98 II TRLraNIB BAI HOD THlIl BO H A NDI PHAT IKIEN NANG Lire VAN DUNG KIEN THLTC DE GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHO HOC SINH THPT QUA VI$C Sir DUNG THI NGHIEM HOA HQC Phgm VSD Hoan''''^''''\ Hoang Bloh X u W ''''Trudng[.]
98 II TRLraNIB BAI HOD THlIl BO H A NDI PHAT IKIEN N A N G Lire VAN DUNG KIEN THLTC DE GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHO HOC SINH THPT QUA VI$C Sir DUNG THI NGHIEM HOA HQC Phgm VSD Hoan'^'\ Hoang Bloh X u W 'Trudng Bgi hgc Thu Hd Ngi ^Sd Gido dye vd Ddo tgo Hd Ngi Tdm tdt: Dgy hgc theo hudng phdt trien nang luc cua ngudi hgc dd vd dang trd thdnh mgt xu ihi tdt yeu Irong gido dye hien Mdi Irong nhirng nang luc quan trgng cdn hinh thdnh vd phdt Irien cho hgc sinh Trung hgc phd thdng Id ndng luc van dyng kiin thdc de gidi quyet cdc vdn di thyc lien Sir dung bdi tgp hod hgc cd ngi dung thgc tien dgy hgc hoa hgc la mgt bi^n phdp cd hi^u qud viec phdt Irien cho hgc sinh Trung hgc phd thdng Id ndng luc vgn dyng kien thuc de gidi quyel cdc vdn de Sir dyng, khai thdc cd hiiu qud cdc thi nghiim Hda hgc theo hudng nghiin cuu cung Id mgi biin phdp hiru hieu phdi trien cho hoc sinh Trung hgc phd Ihdng nang luc van dung kiin Ihuc de giai quyet cdc vdn di Bdi viii trinh bdy viec sie dung mgt sd thi nghiem ddi hdi hgc sinh phdi cd khd ndng tu duy, van dung kien ihuc da hgc mdi cdch linh hogt, sdng tgo gdp phdn ddng ki cho viic ndng cao ndng luc cua hgc sinh Tie khda: ndng luc, ndng luc van dung kiin thuc, thi nghiim Hda hgc, hgc sinh THPT DAT VAN D E Trong qud trinh day hgc Hda hgc, thi nghiem la mdt cdng cy rdt hiru ich giup hgc sinh minh hga kign thuc, kiem chung nhung dy doan v l mat li thuyit, cung Id mdt cdng cu giup phat trien nang lyc van dung kiln thuc dl giai quylt nhirng van d l thuc tien gap phdi Thi nghiem Hda hge cung cap cho hgc sinh kiln thdc, dudng gidnh Idy kiln thuc va mang lai niem vui sudng ciia sy phat hien, ciia viec van dyng kien thuc gidi quyet dugc vdn de gap phai [4] Nhan bai 04.08.2016, giii phan bien va duyet dang 20.08.2016 Lien he tac gia: Pham Van Hoan; Email: pvhoan@daihocthudo edu TAP CHI KHDA HDD - SO V/2D1B N O I D U N G 2.1 Nang lire v§n duing kien thu-c ciia h9C sinh Trung hQC thong "Ndng lyc van dung kiln thdc Id khd ndng cda ban thdn ngudi hge ty gidi quylt nhihig vdn d l dgt mdt each nhanh chdng vd hieu qud bdng each dp dung kiln thdc dSL ITnh hgi vao nhimg tinh huong, nhdng hogt ddng thyc tiln d l tim hilu the gidi xung quanh va cd khd nang biln ddi nd Ndng lyc vgn dyng kiln thdc the hien pham chat, nhdn each cua ngudi qua yinh hogt dgng de thoa man nhu cdu chigm ITnh tri thuc" [1] Tu khdi niem ygn, ngudi cd ndng lyc van dung kien thdc (NLVDKT) cd khd nang tiep can, nhdn thdc dugc vdn dl yong ndi dung bdi hgc, bai tgp hda hgc cd lien quan vdi thyc tiln