17* I T R U C J N G DAI HDC T H G DO HA NDI MOT SO BIEN PHAP TO CHUC HOAT DONG TRAI NGHIEM CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC UCH SIT BAI NQI KHOA 1REN L 6 P Nguyin Thi Thanh Thiiy Tnrdng Dai hoc Thu dd Hd Np[.]
17* I T R U C J N G DAI HDC T H G DO HA NDI MOT SO BIEN PHAP TO CHUC HOAT DONG TRAI NGHIEM CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC UCH SIT BAI NQI KHOA 1REN L P Nguyin Thi Thanh Thiiy Tnrdng Dai hoc Thu dd Hd Npi Tdm tdt: Bi ndng cao chdt hcong gidng dgy mdn Lich sir & trudng thong, gido vien cdn phdi biet da dgng hda cdc hinh thirc td chirc dgy hpc Td chuc hogt ddng trdi nghi$m chinh Id co hdi di hpc sinh dupe khdm phd, tim tdi, bdc Id khd nang huy ddng kiin thirc Id ndng gidi quyet cdc vdn di gan vdi cudc song Trin co sd tim hieu khdi niem, bdn chdt, quy trinh ciia hogt ddng trdi nghiim vd xudt phdt tir ddc thit cua mdn Lich su, bdi bdo de xudt mdt sd bien phdp to chirc hogt ddng trdi nghiem cho hpc sinh dgy hpc lich su bdi npi khda tren lap Tir khda: lich sir, td chuc, hogt ddng trdi nghiem, ndi khda Nhan bai 10.3.2019; giii phan bien, chinh sua va duyet dang 10.4.2019 Lien he tac gia: Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy; Email; thuyntt@lmmu.edu.vn l.MdDAU Ngay 28/7/2017, Bp Giao due va Dao tao da edng bd Chuong trinh giao due phd thong mdi Theo dd, boat ddng trai nghiem (HDTN) la hoat ddng giao due bit bupc ddi vdi hpc sinh (HS) tu cap Tieu hpc den Trung bpc phd thdng, gdp phan quan hpng vao thyc hien raue tieu ehuong trinh mdi Ben canh cac HDTN ndi chung, d tung mdn hpc, HDTN cimg dupe dac biet quan tam, chii trpng Ddi vdi mdn Lich su, HDTN da va dang dupe van dung linh boat d trudng phd thong vdi nhieu hinh thiic va ndi dung phong phii Tuy nhien, nhan thiic chua diy dii ve HDTN ndi chung va viec to chiic HDTN hong radn Lich sii nen da sd giao vien (GV) liing ding xac dinh eac hmh thiic, npi dung va bien phap td chiic boat dong Ket qua la cbua phat huy dupe vai trd tich cue cung nhu uu the von cd ciia nd Mdi mon hpc cd nhung dac trung rieng v i ndi dung, phuong phap, nen se cd eac hinh thiic to cbiic HDTN khac Can cii vao li thuyit v i HDTN, li luan v i cac hhih thiic td chiic day hpc Lich sii (DHLS) d trudng phd thong va ban chit HDTN hong mdn Lich su I^^-Pl^KHDA H D D - S D 30/2019 _ _ || 175 ehiing tdi xac dinh cd hmh thiic td chiic day hpc ed kha nang tiin hanh HDTN DHLS d trudng phd thong Cu thi; 1) Td chiic fIDTN cho HS DHLS bai ndi khda tren Idp; 2) Td chiic HDTN ed su ket hpp giiia hoat ddng ndi khda vdi boat dong ngoai khoa; 3) Td chiie HDTN cho HS tiidng qua boat ddng ngoai khda Mdi hinh tiiirc HDTN noi hen deu tiim tang nhiing kha nang va hieu qua giao due nhit dinh Nhd cac hinh tbiic to cbiic da dang, phong phii ma viec giao diic Lich sii cho HS dupe tiiirc hien mdt each tu nhien, sinh ddng, nhe nhang, hip din, khdng gd bd va khd eiing, phii hpp vdi dac diim tam sinh li ciing nhu nhu ciu, nguyen vpng cua HS Trong bai viit nay, chiing tdi chi tap trung vao eac bien phap td chiic HDTN cho HS Trung hpc eo sd (THCS) qua bai ndi khda tren lop NQI DUNG 2.1 To chirc cho HS trao doi, thao luan d§ tao tinh hudng cd vSn sh va neu bai tap nh§n thirc dau giif Td ehiic HS trao ddi, thao luan de tao tinh hudng cd vin di va neu bai tap nhan thiic dau gid se tao su kich thich boat ddng tri tuS cho HS Bdi vi HS bSc THCS cd t^m