54 II TRLfdNB BAI HOC THiIl OO HA HOI THUC DAY HOC TAP DOC LAP TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC THONG QUA D A N H GIA QUA TRJNH Ngo Hai Chi'''' Tru&ng Dai hgc Thii do Hd Ngi Tom tdt Bdi viit ndy lap trung phdn tic[.]
54 II TRLfdNB BAI HOC THiIl OO HA HOI THUC DAY HOC TAP DOC LAP TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC THONG QUA D A N H GIA QUA TRJNH Ngo Hai Chi' Tru&ng Dai hgc Thii Hd Ngi Tom tdt: Bdi viit ndy lap trung phdn tich bdn chdt ciia ddnh gid qud trinh vd nhirng tdc dong cita no ddi v&i viec thiic ddy hoat dgng hgc tap dgc lap gido ditc dgi hoc Dira tren cdc kit qud nghien cim da tiin hdnh, tdc gid de xudt mo hinh ddnh gid vd he thong cdc gidi phdp giitp sinh vien lu chju trdch nhiem vi viec hoc cita chinh minh, nghia Id tro thdnh nhimg ngirdi hgc dgc lap Tdc gid hy vgng nghien cicu buac ddu se ggi mo nhimg gidi phdp mai vd hieu qua, cho nhirng nghien ciru sdu han gop phdn ndng cao chdt lugng gido due dgi hgc Tir khod: hoc idp tich cue, ddnh gid ddnh gid qua trinh, gido due dgi hgc hoc tap dgc lap DAT VAN DE Dao tao theo hudng phat triln nang lye ngudi hgc da va dang trd xu the tat yeu va phd quat eua giao due the gidi Trong do, nang luc quan trgng nhat gnip nguai hgc co the hoc lap sudt ddi, lam giau tiem nang ciia ban than, dap irng kjp thdi cac yeu cau da dang va bien doi kliong ngirng ciia xa hpi chinh la nang luc hpc tap dpc lap Hgc tap dgc lap la hoat dpng nen tang de phat trien cae nang lye khac ciia moi ngudi Xuat phat tir triet II danh gia de phat trien hpc tap (assessment for learning) hay danh gia vi sy tien bg ciia ngudi hpc, danh gia qua trinh (formative assessment) c6 tac dong to Idn viec thiic day boat dpng hpc tap dgc lap ciia ngudi hpc, giiip ngudi hpc phat hien minh dang d dau, da thay doi the nao, da dat dugc gi tren dudfng ticn tdi muc ticu hpc tap ca nhan dc tu dieu chinh va thich nghi Tuy vay, ihyc le dao tao tai cac truong dai hgc hicn cho thay: cac giang vicn chi mdi chu trgng kliau danh gia tong kit qua cac bai thi kit thue hpc phan, khoa luan, bai thi tot nghiep ma chua thai sy coi trgng vice danh gia qua trinh Cac boat dgng danh gia qua trinh van phan nhieu hudng tdi vice phan loai, chiing niinh ngucri hoc da dat dugc mgt mire Nlian bai 19 04,2016, giii phan bicn va duyet dang 28 04.2016 Lien he lac gia Ngo Hai Cbi, Email nhci)i@daibocibudo.cdu T A P C H K H A H C - S 3/2D1B 55 tich nao chii it quan tam tai viec cung cap nhimg thong tin phan hoi giiip sinh vien theo doi tiln bp ciia ban than va khdng ngimg cai tien chat lugng hgc tap NOI D U N G 2.L Danh gia qua trinh Danh gia qua trinh dupe thyc hien qua trinh day hgc, co y nghta phan biet vdi nhiing hoat dpng kiem tra danh gia trudc bat dau qua trinh day hpc mpt mon hpc nao (placement assessment - danh gia sa khdi/danh gia xep Idp) hoac sau ket thiic qua trinh day hpc mon hpc (summative assessment - danh gia tong ket) Cac chuyen gia ITnh vyc nghien ciiu ve danh gia va ludng tren the gidi da dua nhieu y kien, quan dilm vl danh gia qua trinh [5, pp.365-379], [7, pp.l99-2I8], [8], [9, pp.77-84 ], [10, pp 183-204], nhung nhin chung deu thdng nhat mpt so dac diem ban chat sau: Ve muc dich: hudng tdi su phat trien cua ngudi hgc, giup ngudi hgc cai thien qua trinh hgc tap ciia ban than, chii khong phai la viec chiing minh sinh vien da