V l thdi do, ngudi cd NLVDKT sg tich eye tham gia cdc hoat ddng hgc tap theo hudng tich eye d l dgt hieu qua nhdt (ghi chep, dua cdu hdi vd tudn thu cac hoat ddng theo yeu edu ) Ddc biet, ngudi cd NLVDKT phdi la ngudi bigt phat hien van de, tim dugc cdch gidi quylt vdn dk cd ndi dung bdi hgc, cae vdn de hge tap cd ndi dung lign quan vdi thyc tien, bigt quan sat cdc hien tugng thi nghigm, thyc tiln ddi sdng va su dyng nhihig kiln thuc, kT ndng hda hgc dl gidi thich nhiing sy vat, hien tugng ddi sdng, sdn xuat va mdi trudng xung quanh De phat trign NLVDKT, ngudi hgc phai biet thu thdp vd xd li thdng tin, trinh bdy ket qud mdt vdn de cdn tim hieu thuc tien vd neu dugc phuang hudng giai quyet van de (GQVD) dd bang nhdng kign thuc, kT ndng hda hgc D I vdn dyng dugc kign thuc vdo nhdng vdn de thyc tiln, ngudi hge phai cd khd ndng dieu chinh mdt each linh hogt nhCmg kien thuc da hgc (so dd, quy trinh ldm viec, co che phdn ung, ddc diem cdu tao phdn tu, ) cho phu hgp vdi thyc te Ngoai ra, ngudi hgc cdn biet dua nhung phuang phdp, each thuc lam viec mdi, phu hgp dya trgn ca sd nhiing kien thuc da duac hgc, biet dy doan ket qua, kiem tra va ket luan, danh gid va ty danh gia ket qudva cd nhihig de xuatde hoan thien 2.2 Bien p h a p p h a t trien n a n g lyc van d u n g kien t h u c thdng q u a thi nghiem Hda hoc De phat trien NLVDKT cho hgc sinh (HS), nen su dung ket hgp he thdng cdc bien phap Dau tien, phai hinh thdnh cho HS mdt he thdng kien thuc ca ban vung vang, sdu sdc Dd Id hinh cac khai niem, cac dinh ludt, cac tinh chdt cac quy luat Day Id tien de quylt dinh den sy phat trien cua NLVDKTGQVD Tilp la ren luyen cho HS nang luc tu logic, chinh xac Thong qua cdc thao tac tu (quan sat, phdn tich, tong hgp ) va dya vao ban chdt cua vdn de, HS se tim each gidi quyet ngan ggn, sang tao De de xuat dugc each giai quylt van de thi nang lyc lu khai quat tdt vl cac mdn hgc la rat can thiit Nang lyc khai qudt cao la kha nang phat hien nhung net chung, ban 92 II T R U d N B BAI HOC T H C I S D H A NDf chat cda nhieu van de, nhieu doi tugng de dua vdn de v l mgt kilu nhdt dinh Khi gidi bai tap hod hgc, kha ndng khdi qudt thi hign d cho HS bilt phan dgng bai tdp hod hgc va bilt tim phuang phdp gidi chung cho timg dang bdi [3, y.5] Khi tiln hdnh thi nghiem Hda hgc, ngudi hgc cdn quan sdt mdt each can than cac hien tugng, gdn kit, lien hg cdc hien tugng thi nghiem vdi tinh chat hda hgc vd lign he vdi dac diem cau tgo phdn tu cda cac chdt, gdn vdi cdc nhdm chuc ey thi D I tim dugc cdch gidi quyet van de, hgc sinh phdi cd khd ndng ddc Idp suy nghT Khi dd, hge sinh bilt ty d^t van de, gidi quyet van de, kiem y a cdch gidi quyet vdn de, khdng thod man vdi nhimg cdi cd sdn, ludn ludn tim each gidi quyet mdi cd yong cac van de quen thugc Hgc sinh can nhd kT dgc diem cda