li rit hieu ki, td md Do do, GV tao tmh hudng cd vin di, tiic la dat HS diing trudc tinh huong khd khan mdi ddi hdi phai van dung kiin thiic da cd (ki ca vdn thuc ti) di giai quyet vSn de mdi, HS se cam thay vua hdi hop, vtra khao khat tim hieu Tu dd, cae em khdng ngiing hanh ddng, suy nghT, tim tdi, kham pha Vi$c suy nghT tich cue dd ciing ehinh la HS dang dupe trai nghiem tu duy, tri nao Khdng dung lai y nghT, tinh tich cue cua HS cdn dupe bieu hien cu the hon cac em tham gia vao boat ddng thao luan Thao luan khdng chi mang lai cho HS nhiing kien thiic radi, ma edn gdp phan bdi dudng Id nang trinh bay, lap luan, vira ren luyen tinh linh boat hong each nhin nhan mpt van de tii nhieu gdc dp, phuong dien khac De van dung bien phap su pham tren bieu qua, GV can chii y mdt sd yeu cau Cu the: 1) GV can ed su chuan bi chu dao ve ndi dung, dinh hudng mue tieu, tien hinh cupe thao luan Van de dua trao ddi, thao luan phai phii hpp vdi ndi dung bai hpc; phu hpp vdi dac diem Ilia tudi; trinh dp nhan thiie va chiia dung nhung yeu td kieh thich nhu cau tu cua HS; 2) GV can viing li luan ve tinh hudng cd van de ndi chung va tinh huong ed van de hong DHLS ndi rieng Tii do, GV cd kT thuat xay dung cac tinh hudng cd van de hap dan, cudn hiit HS; 3) Trong tien trinh thao luan, GV ludn ddng vai trd la ngudi diiu khiin, dinh hudng, ho ho HS; 4) GV can tao co hdi di tit ca HS diu tham gia, khuyen khich HS Ur sang tao va chu ddng dua y kien 176 T R U d N E BAI HDC T H C I B D HA NDI Tir nhiing nguyen tac co ban neu tren, de dam bao tinh su pham va phii hpp vdi npi dung, muc dich eiia bai hpc LS, chiing tdi de xuat quy trinh td chiic HS hao ddi, thao lu^n de tao tinh hudng ed van de va neu bai tap nhan thiic dau gid nhu sau: Tao tinh ^ \ huong CO ^ " k vande ^ ^ vaneu BTNT diu gicr Vi du: Khi day bai 23: "Tdng kh&i nghia thdng Tdm ndm 1945 vd su thdnh lap nuoc Viet Nam dan chu cpng hda" (Lich su 9), GV ed the td ehiie nhu sau: Budc J: Chuyen giao vd nhdn nhiem trao ddi, thdo ludn Dau gid, GV dua van de nhu sau day bai 23: Ban ve thing loi ciia each mang thang Tam 1945 d Viet Nam, mot sd sir gia tu san cho rang: "Do la mdt su "dn may" vino diin dieu kiin "trong vdng quyin luc", cdn cdc nhd su hpc cua chung ta thi khdng dinh: thdnh cdng ciia cdch mgng thdng Tdm khdng phdi Id su "dn may" md Id qud trinh chudn bi lau ddi kit hpp v&i nghe thudt ch&p th&i co ciia Bdng Vdy, cdc em dongy vdiy kiin nao? Tgi sao?" HS nhan nhiem vu Bu&c 2: Hu&ng ddn HS quan sdt, thu thap thdng tin GV t i cbiic de HS lam viee theo nhdm Cu thi, GV chia lop nhdm Nhom tan ddng quan diim cho rang each mang thang Tam la su "an may" Do dd, nhiem vu cua nhdm la tun kiem nhiing luan cii, luan chiing de chiing minh cho quan diim Nhdm ddng y vdi quan diim eho ring edng cua Caeh mang thang Tam la qua trinh chuin hi lau dai Dudi sir hudng dan eiia GV, timg nhdm quan sat, thu thSp thdng tin, doi chiiu vdi van de can thao luan d i giai quyit nhiem vu hong thdi gian phiit GV ed thi dua nhung cau hdi hd h p HS dinh hudng v i n di Day mdi chi la khdi diu cho boat ddng thao luan, hpp tac, chia se hong nhdm Bu&c 3: Td chuc cho HS thdo ludn Tren co sd nhiing thdng tin thu thap dupe, GV td chiic cho HS tiiao luan, timg budc giai quyit van de va dua quan diim dung din Bu&c 4: Tgo tinh hudng co vdn de vd niu bdi tap nhdn thirc dau gi& Tir nhirng y kien thao luan