KINDS OF ADVANCED SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION PATTERNS NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH Tài liệu không trình bày lại kiến thức cơ bản mà tập trung vào việc nêu lên các phần kiến thức.
NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH Tài liệu khơng trình bày lại kiến thức mà tập trung vào việc nêu lên phần kiến thức nâng cao BT ứng dụng liên quan tới 20 chuyên đề chính, tập trung nhiều vào vấn đề hay khó thường gặp đề thi Các câu hỏi hay khó có đáp án, giải thích chi tiết đặc biệt có ghi nguồn gốc tài liệu tham khảo câu phần đáp án CD1: Modal Verbs CD2: Reducing a clause CD3: Passive Voice CD4: Subjunctives and Unreal Tenses CD5: Clauses of Concession and Reason CD6: Tenses CD7: Conditions CD8: Comparisons CD9: Styles CD10: Noun Clauses CD11 : V.ing/ Infinitives CD12: Paired Conjunctions CD13: Relative Clauses CD14: Inversions CD15: So … that/ Such … that CD16: Cleft Sentences CD17: Phrasal Verbs CD18: Idioms CD19: Reported Speech CD20: Others Quà tặng miễn phí kèm theo: 50 đề thi HSG lớp Tuyển tập đề thi HSG lớp 10 60 Đề thi HSG lớp 11 50 Đề thi HSG lớp 12 120 Đề Ôn thi THPT Quốc gia Bộ sưu tập cụm động từ thành ngữ hay gặp đề thi CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: MODAL VERBS I Some Common Modal Verbs Must/ Have to - Must: phải => diễn tả cần thiết, bắt buộc (mang tính cá nhân); hản => diễn tả suy luận logic ht E.g - She’s a really nice person You must meet her (= I say this is necessary) Cô người thật tốt Anh phải gặp (= tơi nói điều cần thiết) - I haven’t phoned Ann for ages I must phone her tonight Đã lâu không gọi điện thoại cho Ann Tôi phải gọi cho cô tối - You must be worried that she is so late coming home Chắc hẳn bạn phải lo lắng nhà trễ - The grass is wet It must be raining - You must be hungry You haven't eaten anything all day (Opposite: - You can't be hungry You've just eaten.) - Have to: phải => diễn tả bắt buộc không mang tính chất cá nhân, thường nói quy định, luật lệ, hồn cảnh khách quan Have to khơng phải trợ động từ có nghĩa giống trợ động từ Must E.g - You can’t turn right here You have to turn left (because of the traffic system) Anh rẽ phải Anh phải rẽ trái (do luật giao thông) - My eye sight isn’t very good I have to wear glasses for reading Thị lực tơi khơng tốt Tơi phải đeo kính để đọc sách (do hoàn cảnh thực tế) - George can’t come out with us this evening He has to work George với tối Anh phải làm việc - Mustn’t don’t have to hoàn toàn khác + Mustn’t St: khơng (phép) làm E.g - You must keep it a secret You mustn’t tell anyone (=don’t tell anyone) Bạn phải giữ điều bí mật Bạn khơng nói với + Don’t have to St: khơng cần thiết phải làm điều (nhưng làm bạn muốn) E.g - You can tell me if you want but you don’t have to tell me (= you don’t need to tell me) Bạn kể với tơi bạn muốn bạn khơng bắt buộc phải nói với tơi (= bạn khơng cần phải nói với tơi) I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early Sáng mai khơng làm việc, tơi khơng phải dậy sớm Need (cần) - Need: sử dụng động từ thường + Need to St: chủ ngữ vật thể sống => cần phải … E.g - He will need to drive home alone tonight - John needs to paint his house + Need doing St/ Need to be done: chủ ngữ vật thể sống (= Want/Require + V.ing => dùng) E.g - The grass needs cutting (= The grass needs to be cut.) - The television needs repairing (The television needs to be repaired.) - Your essays need rewriting (Your essays need to be rewritten.) - Need: sử dụng trợ động từ thể phủ định, nghi vấn thời (khơng có s ngơi số ít) E.g - We needn’t reserve seats – There will be plenty of rooms - Needn’t hình thức phủ định Must (vì Mustn’t có nghĩa không phép) E.g You needn’t apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are not an EU citizen, you mustn’t unless you have a visa Can: Có thể => khả người, gợi ý, … E.g - I can swim - Can I help you? Could: Có thể (chỉ khả người khứ, hỏi đường, yêu cầu lịch …) E.g - When I was young, I could swim very well - Could you tell me the way to the nearest post office, please? - Could you close the windows, please? May: Có thể => khả việc, xin phép, cho phép, … E.g - May I go out? - China may become a major economic power (TQ trở thành cường quốc kinh tế.) Might: Có thể => khả việc, … E.g - We had better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now Should/Ought to/ Had better/ Be(ht) supposed to: nên => khuyên bảo … E.g - I think we should check everything again * Should: ngồi should cịn dùng để diễn tả điều khơng mong đợi E.g - The price on this packet is wrong It says 65 cents but It should be 50 (giá ghi gói hàng khơng Nó ghi 65 xu 50 xu thôi) - The train should be here now (Đáng lẽ tàu phải đến rồi.) * If… should: mà … => chắn E.g - If you should see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me? (Nếu tối gặp bạn Tom, bạn bảo gọi điện thoại cho không?) Câu tương tự câu “If you see Tom “(Nếu bạn gặp Tom) (khơng có should) Với should người nói chắn (less certain) hơn: - If it should rain, can you bring in the washing from the garden? (Nếu trời mưa, đem đồ phơi vườn vào nhé?) May as well/Might as well: Thơi …: Diễn tả việc nên làm khơng cịn khác tốt E.g - You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk (Bạn phải đợi tiếng có chuyến xe bt kế tiếp, thơi bạn cho rồi) - We may as well go to the party We’re nothing else to (Thơi dự tiệc Chúng ta khơng cịn việc khác để làm cả) - ‘’Shall we have dinner now?’’ ‘’We might as well’’ (Chúng ta ăn tối chứ? ‘’Cũng thôi’’) Would like: muốn => diễn tả lời mời mong muốn E.g - Would you like to dance with me? - I would like to visit Thailand II Modal Verbs in the Past Must have + V(p2): chắn đã, đã, chắn phải => suy luận khứ mà người nói biết chắn 100% E.g - It must have rained heavily last night Everything is wet - Hoa should have arrived by now, she must have missed the bus - Jane did very well on the exam She must have studied hard - I didn’t hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house Should(n’t)/Ought(n’t) to + have + V(p2): Lẽ (khơng) nên => Diễn tả điều nên làm qk khơng làm => thường thể núi tiếc, ân hận người nói E.g - He failed his exams He should have studied harder - You oughtn’t have bought a second-hand car It cost you a lot of money to have it repaired Can’t + have + V(p2): Chắc chắn … => Diễn tả điều khơng thể xảy người nói biết chắn E.g - It can’t have been John you saw yesterday He came to Paris last week Couldn’t + have + V(p2): Lẽ có/khơng thể … => Diễn tả khả việc khứ không thực được, việc xảy qk người nói khơng chắn E.g - David could have won the race if he had tried (Lẽ David thắng …) - It could have been Sue, I suppose (Đó Sue, nghĩ =>không chắn) - Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara (= you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't) (Tại bạn lại khách sạn bạn đến New York? Bạn với Barbara mà (=bạn có hội với bạn không thực hiện) - Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right He’s lucky - he could have hurt himself badly (but he didn't hurt himself) (Ngày hôm qua Jack ngã xuống từ thang anh khơng Anh thật may mắn - anh lẽ bị thương nặng (nhưng anh khơng bị thương hết) - The situation was bad but it could have been worse Tình hình xấu tồi tệ nhiều - The cause of death could have been bacteria May/Might + have + V(p2): Có thể …:Diễn tả khả việc khứ không chắn E.g - It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure - I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might heave been sleeping at that time (compare past continuous) - Ben might have gone to the movies yesterday Needn’t + have + V(p2): lẽ không cần … => Diễn tả điều khơng cần phải làm q khứ làm khơng biết trước Bây biết điều khơng cần thiết E.g - It didn’t rain He needn’t have brought the umbrella (He brought it He didn’t know whether it rained or not.) * Needn’t have done St (lẽ khơng cần phải: khơng biết trước nên thực hiện) and Didn’t need to St (không cần thiết phải: biết trước việc từ đầu không thực hiện…) E.g - I didn’t get up early, so I didn’t PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT I advise you to put your money in the bank => You’d _ Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please => Could you _ John offered to carry Jane’s case for her => “Would you like _” The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week (has) => The motor in this machine _ once a week I’d like to invite you to luch => Will you _ ? It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport => Louise may _ It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers => No one need _ It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill => We may _ He is very likely to come (probability) => 10 It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday ought => Next Sunday _ with us 11 Photography is not allowed in the museums photographs => You _ in the museum 12 There’s no need for you to any work if you don’t feel like it have => If you don’t feel like it _ any work 13 It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club need => You _ be a member of the club 14 She was not certain about the trip decide => She _ about the trip 15 A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis => They were _ 16 He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties ABLE => He _ until he was in his twenties 17 Perhaps he’s working late may => He may be working late 18 Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early must => ‘You to _ bed early,’ Mother told Tom 19 They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview HAVE => You a suit for the interview 20 I'd see a doctor if I were you OUGHT => You _ a doctor 21 Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE => When you were younger, _ speak English? 