chdt huu co "trong cung dilu kien, phan ung cua chat hihi ca cd thi xdy theo nhilu hudng khdc nhau, do cd thi sinh nhilu sdn phdm khdc nhau" Mdi logi nhdm chdc cd nhung tinh chdt d|ic trung, vd ngugc lai, mdt sd tinh chat hda hge se the hien cho mdt hodc mdt sd nhdm chdc hda hgc cy thi Mdt dieu nira cdn chu y la sy bign ddi cdu tao phdn td yong dieu kien cy thg cua mdi trudng xung quanh 2.3 Mgt so thi nghif m diroc sir dung de phat trien cho hgc sinh T H P T nang lyc vdn dyng kien thirc Trong chuong trinh giao dye THPT, sd thi nghiem Hda hgc dugc thuc hien khdng nhieu nhihig khd khan v l ca sd vat chat cung nhu quan dilm cua nhdng ngudi xay dyng chuong trinh Ngu sd dyng mdt each hgp ly cac thi nghiem ndy cung cd thi gdp phdt trign cho hgc sinh ndng lyc van dyng kiln thuc dk giai quylt vdn d l Doi vdi cae thi nghiem vl Hda Huu ca, viec phdt yiln ndng lyc van dung kiln thuc giai quyet van dh thudng dugc xudt phat tu dy doan, thyc nghiem vd gidi thich cdc kit qua, hien tugng thi nghiem Dieu lien quan din vdn kiln thuc eua HS v l cau tao phan td, lien kel hda hgc va thyc tiln hda hgc Viec tiln hdnh thi nghiem theo hudng nghien cuu se gop phdn tich cue viec phdt Uiln cho hgc sinh NLVDKT dl gidi quylt vdn dl Trudng hgp I Du dodn cdc sdn phdm sinh mgt phdn ung hoa hgc Khi tien hanh thi nghiem cua metan vdi clo, ngoai sdn pham chinh la metyi clorua CH3CI cd the yeu cdu HS dy dodn cdc sdn pham huu ca khdc cd thi dugc sinh Tren ca sd phan tich dac diem ca che phan ung the nay, HS cd thi phat hien dugc van dl: Ban chdt CLia phan ung thi goc la sy phan cdt lien kit C-H phan tu metan theo kilu ddng li tgo gdc ty Nhu vay, phdn tu metyl clorua vdn cdn lien kit C-H cung cd thi bi phan cat dong li, dd co the bj the cac nguyen tu 11 Tu dd cd thi dy dodn cac san pham hiiu ca khac nhu CH2CI2, CHCI3, TAP* CHf KHOA HOC - B T / Z D I S || 83 Trudng hgp Gidi thich khd^Sngphdn img cOa cdc chdt Thi nghiem AxetHen vd etilen tdc dyng vdi brom D6i vdi thi nghigm etilen va axetilen tac dung vdi brom Irong dung djch lgi cd (he khai thac yyc tiep tren co sd quan sdt cac hi^n tugng thi nghi^ Vl mdt hinh thuc, lign kit ba cd m$t dd electron cao hon lien kit ddi, dd cd th^ suy doan rdng axetilen se phdn dug vdi brom nhanh hon etilen Tuy nhign, quan sat thi nghi$m HS thay kit qud ngugc lgi: axetilen lam mdt mdu brom c h ^ hon etilen d yong cung dieu ki^n Dilu ndy mau thuin vdi da dodn Thi nghiem Axetilen vd etilen tdc dung vdi dung dich thuoc tim Mdt hien tirgng tuong ty xdyrakhi cho axetilen va etilen tde dyng vdi dung dich thu^c y'm (dung dich KMn04) Th«) dy dodn nhu tren, sue axetilen vdo dung dich thu6c tim thi sy nhat mdu cua dung dich s6 xdy nhanh hon syc etilen Nhung thyc tl Id ngugc Igi Cdc hign tugng thi nghiem hSn budc HS phdi suy nghT dl tim cdch gidi thich thyc te