dat dugc mgt miic dp tich nao Danh gia qua trinli giup chuan doan hoac kien thiic va kT nang hien tai ciia nguoi hgc nham xac dinh mot chuang trinh hgc tuong lai cho phii hgp Ve chii the: giang vien hoac ddng nghiep (danh gia ddng dang) hay ngudi hgc (ty danh gia) cimg thuc hien Trong do, tu danh gia giii' vai tro tning tam va chii dgng tat ca cac qua trinh hpc tap Ve boi cdnh: hoac ngoai nha trudng, chinh thirc hoac kliong chinh thiic gid Ien Idp hoac ngoai gid Ien !dp Ve ket qud: la cac dang phan hoi Phan hdi khdng chi don thuan la diem so, mire dp, tich dal dugc ma bao gom nhiing nhan xel cu the ve nhimg tien bg, ve miic nam vung thdng tin, nhiing ton tai eiia qua trinh hgc tap , ddng thdi dua cac gpi y de tiep tuc cai thien, dieu chinh nhirng budc tiep theo Ve tinh chdt: thudng xuyen, lien tiic Danh gia qua trinh klidng phai la mgt lat cat, mpi su kien, qua mpt bai kiem tra ma la mpt tap hgp cac danh gia lien tiic sudt qua trinh hgc tap Tir vice tdm luge cac y kicn tren, co the dua dmh nghTa kiiai quat: ddnh gid qud trinh Id mot tgp hap cdc ddnh gid, phdn hoi lien tuc, chinh thirc vd khong chinh thicc md gidng vien va ngic&i hoc sir dung suol qua trinh hoc tap mot mon hoc/khod hoc nhdm muc dich cdi thien qud trinh hgc tgp cita ngu&i hgc Co the hinh dung rd hem ban chat ciia danh gia qua trinh tucmg quan, so sanh \ di danh gia ting ket nhu sau: 56 II TRUCJNG BAI HDC THLI B D HA HOI Danh gia tong ket Danh gia qua trinh Danh gia "kin", hinh thiic dan dieu (chii yeu bang hinh thirc viet, van dap) Danh gia "md", vdi nhilu hinh thiic da dang (du an, trinh diln, thuc hanh, ho sa hgc lap, nhat ki ) Do ngudi day thuc hien Cd su tham gia cua ngudi hoc Canh tranh Hpp tac, chia se, dinh hudng Danh gia dya vao ket qua cuoi ciing Danh gia dya vao qua trinh hoc tap Danh gia cuoi khoa Danh gia timg phan Diem la quan trgng Nang luc hoc lap la quan trgng Chirc nang phan loai, sang loc Chirc nang Ihco doi, cai den, phai tnen Mang tinh thu tuc Mang tinh van hoa, nhan van 2.2 Tac dong cua danh gia qua trinh vol hoat dong hoc tap doc lap cua sinh vien Hpc tap dpc lap (Independent Learning) trpng tieng Viet quen dugc gpi la tu hpc, chi each hpc tap kliong phii thupc, hpc tap ducri chinh su quan li ciia minh chir khong dua vao chi dan, quyet dinli, menh lenh hay tac dpng true tiep ctia nguai khac Y6u to then chot, dac trung cho hoc tap doc lap la su chuyen giao trach nhiem qua trinh hpc tap tir nguoi day sang nguoi hpc do, nguoi hpc CO nhirng dac di6m: 1- Tinh lu dinh huong, tir chu trpng nhan thirc; 2- Tinli chii dpng, tir luc hanh dpng; 3- Tinh tu nguyen, tu giac thai dp, xiic cam [1, tr 32-33, 24], [3, tr.4-7, 21] Hoat dpng hpc lap dpc lap co vai tro quyet dinh sir phat triSn ciia moi ca nhan S\r phat trien dp khpng don thuan la diem s6, la nhilTig tich nguoi hpc dat duoc ma quan trpng hon la nhung nang lire, pham ehSt d l nguoi hpc co th6 hpc tap su6l doi, thich ang doi vol cac yeu cau cang cao gia dinli, nha trucmg va xa hpi Dac bict dao tao tin chi hien a trucmg dai hpc, hpc tap dpc lap la duong chinh y6u d6 sinh vicn LO Ihc tu cai bi6n minh, tu rcn iuycn minli de tro lhanh chuyen gia v6 mot ngli6 DE ihuc day hpc lap doc lap boi canh giao due dai hpc hien nay, cac trucmg phai ti£n h,inh dong bp nhieu giai phap lii' not dung chuong trinh, phirong phap day hpc, moi