ghi htnh

va gan nhtf la "quen" di sff cb mat cua may ghi htnh Chung tbi cung nhan thiy nhflng kl nang nin tang ren Iuyen trffbc se hb trd nhieu cho SV khi ren luyen KN phia sau va ban than kt ndng do dii khdng dffbc chii y trong ren luyen van cb stf liln bd *

2.3.2 Ket qua ren luyen RT nang d giai doan 2 - ket hdp ba kT nang

Sau khi thu thap kit qua va xff Ii sd lieu eua lan ren luyen ket hbp ba KN, chtfng tbi da thu dtfdc cac gia trj thbng ke nhff sau:

Bdng 3 Mgt sd gid tri thong ke md td cua BHVM ldn 1 vd BHVM ldn 2

cua dot ren luyen kit hop ba kindng

HVM

BHVM lin 1

BHVM lan 2

Cd mau j Cue tieu

43

43

2,31 2,45

Cue dai

3,11 3,40

Trung binii

2,8363 3,0610

Do lech diuan

0,21427 0,22790

Quan sat bang 3, chung ta se thay cung cd srf thay ddi b mbt sd gia tri thdng ke mb ta cua nhdm thtfc nghiem ddi vdi BHVM lan I va BHVM lan 2 Diem irung binh gifla hai BHVM chenh nhau 0,22 diem, cac gia tri diem etfc dai va ctfe tieu cua hai BHVM cung thay ddi theo chieu hrfdng tich ctfe

Cung tffbng tff nhtf ket qua thu dtfbc d lan ren Iuyen kT nang ddn Ie, phep kie'm chffng T-test dgc lap ddi vbi Ian ren Iuyen nay cung cho thdy sff khac biet ve gia trj trung btnh gifla BHVM Ian

1 va BHVM Ian 2 la cd y nghia

He so tffbng quan Pearsonbang 0,797 vbi mflc y nghta nhd hdn 0.0005 (< 0,01) cung chffng

td ring gifla BHVM lin I va BHVM lan 2 cd mdi lien he luyin tinb thuan ttfdng ddi chat che trong ddt ren Iuyen kit hdp 3 KN dien dat ngon ngfl, sfl dung eau hdi va sff dung BDGK

Trong gial doan ren Iuyen kll hdp ba KN, chiing toi quan sal thay nhffng tien bg rat rd net cua SV d nhdm thtfc nghiem Sff khac biet gitfa cae BHVM cua mdt SV khbng nhieu Nhtfng SV day ddt dau tien cb mgt chut khd khan khi phai cbii y ca 3 KNDH trong mgi BHVM, cam giac nay dan dan bj loai bd ddi vdi nhtfng SV day b nhflng Ian sau

2.3.3 So sanh tong hdp k^t qua thuc nghiem cua cac Ian ren luyen

^ D ? ) *

Giai doan

ren Iuyen

KN

Giai doan 1

Giai doan 2

Bdng 4 Bdng tong kdp gid tri trung binh cua cdc BHVM

KN dirpc ren luyen

Dien dat ngpn ngU

Sii dung eau hoi Sti: dung BDGK

Ket hdp 3 KN

Mean BHVM lani

1,5253 2,2635 2,3987 2,8363

Mean BHVM lan 2

2,4494 2,7885 2,9633 3,0610

Diem chenh lech giii'a BHVM lan 1

va BHVM lln 2

0,92 0,53 0,56 0,22

Chtfng tdi thffc hien mot stf so sanh gifla 4 Ian ren Iuyen KN, cae Ian ren luyen KN dtfdc sap xep theo thtf ttf thbi gian ren luyen ttf xa den gin

Nhin vao sd lieu thu thap dtfbc, chung ldi nhan tbay eb srf thay doi theo chieu hrfbng tang din die'm trung btnh cua BHVM lan 1 va BHVM Ian 2 Diem chenh lech gitfa hai BHVM lai thay ddi theo chieu htfbng ngtfdc lai - giam din vl gia Irj - nghta lii srf chenh lech ve dicm so giiia hai ' BHVM ngay cang thu hep lai Chung toi cho ring xu hrfdng thay ddi ndy la giai thich drfdc vii rat

cb y nghia trong thrfc tien Khi SV da cb nhflng KN nen tang tdt nhtf KN dien dat ngon ngfl va