tin nghiem Cd tmh chdt hSn, HS phdi suy nghi theo khia cgnh khdc: Td khdi nigm phdn dng hda hgc, theo dd Id qua trinh pha vd lign kit hda hgc cu vd hmh dianh Ii€n kit hda hgc mdi Nhu vay, axetilen phdn ung vdi brom ho|c thude tim chgm hon etilen la do bin lien kit battongphdn td axetilen Idn hon lign kit ddi phdn td etilen Trudng hgp S{e khdc biit ve tinh chdt vd dgc diim cdu tgo phdn tir Thi nghiem cho benzen vdo nude brom: Vg dac diem cdu tao, cd the thay, phdn td benzen cd lign ket ddi xen kg lign kgt don ngn cd tinh lign hgp tuong ty nhu buta-1,3dien Tuy nhign, cho vdo nude brom, benzen lai khdng cd phdn dng cdng brom nhu buta-l,3-dien Dilu budc HS phdi suy nghT theo hudng tim sy khac bigt vl ddc dilm cdu tgo phdn td giiJa chdt ndy Chinh sy khdc biet vl dgc dilm cau tao phdn td (benzen mgch vdng, buta-l,3-dien mgch hd) la nguygn nhdn eOa sy khdc biet vl tinh chdt Dilu dd cimg gidp gido vign phdn tich dl HS dy doan dugc tinh chdt hda hge cda cdc chdt phan td cd chua d6ng didi vdng benzen vd nhdm lien kit ddi, lien ket ba, thi dy vinylbenzen C6H5CH=CH2, phenylaxetilen CeHsC^CH Thi nghiim phdn biit glucoza vdfructoza: Mdt vdn de ndy sinh yong thyc tl la phdn biet glucoza vd fructozo bdng thyc nghiem Theo dac dilm cdu tao phan tu, glucoza cd chuc andehit yong dofrutozocd chdc xeton, nen cd the dung tinh chat ydng bac cua andehit dl phdn biet vdi xeton Tuy nhien, thyc hien thi nghigm thi cd chdt diu cd phdn ung trang bgc Ddy la dilu mau thuan vdi kiln thuc cua hgc sinh vd budc hg phdi suy nghl tim cdch gidi quylt vdn dl Doi vdi glucoza thi khdng cd gi khd hilu, nhimg vdi M II TRLfdNG BAI HOC THlIl B D HA Nfll fructozo thi lgi hodn toan khdc Ket qud thi nghigm chdng td phan td fructozo yong dung djch mudi bgc / amoniac da xuat hien nhdm chdc andehit (gay nen phdn ung trdng bac) Dilu chi ed thi li gidi cd sy chuyin nhdm chuc xeton nhdm chuc andehit Ddi vdi hgc sinh, khdng ddi hdi phdi neu dugc co chi cua qua trinh bien doi Thi nghiem vi tinh baza cua anilin: Khi nghiSn cdu ve anilui, hgc sinh cd thi thdy rang anilin la amin bdc I do se cd tinh baza tuong ty amoniac, thi dy dung djch ldm xanh gidy quy tim, tdc dyng vdi dung dich mdt so muoi sinh kit tda hidroxit kim logi Tuy nhien, thyc tl khdng phdi nhu vay Van de hgc sinh cdn dat la nguyen nhdn gdy nen tinh baza Id gi (do mat electron tren nguyen tu N) vd tgi anilin lai cd tinh baza yeu nhu vdy (khdng ldm ddi mau quy tim thdnh xanh) So sdnh vdi amoniac va cdc amin mach hd, anilin khac d cho nguygn tu N cda nhdm NH2 lign kit vdi vdng benzen Dilu chdng td vdng benzen da lam giam mgt electron trgn nguyen tu N 3, KET LUAN Qua cac kit qua thu dugc qud trinh thyc nghiem su pham bdng nhimg bdi kilm tra ddnh gia kien thuc va bang kiem quan sat danh gid NLVDKT eua HS, budc ddu cd thi khang dinh viec