Irucmg hpc lap Trong chuyen doi tir danh gia kil qua sang danh gia qua trinh la mpt giai phap mang linh chat chien lupc nhung it dupe quan tam Cac nghien ciru tren the gipi da chi nhicu tac dpng ciia danh gia qua trinh d6i vol hgc tap dpc lap Trong do, phai k6 dSn nhirng tac dpng co ban sau [2, tr.27-32], [5, pp.365-379], [7,pp.l99-2I8], [8]: TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 3/2D1B ll " Bdnh gid qud trinh khuyin khich sir nd lire, tri dong luc hoc tap cua sinh vien Qua danh gia qua trinh, nguoi hgc thiy duoc su tien bg ciia minh va dan tu tin hom vao ban than, tham gia vao viec hgc vdi muc dich ro rang Han niia, hp dugc khuyen khich the hien nhiing each thiic hoan nhiem vu mgt each da dang phii hgp vdi nhiing diem manh, diem yeu khac ciia ca nhan, vay, no phat trien su ty y thiic, long ty trgng \a dgng luc hgc tap cua ngudi hgc Danli gia qua trinh se cung cap cho sinh vien (SV) nhimg thong tin kip thai ve su tien bg va nhirng diem can khac phuc xuat hien qua trinh hgc doc lap, giup ngudi hgc lien tuc cai thien ket qua hgc tap, giiip hg hpc tap cong, hpc cd ket qua ro rang Cam giac cdng lu6n la dpng luc giup ngudi manh me han va ty tin hem hpc tap va phat trien ca nhan, thiic day nhu cau hgc tap Viec ket noi nhiem vu hgc tap vdi the gidi thuc ciia cac nhiem vu danh gia qua trinh gnip ngudi hgc thay rd muc dich cua hgc tap, cd dgng lye hpc tap hom, va hgc tap cd y nghTa hem Ddnh gid qua trinh phat trien tu y thicc ciia ngu&i hgc Muon hgc dgc lap, ngudi hgc trudc het can co nhan thiic dung dan ve ban than la nhimg hieu biet, y niem ve chinh minh, bao gom: phong each hoc tap, nang luc, diem manh, diem yeu ciia ban than, nhung dieu phii hgp va klidng phii hgp vdi minh, tnet li, muc tieu (udc ma, li tudng); hoan canh, dieu ki^n sdng cua ban than., Chi klii SV cd nhung hieu biet ve chinh ban than minh thi qua trinh hpc tap dgc lap, hg mdi cd kha nang tu chii va tu quyet; phan tich, danh gia chinh xac cae thdng tin de dua nhiing lya chgn phii hgp vdi ban than hoc tap Danh gia qua trinh luon khuyen khich SV ty danh gia, nd ciing cho phep SV cd nhieu lya chgn viec kien tao va xac djnh nhiing gi hg se trinh bay nhu mgt minh chirng ve nang lye that eiia hg, vi vay nd phat trien nang luc phan hdi, ty y thiic eiia moi ca nhan ngudi hgc Ddnh gid qud trinh thiic ddy cdc kT ndng hgc tap Danh gia qua trinh ludng ca qua trinh thuc hien chii khdng chi quan tam den ket qua, vi vay, qua nhirng yeu cau S\' lap ke hoach, td chiic, quan H viec hgc ciia minh hay cua nhdm, danh gia qua trinli se thiic day cae kl nang nhan thiic, kT nang quan li hpc tap Hem niia, cac nhiem \'ii da dang ciia danh gia qua trinh (dac biet la cac nhiem vu thue) cung cap cac ca hgi de S\' ap dung cac kT nang thyc hanh, van dung kien thirc vao giai quyet cac van de thyc tien, lang co hpi chia se, hgp tac giiia cac vien nhom hgc tap, giiia cac ca nhan \'di nhau, gnip hg rcn kTnang hgp tac giao tiep, tao mdi trudng hoc tap than thien Nd cung ddi hdi sinh vien phai kien tao san pham chir khong phai chon hay viet cau tra Idi dimg Dieu se tao dieu kien cho day hgc kien lao, phat huy tinh dpc lap, sang tao ciia ngudi hpc, dac biet la phat tnen cae ki nang tu bac cao nhu phan tich, phan hdi, sang tao lam nen tang cho hgc tap dpc lap Tom lai, neu to chirc tot danh gia qua trinh se hinh dpng ca