22 I think it’s time the children went to bed now HAD => I think the children _ to bed now 23 I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books MUST => Maria _ reading because she has lots of books 24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD => I wonder _ me the time of the next train to London? 25 I think Roman needs to see a doctor His cough is terrible ought => With that terrible cough, Roman _ a doctor 26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda should => Magda suggested _ a day off 27 George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five => George was 28 I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard => I couldn’t (Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.) 29 If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery => You had 30 Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle (hardly) => Jerry could _ 31 Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => _ 32 You should take an umbrella with you BETTER => You _ an umbrella with you 33 It’s forbidden to take pictures (not) => You _ pictures 34 It isn’t necessary to feed the cats I’ve already fed them (have) => You the cats 35 It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum (not) => You into the museum 36 It isn’t necessary to change the sheets I’ll it tomorrow (need) => You _ the sheets 37 Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m (not) => Students after 11 p.m 38 Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms (have) => Kindergarden students school uniforms PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up => Tom must _ I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill => He couldn’t possibly _ It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night => You should not _ I’m sure she didn’t it on purpose => She can’t Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week (ought) => Diane _ Maybe Mathew forgot all about it => Mathew might I had the chance to a parachute jump, but I was too scared => I could I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather => They can’t _ It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf => You needn’t 10 Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her => Jean’s boss couldn’t 11 Our worrying so much was a waste of time => We needn’t _ 12 It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge! => The cat 13 It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift => Helen _ 14 School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school => We _ 15 His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism => He shouldn’t _ 16 Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough => I might 17 Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets => It 18 It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle => He _ 19 It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that => You oughtn’t _ 20 I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report (OVERLOOKED) => 21 I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe (SHOULD) => I don’t think _ your car to Joe 22 It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own house (PREDICTED) => Nobody could _ face so many problems when we built our own house 23 You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park => It _ 24 He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house => It must _ 25 It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight may => The building after midnight 26 It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday needn’t => You _ me at the airport yesterday 27 It was unkind of you to talk to her like that not => You _ to her like that 28 Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet may => He the doctor’s results yet 29 It is likely that they have already left may => They left 30 I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him must => He the cheque-book with him 31 It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said might => She _ what I had said 32 She is certain to have heard about it on the news must => She _ about it on the news 33 You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen must => You to vote 34 I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment can’t => You Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment 35 It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden should => You those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden 36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face Must => The thief ran right past you so