tang cudng su dyng thi nghiem Hda hge theo hudng nghien cuu thuc sy cd tae dyng rdt tdt din viec hinh thdnh vd phat yiln cho HS THPT NLVDKT dl gidi quylt vdn dl TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bemd Meier, Nguyen Van Cudng (2005), Phdt triin ndng luc thong qua phucmg phdp vd phucmg lien dgy hgc m&i, Bg Giao dye va Dao tao, Dy an phat Uiln giao due THPT, Tai Ii?u Hoi thao tap huan Nguyin Diic Diing Hoang Dinh Xuan (2013) "Ren luyen va phat triln n5ng lyc vgn dung kiln thirc cho hgc sinh trung hgc phi ihong qua he thing bai tap hoa hoc hiTu co co noi dung thyc tiln" Tap chi Gido due, so 7/2003 Nguyin Due Dung, Hoang Dinh Xuan (2016), "Su dung mgi si dang bai tap Hoa hoc Huu co de phat trien nang lire van dung kien ihiic cho hgc sinh Trung hgc phi thong", Tgp chi Khoa hoc, Dgi hoc Supham Hd Ngi s6 thang 7/2016 Nguyen Cuong (2007), Phuang phdp dgy hgc hda hoc a trudng phd ihong va Dgi hoc Mdt sd vdn de ca hdn Nxb Giao due Viet Nam Dao Viel Hiing, Dang Thi Oanh, "Van dung day hgc dy an phAn Hoa hoc Phan tich cho sinh Trirong Dai hgc Nong Lam {Dai hgc Thai Nguyen) (2016), "Gop ph^n phai triln nSng lyc van dyng kien thiic" Tgp chi Khoa hoc Dgi hoc Sir pham Hd Ngi s6 thang 7/2016 TAP CHf KHOA HDC - s / DEVELOPING PUPILS' APPLICATION CAPACITY AT fflGH SCHOOLS TO SOLVE PRATICAL PROBLEMS THROUGH CHEMICAL EXPERIMENT Abstract: Today, leaching towards developing the capacity of learners has become an inevitable trend in education One of the critical capacities of the formation and development of high schools' pupils is Ihe ability to apply their knowledge to solve practical problems Using chemical exercises with practical content in teaching chemistry is an effective measure to develop pupils' capacity at high school Using and exploiting effectively of chemical experiments towards research are also effective methods which support high schools' pupils to apply their knowledge to solve problems The paper presents the use of some experiments that requires students' thinking ability, flexible and creative application contributing sigfiificantly to Ihe pupils' capacity improvement Keywords: capacity; capacity application: chemical experiment: high schools 'pupils ... Diing Hoang Dinh Xuan (2013) "Ren luyen va phat triln n5ng lyc vgn dung kiln thirc cho hgc sinh trung hgc phi ihong qua he thing bai tap hoa hoc hiTu co co noi dung thyc tiln" Tap chi Gido due, so... de quylt dinh den sy phat trien cua NLVDKTGQVD Tilp la ren luyen cho HS nang luc tu logic, chinh xac Thong qua cdc thao tac tu (quan sat, phdn tich, tong hgp ) va dya vao ban chdt cua vdn de,... khdi qudt thi hign d cho HS bilt phan dgng bai tdp hod hgc va bilt tim phuang phdp gidi chung cho timg dang bdi [3, y.5] Khi tiln hdnh thi nghiem Hda hgc, ngudi hgc cdn quan sdt mdt each can