hgc tap diing dSn cho ngirdi hoc phat tnen nhCmg kT nang giiip ngudi hgc 16 chiic qua trinh hgc dgc lap ciia TRUCJNG DAI HOC T H p B I J H A H g i 58 minh, d6ng thcri nhirng nhiem vu xac thuc danh gia qua trinh cung tao moi tnrcmg thuan Ipi ii thiic ddy qua trinh hpc tap dpc lap diSn 2.3 M o hinh danh gia qua trinh huomg tfri thiic day hoc tap doc lap ciia S V LSy cam himg tir mo hinli thiSt kS ADDIE [6] va dua tren cac nghien ciru li luan ve hpc tap dpc lap, danh gia qua trinh, chiing tpi ii xiik mo hinh danh gia qua trinh hircmg toi thtic ddy hpc tap doc lap eua SV nhu sau Qua trinh ben t r o n g ngu'o'i hpc \f ^.' o-s: '/ PhSn tich (2) Thiet ke!(3) | ^ -,r> Thychi?n(4) ' lit j k i i i - : • • - ^ O-'c ; > 'ID E " Dieu chinh (5) -^ J-*^ Qua trinh hpc tap doc lap (7) ir « Ilinli 1: ,1/(5 hinh ddnh giii qua trinh hudng tdi thuc day hgc lap dgc lap M6 hinh tren dien giai cau tnic ciia qua trinh hgc tap doe lap dien ben ngudi hgc (5 pha: phan tich, thiet ke, thyc hicn, dicu chinh, danh gia) va nhirng mdi lien he vdi cac yeu td ciia danh gia qua trinh (ty danh gia, danh gia cua giang vicn, danh gia eiia cac ben lien quan) Qua trinh hgc lap dgc lap dugc kich hoat tir mgt nhiem vu hgc tap (1) giang vien (GV) thiet kc (bai tap) hoac tir mgt yeu cau ciia thuc tiln (tinh hudng), Moi nhiem vu hgc tap bao gdm nhiing ticu chi, ticu chuan, yeu cSu doi hdi ngudi hgc dat dugc Trong giang day, d giai doan nay, ngoai vice cu the hoa cac muc ticu nhicm vu diip irng (dat dupe gi?) va ticu chi dicu kicn {lam dugc di5u kicn nao?), GV cdn phai phd bicn each Ihirc quy trinh danh gia, cong cu va cac ticu chi ap dung danh gia (dal mire nao Ihl dugc danli gia sao?) TAP CHI KHDA HDC - SD 3/2D1B 59 Qua trinh hgc tap dgc lap cua ngudi hgc dugc mo ta khu \'yc sam mau dugc dien raqua giai doan: Giai doan 1- Phdn tich (2): Nguai hpc tien hanh nhan thiic, dien dat, xaydyng giai thich ca nhan \k y nghTa va yeu cau ciia cac nhiem vu hpc tap dugc dat Tu danh gia va danh gia ngoai giai doan giup ngudi hpc phan tich de thay ro d6i tuong hpc tap, cac ngu6n luc hien cd, diem manh, diem yeu cua ban than de thiet lap dugc muc ticu hgc tap cua minh Day co the coi la budc chuyen doi myc tieu ben ngoai muc tieu npi tai eua ngudi hoc Ngudi hgc djnh vi ro muc tieu va biet minh dang d dau tren dudng vuon tdi muc tieu dd, nhiing ngudn lye nao co the hd trg, nhirng kho khan nao se phai vugt qua, nhirng ITnh vyc nao can bo kliuyet, cai thien Giai doan - Thiet ke (3): Tir ket qua phan tich d giai doan tnrdc, d budc nay, ngudi hgc xac dinh ro each thuc, bien phap, tien de dat dugc muc tieu hgc tap Tu danh gia cung cap nhirng phan hdi ve cac kinh nghiem, cac chien luge hgc tap trudc dd de sinh vien lap ke hoach ngan ban \'a dai hai va chien thuat hpc tap cho tirng mdn, timg phan, tirng thai diem, lung giai doan cu the Ngudi hgc xac dinh ro cac chien luge nhan thirc, cac nguon lye ho trg timg giai doan, cac bien phap giai quyet de img phd vdi cac tinh huong phat sinh hgc tap GV va cac ben lien quan cung cd the tham gia vao qua trinh thiet ke bang nhimg thong tin phan hoi ve ke hoach chien luge hpc tap ma ngudi hgc xay dung Giai dogn - Thicc Jiien (4): Ngudi hpc trien khai tien hanh cac hoat dpng hgc tap theo ke hoach, dong thdi, ty tien hanh giam sat nhiing nd lye ciia ban than, nhiing sy thay doi ve cac