KN stf dung cau hbi, SV se cb thuan ldi de thtfc hien nhtfng KN ddi hdi stf ket hdp nhieu KN khac (KN sff dung BDGK) Stf thu hep dan khoang each die'm sd gifla hai BHVM chflng td KN tua SV ngay cang tien bb Neu d giai doan ren luyen KN dien dat ngon ngfl, stf chenh lech diem sd la rat ldn (0,92) tht sang Ian ren Iuyen kit hdp KN tht chenh lech Iai khdng dang ke (0,22) Nhin vao hai giai doan ren luyen KN, chung tbi eung thdy srf thay ddi la rat cd y nghta, dieu nay thtfng i6 riing

de CO mot BHVM vdi stf ket hdp 3 KN tot cd stf ddng gdp rit ldn cfla giai doan ren luyen KN ddn

le

Bieu do dtfdi day se the hien stf khae biet ve gia Irj trung binb d hai BHVM mbt each irtrc quan nhat:

Diem ^

3,5

3

2,5

2

1,5

0,5

0

- „, 3.06

2,19 ] ^ 2 , 8 4 ^

Diend^t Sudung Sff dyng Ket hgp K, ,,ana neon nau cau hdi BDGK cac KN

D BHVM tin 1 • BHVM lin 2

Hinh 2 Bieu do the hien sit khdc biet ve gid tri trung binh cua BHVM ldn 1

vd BHVM lan 2 d cdc giai dogn ren luyen kindng

3 Ket luan

Thbng qua qua trinh nghien cflu va thrfc nghiem, chung toi rut ra mgt so kll luan nhrf

sau Doi mbi phrfdng phap dao tao d bac dai hgc, trong dd cd dao tao GV, la nhu cau bffc thiet trong ddi mdi gido due dai bgc bien nay d ntfdc la Trong qua trinh dao tao GV, cdc irrfbng srf pham can chu trong ren Iuyen KN cho SV, trong dd cd nhbm KNDH bbi vt day la nhrfng KN rat quan trgng giup SV srf pham sau khi ra irrfbng cd ndng itfe thffc hien cac cbng vice tien quan den nghe day hge

- Qua trinh ren Iuyen KNDH cho SV stf pham can phai tien hanh theo quy trinh, ddm bao drfbc cdc yeu cau cua qua trinh ren Iuyen Qua trinh ren luyen phai dtfdc thtfc hien iheo each thdc

de ngtfbi hgc phai trrfc tiep, tfch ctfe, chu ddng tham gia vao qua trinh ren Iuyen eat KN drfdi sii giam sat cua GV

- PPDHVM la mgt phrfbng phap ren luyen KN cho SV hieu qua da drfbc nghien effu tfl

nhtfng ndm 60 d Hoa Ki va tiep tuc va phat trien d cac nfldc cb nen gido due lien tiln d Chau Au vd Ian sang cac chau Iuc khac trong nhflng thap nien sau db Cho den nay phffbng phap nay van dffdc tfng dung rgng rai trong qua trinh ren luyen KN cbo SV sff pham tai nhieu cd sb dao tao GV tren the gibi PPDHVM dfldc dffa tren cd sd cua cdc thuyet tam If hgc cua B F Skinner va A Bandura, dflbc thrfc hien nhff mdt "cdng nghe" trong ddo tao GV vbi cac muc lieu, phrfbng thffc tiln hanh, cdc KN day hge dfldc xac dinh rb rang, eae moi trflbng Ibp hpe dbn gidn hda va tinh huong srf pham mo phbng thtfc te, cae cdng cu danh gid dtfbc thiel ke phu hdp, dac biel la sff tham gia tfch erfc, chu dgng cua SV dffbi sff giam sat, giup dd cua GV

- Viec ap dung PPDHVM trong ren Iuyen KNDH cho SV sff pham can phai thrfc hien theo dung quy trinh, phai dam bao drfbc cdc yeu ciu cua qud trinh ren Iuyen KN, ngffbi drfdc ren Iuyen KNDH phai cb trinh do kien thtfc chuyen nganh nhat djnh, phai dam' bao dtfbc cdc yeu cau toi thieu ve cd sd vat chit kt thuat Qua trinh ren Iuyen phai dffdc djnh htfbng va giam sat chat che cua

GV SV phai cd y thtfc ttf ren luyen va dtfdc tao dllu kien cho qua trinh tff ren luyen

TAX LIEU THAM KHAO

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