his face 37 It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time might => They _ the message in time 38 I went to the office then remembered it was my day off HAVE => I _ to the office as it was my day off 39 Perhaps we missed the correct turning MIGHT => We the correct turning 40 We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation NEED => We _ book a table at the restaurant 41 You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper ANSWERED => You all the questions on the examination paper 42 I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat MUST => It _ Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat 43 I positively know they haven't accepted the raise => They can't _ 44 Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party COULD => I suppose John about tonight’s party 45 We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room BOOKED => We seats because there was plenty of room 46 Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday Perhaps he was ill might => Marcin _ yesterday 47 I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary taken => I _ a jumper 48 I'm sure he was at home last night must => He _ at home last night 49 Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday Perhaps he was ill might => Maurice _ yesterday 50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary taken => I _ a sweater CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2: CÁC VẤN ĐỀ RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ PHẦN A - CÁC DẠNG RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ A - RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn thành dạng: Hiện phân từ (Present Participle), Qúa khứ phân từ (Past Participle), Động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive), Cụm đồng cách danh từ (Noun Phrase), Cụm giới từ (Preposition Phrase), Tính từ ghép (Compound Adjective) Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng phân từ (Present Participle - V.ing) Khi động từ (V) mệnh đề quan hệ thể chủ động, ta rút gọn cách bỏ bỏ đại từ quan hệ chuyển chuyển động từ dạng V.ing Ví dụ: - You should take care of the things which belong to you => You should take care of the things belonging to you - The fans who want to meet their idol are waiting at the station => The fans wanting to meet their idol are waiting at the station Nếu động từ mệnh đề quan hệ tiếp diễn bỏ đại từ quan hệ động từ To be, giữ nguyên V.ing Ví dụ: - The man who is giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher => The man giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher - The doctors who are working in this hospital are from England => The doctors working in this hospital are from England Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm khứ phân từ (Past Participle - thường viết dạng: V3/Vp2/Vpp/V.ed) Khi động từ mệnh đề quan hệ dạng bị động, ta rút gọn cách bỏ đại từ quan hệ động từ “To be”, giữ lại khứ phân từ Ví dụ: - The picture which was stolen last month has just been found => The picture stolen last month has just been found - The boy who was punished by his father cried bitterly => The boy punished by his father cried bitterly Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive) Ta thường sử dụng động từ nguyên thể to infinitive để rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ chúng đứng sau cụm danh từ có số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh nhất, mệnh để quan hệ dùng để mục đích, nghĩa vụ động từ mệnh đề dạng chủ động hay bị động a Rút gọn dạng động từ nguyên thể “To Infinitive” Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng To Infinitive trước cụm danh từ bắt đầu số thứ tự, hay hình thức so sánh tính từ Ví dụ:- Tom was the last men that left the party => Tom was the last men to leave the party - Minh was the most intelligent person that could answer the question => Minh was the most intelligent person to answer the question Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng To Infinitive mệnh đề quan hệ theo sau mục đích, nghĩa vụ - thường có động từ want, need, động từ khuyết thiếu khác can, could, have to, must, should, … ... ngữ hai mệnh đề khác nhau, phải giữ nguyên chủ ngữ (nếu chủ ngữ danh từ cụm danh từ) chuyển thành dạng đại từ tân ngữ tính từ sở hữu (đối với chủ ngữ đại từ), trường hợp thường áp dụng mệnh đề... cụm đồng cách danh từ Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng cụm đồng cách danh từ mệnh đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây: … N + Who/That/Which + V + N/N.P … ( đó: N - danh từ; N.P - cụm danh từ) Ví dụ:... Cấp độ 2: bỏ chủ ngữ to be => When attacked by a big dog, he ran away Cấp độ 3: bỏ chủ ngữ, bỏ to be liên từ => Attacked by a big dog, he ran away 2)- Chủ ngữ hai mệnh đề Nếu chủ ngữ hai mệnh đề