yeu cau ciia nhiem vii, m6i trudng hgc tap Nhung thong tin phan hdi dugc cung cap bdi giang vien, ddng nghiep va dac biet la sy tu phan anh ciia ban than giiip ngudi hgc cd the so sanh, tham chieu dugc tien do, hieu suat, miic phat trien hien tai vdi muc tieu, ke hoach da de d pha suy tinli trudc thii thai ciia ban than Tren ca sd do, ngudi hgc xac dinh nen tiep tyc cac che dp hgc tap hien tai hay can thiet phai thay ddi, dieu chinh Dong thai, ngudi hpc ciing xac dinh nhu cau can hd trg ciia ca nlian Giai doan - Dieu chinh (5) Tir cac thdng lin giam sat d giai doan 3, ngudi hgc dieu chinli hanh vi, phong each, cac nd luc, thai do, tinli cam hgc tap ciia ban than de piiii hgp vdi sy thay ddi ciia nhiem vu hay moi trudng hgc tap va theo kip lien dp hgc tap de ra, Trong giai doan nay, nguoi hgc cd the tim kiem su giiip da ben ngoai de cai thien cdng viec hgc tap cua ban than Tham chi, can thiet, ngudi hgc cd the thay doi hoac dam phan lai cac nhiem \u, dieu chinh muc ticu hoc tap n6u thSy nd khong phii hop Tu danh gia va danh gia ngoai \ In cung cap thdng tin cac phan hdi d^ ngudi hgc giam sat qua trinh dieu chinh ciia minh xem nhOng thay ddi that sy phii hop va hieu qua dh tiep tuc cai thien 60 II T R U d N G BAI HCpC THlIl BO HA HOr Qua trinh hpc tap dgc lap dien ben ngudi hpc (7) dugc dinh hudng va giam sat bdi vai tro tmng tam ciia hoat dgng ty danh gia (6) Kk qua hgc tap (8) sau qua trinh cd thS la nhiing nang luc ma ngudi hgc ty phan anh, ty cam nlian dugc tir ben hoac th6 hien ben ngoai thong qua cae san pham hiiu hinh va hanh vi cd the quan sat dugc Viec ty danh gia hay danh gia ngoai cua GV (9) va cac ben lien quan (ban hpc, co van hgc tap, nhan vien, phu huynh, cac doi tugng lien quan hay tham chi mgt cai may tinh) (10) giai doan se giup ngudi hpc cd the nhin nhan, danli gia mire dp thay doi, tien bo, phat trien ciia ban than Khi ngudi hpc dat ket qua tot, se cimg cd niem tin, su ty y thiic, long ty trpng, tang su hai long va tri dgng lye hgc tap Khi ket qua hgc tap khong nhir y, vice ty phan h6i nhirng nguyen nhan that bai, nit nhirng bai hgc kinh nghiem cd gia trinh cho qua trinh hgc lap tiep Iheo Cac phan hdi ben ngoai cd the phii hgp, tuong ddng, bo sung nhung cung cd the xung dot, kh6ng tuong thich vdi ket qua ty danh gia ciia ngudi hgc Tuy nhien, dii theo hudng nao, sinh vien cung can va nen tich cue tham gia doi thoai, trao doi, tuang tac vai cac yeu td ben ngoai de giai thich, lam ro hon cac ket qua danli gia phan hdi Sau qua trinli lai lam xuat hien cac nhiem vii nhan thirc mdi ddi hoi ngudi hgc can phai ticp tuc hpc tap va nghien ciin 2.4, Cac bien phap danh gia qua trinh huo'ng tdi thuc day hoc tap doc lap cua sinh vicn a Lam ro vd bien muc tieu, yeu cdu ddnh gid Sinh vien chi cd the dat dugc muc tieu hpc tap neu hp hieu dugc nhiing muc lieu, yen cau can dat duac Muc tieu danh gia cd chiic nang dinh hudng qua trinh hgc tap dgc lap va la can cir de tu danh gia va danh gia ddng dang De lam rd yeu cau nhiem vii, GV nen cung cap cho sinh vien phieu danh gia theo tieu chi (Rubric), dd cac tieu chi dugc cu lli^ hoa - ihiinh cac chi bao, chi so hay cac bieu hien hanh vi cd thg quan sal, d6m dugc vcri cac mire/cap dd hoan kliac b Tao dieu kien cho SV iliam gia ddnh gid Tu danh gia la mot hanh dgng khong thS tach rdi, la tmng tam cita qua trinh hpc lap dgc lap nhu da phan tich d muc 2.3 SV khong chi ty danh gia ma cdn co th^ dugc tham gia vao qua trinli xac dinli cac tieu chi danh gia th6 nao la mgt qua tdt, tu thiet kg cac cau hdi, cac tieu chi de danh gia qua trinh hgc lap ciia minh Klii ngudi hgc dam nhan vai ird lich eye vice xay dyng ticu chi chSm dicm, ty danh gia, va dh muc tieu, dicu dd cung co nghTa hi ngu'di hgc sfm sang chap nhan each thirc da duoc xay dyng d£ danh gia kha nang hoc tap cua hg Ciing vdi tu danh gia, can khuyen khich hoat dgng danh gia ddng dang, cho phep ngudi hgc tham gia vao vice danh gia san pham, c6ng vice ciia TAP CHI KHOA HDC - SO 3/Z01B 61 nhiing ngudi ciing hgc khac Qua do, SV co th8 hpc hoi nhung diem hay hoac nit kinh nghiem tir nhiing chua t6t ciia ban; hinh ro rang hon ban than minh cac yeu cau ve hpc tap, ve each ung xii vdi ngudi kliac, tir do, dieu chinh hay phat trien hanh vi, thai dp eua ban than c Cung cdp thong tin phdn hoi cd chdt licang cao Cd hai dang phan hoi: phan hdi tich cue - vi su tien bp cua ngudi hgc va phan h6i theo kieu "klien va che" - mang tinh ca nhan, chung chung, kh6ng ro rang, chii trgng vao ngudi va dya tren quan diem, cam nhan ciia ngudi dua y kien phan hdi Danh gia qua trinh nen cung cap cac phan hoi tich eye, dua nhiing thong tin cu the, trgng tam vao van de va dua tren sy quan sat, neu Ien nhiing diem tich eye va nhimg diem can cai thien Chgn dia diem thich hgp, dac biet la dua y kien phan hdi nhiing van de ca nhan can cai thien nen chpn chd rieng tu Ngudi dua phan hdi can dya tren nliiing hanh vi cu the, nhung hien tupng vira quan sat va ghi chep dugc de phan hoi, klidng tu danh gia, ap dat hoac suy dien Khi phan hdi can neu cu the ve nhiing diem can cai thien, nen chu trgng vao nhiing hanh vi cd the thay ddi, thao luan giai phap cai thien mgt each cu the d Kich thich dgng lice hoc tap tich cicc vd long tu trgng ciia SV Danh gia dudi dang nhan xet tich eye ciia GV, cua ban ciing lap cd tae dung nudi duang nhiing suy nghT tich cue, hinh sy ty tin, long ty trgng d SV, khuyen khich, dgng vien, thue day ngudi hgc hanh dgng Ndi den danh gia vi sy tien bp ciia SV nghTa la danh gia phai lam de sinli vien khdng sg hai, klidng bi tdn thuang Nen bat dau phan hdi bang each neu bat nhirng diem tich cue trudc, khdng nen xau chudi nhimg loi, khuyet diem qua khir, trir tmdng hap can nlian manh nliiing hanh \'i cd tinh chat he thong Danh gia la vi ngudi nhan, khdng phai vi ngudi danh gia Do vay, danh gia, GV va ngudi danh gia can nghiem tuc, can trong, tinh toan den tac dgng eiia nhiing thdng tin phan hdi ma minh dua e Sic diing cdc hinh thicc ddnh gid khdc Mdi ca nhan de cong hpc dudng, dat, hanh phiic, dc cd the hgc tap sudt ddi can sd hiru nhieu nang lye, kT nang khac nliau Nang luc hgc tap dgc lap cua ciia mdi ca nhan cung gom nhicu thanli phan va la mpt phd tir nang luc bac thap nhu nhan bicL/ tim kiem thong tin (tai tao) tdi nang luc bac cao (khai quat hoa/phan anh) Do vay, GV phai sir dung nhieu loai hinh, cong cu danh gia nham hudng tdi viec dicu chinh cac loai nang lye khac eiia ngudi hpc d eac mire dp kliac Nang luc hoc tap doe lap va cac lhanh l6 ciia no khong bat bien ma dugc hinh va h\in ddi lien tuc sudt qua trinh hgc va rcn lii>cn ciia m6i ca nhan Moi ket qua kiSm tra danh gia chi la mdt "lat cat", vay moi phai xet quyet dmh ve sinh vien phai sii dung du nhi6u thdng tin tir cac k6t qua 62 II T R U d N G BAI HOC T H O B HA HOt ki6m tra danh gia, Moi mpt c6ng cu danli gia cd nhiing im, nhugc di§m va thich hgp vdi nhiing thdi diem, bdi canh danh gia rieng Vi vay, danh gia qua trinh, ngudi day nen phdi hgp linh hoat cac cdng cu danh gia qua trinh de cd dugc nhin nhan chinh xac, tong the ve ngudi hgc Cac cdng cu bao g6m: So ghi chep (nhat ki), bao cao thuc hien cdng viec, phieu hpc tap, phieu ty danli gia ciia ngudi hpc (Rubric), bang kilm, thang do, cac bai kiem tra (pre-test/lest): kiem tra dau gid, giira gid, cudi gia mdi bai day; he thong cau hdi dugc ket hap qua trinli day hpc; phieu kiem tra nhanh cudi gid: dien cho trong, Viet tir luan ngan hay hd sa hpc tap / Phdn hoi thic&ng xuyen, lien tuc suot qud trinh hoc Y kien phan h6i cd hieu qua tot nhat klii dd la mgt qua trinh lien tuc hon la mot qua trinh rdi rac mot hoac hai lan Can khuyen khich cac cuoc trao ddi, thao luan, phan hoi thudng xuyen giira nhirng ngudi hpc va giao vien, sdm bien nd trd mgt thdi quen Cac phan h6i can kip thai, tot nhat ma su vice van cdn "tuoi mdi" dau ciia ca ngudi dua va nhan phan hoi Hay khen nggi lap tiic hieu qua cong viec tdt Cdn y kien phan hoi la klidng tich cue, thi hay phan hdi vong 24 gid Tang cudng sii dung cac hinh thiic phan hdi khac nhu: tich hgp gid day hgc: chinh thirc/khong chinh thirc; cac gid tra bai; cac gid boat dgng khac (tren Idp/ngoai lap); trao dfil qua, dien thoai, e-mail, blog, wiki Dieu cung thiic ddy cae mdi quan he giira SV va GV, hay SV vdi ban hoc, tao mdi tmdng hgc tap than thien tao d\h,\\ kien cho hgc tap dpc lap dien g Tao CO hoi de thu hep khoang cdch giira hieu sudt hien lgi vd muc lieu ki vgng Danh gia qua trinh hudng tdi phat tri£n cac nang lire cua ngudi hgc mot each hk vung, can tao dieu kien cho sinh vien kliai thac, van dung cac kiSn thirc, kT nang lien mon va xuyen mon Cac nhiem vu danh gia c3n gidng nhu gian giao h6 trg ngudi hgc dkn tik den muc tieu hgc tap ciia minh, tao co hgi, mdi tmang dl ngudi hgc rcn luyen dap irng cac mire phat trien tir th^p den cao Vice tao ca hgi bao g6m ca viec cho phep sinh vicn thue hien lai nhiem vu hoac thuc hicn cac nhiem vu tuong ty Giai phap ciing ddi hoi GV tham gia hd trg SV de thu hep khoang each, lang cudng tu v^n, ddi thoai Phuang phap, cong cii danli gia va phuang phap su pham c5n hudng tdi phat huy tinh thdn lu lire, chii dgng va sang (ao cua SV hpc tap, chii trpng thyc hanh, ren luyen va phat tnen ki nang Qua nhirng phan doan, nhan xet v6 viec hpc eiia SV, GV nhSt thi6t phai giiip cho cac em nhan chieu hudng phat trifin tuang lai ciia ban than, nhan nhirng tiem n5ng Clia minh Nha vay, thiic day cac em phat tnCm long lu im, ca hudng phdn ddu hpc tap va hinh lhanh nang lye ty danh gia TAP C H IKHDA HOC - BD 3/ZD1S II ^^ KET LUAN Danh gia qua trinh vdi nhiing phan hoi thucmg xuyen, lien tiic cd mpt vai tro quan trong day va hpc d dai hgc Nd khdng nham muc dich dua ket luan ve ket qua giao due cudi ciing ciia timg ngudi hpc ma tap tmng vao viec tim nhiing nhan to tac dgng den ket qua hgc tap cua ngudi hgc de cd nhirng giai phap kjp thai, diing liic, giiip cai thien, nang cao chat lugng dao tao Dac biet, danh gia qua trinh cd nhiing tac dpng manh me: khuyen khich su n6 lye, tri dpng lye hgc tap, phat trien tu y thiic, thiic day cac kT nang hgc tap tao mdi trudng thuan lgi de thiic day hoat dpng hpc tap dpc lap eua sinh vien dien Md hinh danh gia qua trinh va cac giai phap de xuat tren hudng vao viec cung cap cac thdng tin phan hdi thudng xuyen, da dang, cd chat lugng, do, nhan manh vai trd quan cua tu phan hdi, ty danh gia Tuy nhien, cac giai phap trinh bay tren khdng phai la tat ca ma chi don thuan mang y nghTa khai dau, ggi md cho nhirng nghien cim sau hon TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ngo Hai Chi (2013), "Dac diem va cac miic dp cua hgc tap dpc lap", Tgp chi gido diic So dac bict, 8/2013 Ton Quang Cudng (2009), "Thiet ke quy trinh day hpc theo tiep can chuan quoc te", Tdi lieu lap huan ddnh cho gido vien cdc truang THPT chuyen, Khoa Su pham, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi Dang Thanh Hung (2012), "Ban chai va dieu kien ciia vice ly hgc", Tgp chi Khoa hoc Gido £/(/c.s6 78, thang 3/2012 Nguyen Cdng Khanh (chii bien), Dao Thi Oanh, Le Mi Dung (2014), Kiem tra ddnh gid gido due, Nxb Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi Harlen, Wynne and James, Mary (1997), "Assessment and Learning: differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment" Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 4: Molenda, Michael (2003), "In Search of the Elusi ve ADDIE Model", Performance improvement 42 (5) Nicol, D j & Macfarlane-Dick, D (2006), "Formatn'e assessment and self-regulated teaming, A model and seven principles of good feedback practice", Studies in Higher Education, 31 (12) Popham, \V J (2008), Transformative Assessment, Alexandria Virginia ASCD Sadler, D R (1998) Formative assessment: Revisiting the territory .Assessment in education, 5(1) 10 Wiham, D (2007) Content then process: Teacher learning communities in the ser\'ice of fomialive assessment Ahead oflhe curve" The power of assessment to iransfomi teaching and learning 64 II T R U a N B BAI H D C THlll BO HA HDI PROMOTING INDEPENDENT LEARNING THROUGH FOMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION Abstract: TJiis article focuses on analyzing the nature of the Formative Assessment and its impacts on promoting independent learning in Higher Education Based on the result of research conducted, the authors also present a model of formative assessment and solutions system that help students to take responsibility for their learning - le become independent learners The authors hope that this research will suggest new and more effective solutions to fulfill a need in higher education for both practical and theoretical information for Vietnamese experts Keywords- active learning, assessment, formative independent learning assessment, higher education, ... Danh gia qua trinh ludng ca qua trinh thuc hien chii khdng chi quan tam den ket qua, vi vay, qua nhirng yeu cau S'' lap ke hoach, td chiic, quan H viec hgc ciia minh hay cua nhdm, danh gia qua trinli... phirong phap day hpc, moi Irucmg hpc lap Trong chuyen doi tir danh gia kil qua sang danh gia qua trinh la mpt giai phap mang linh chat chien lupc nhung it dupe quan tam Cac nghien ciru tren the gipi... dinh hudng Danh gia dya vao ket qua cuoi ciing Danh gia dya vao qua trinh hoc tap Danh gia cuoi khoa Danh gia timg phan Diem la quan trgng Nang luc hoc lap la quan trgng Chirc nang phan loai,