cua HS, GV tao tinh hudng cd vin de va neu bai tap nhan thiic dau gid: Cach mang thang Tam cdng chua bao gid la sy "an may" Cd le nhirng 177 I ^ - E t l L ! ^ ° A HOC - SD 30/ZaiS y kien phii nhan gia tri ciia Cach mang thang Tam cho ring sau Nhat dao chinh (9/3/1945), Viet Nam khdng cdn la thudc dia ciia Phap, ma la thudc dia eua Nhat Vi vay, Nhat tuyen bd dau hang vd dieu kien thi d Viet Nam xuat hien mpt "khoang hdng quySn lue", cho nen, theo hp, each mang chi cin nd la thing loi Quan diim thuc chat la nham phii nhan vai hd lanh dao eua Dang, siic manh quin chiing, hi dd phii nhan su nghiep vT dai ciia nhan dan ta Vay dau la su tiiat? Chung ta se ldi cau hdi d ndi dung bai hpc hom TrSn thuc te, GV cd thi sir dung bien phap cac boat ddng cua bai hpc hen lop Nhung can luu y, de cd dupe nhiing tinh hudng hay va hap din, kich thich tu HS hoat ddng, GV phai ed sy dau tu, bien tap ki ludng cae tinh hudng va thi hien vin di thi mdi phat huy duoc bit diim manh cua bien phap 2.2 To chuc hoat dong nhom di HS duffc trai nghiem qua tuo-ng tac HS voi HS, HS vdi GV Cd nhieu bien phap de tang cudng tinh tuong tac giiia eac ddi tupfng qua trinh day bpc Trong do, hieu qua nhit ehinh la dang td chiie boat ddng hpc tap ciia HS theo nhom Trong boat dong nhdm, tuong tae ngudi hpe vdi ngudi day dupe thue bien thdng qua cac boat ddng nhu: lang nghe y kien cua HS, khuyen khich HS neu y kiin, dat cau hdi dS cimg HS trao ddi, dam thoai Kieu tuong tac tao co hdi tdt de ngudi day td chiic eho ngudi hpc dao sau, md rdng va biet lien he kien thiic vdi cac tinh budng thyc te Ve phia ngudi hpc, HS timg nhdm va giua cae nhdm dupe trao ddi, chia se nhung kinh Qghiem, y tudng, cam xiic, thSm ehi ca sai lam vdi rihau Hoat ddng de dat dupe mue dich hon lam viec ea nhan Mdi quan he tuong tae giiip HS ket noi vdi tdt hem Van dung td chuc day hpc theo nhdm vao qua trinh DHLS d trudng THCS, chiing tdi xay dung quy trinh thyc bien nhu sau: Nhan xei, danh g.^L - va chot kien *" ** y thiic Vi du: Khi day Muc 2: "Cudc khdi nghia Hai Bd Trung bung no" (Bai 17 - Lich sir 6), di HS nim chic kiin tiuic, ren luyen cae ki nang, tich cue hoat ddng, GV ti chiic cho HS thao luan nhdm, pbat hien va ITnh hdi kiin thiie nhu sau: 178 II „ „ „ „ ™ _ „ _ „ „ "^''H^^ Buoc 1: Chuyin giao vd nhan nhiem vu hogt ddng nhdm GV giao nhiem vu hpc tap cho cac libdm, hudng dan HS thuc hiSn boat dong nhdm GV chia lop nhdra Nhiem vu ciia nhdm nhu sau: Dpc SGK, em hay tim hieu nguyen nhdn ddn t&i kh&i nghia? Dua vdo luoc vd npi dung muc SGK, em hay tu&ng thudt dien bien cud kh&i nghia? Bu&c 2: Td chuc HS hogt ddng nhdm Nhdm trudng diiu hanh boat ddng cua nhdm minh HS hong nhdm thao luan, thdng nhit kit qua, chuin bi n6i dung bao cao trudc lop GV giam sat, hd hp HS boat ddng thao luan nhdm Thdi gian eho cac nhdm la pbiit Bu&c 3: Td chuc HS bdo cdo ket qud hogt ddng nhdm GV danh quyen bao eao dau tien cho nhdm hoan sdm nhat Tiep theo, cac nhom lan lupt eii dai dien len bao cao Budc 4: Ddnh gid, nhdn xet vd chdt kiin thuc Trudc tien, GV yeu eau HS tu danh gia lan Sau GV danh gia, nhan xet uu nhupc diem cua timg nhdm Tii dd, GV chdt kien thiic: Nguyen nhan khdi nghTa, muc tieu khdi nghTa, dien bien, ket qua, y nghia Nhu vay, thdng qua boat ddng nhdm, HS dupe thao luan, dupe hanh luan, dupe lam viee ciing ehinh la dupe tham gia HDTN hpc tap Lich sir Day hpc theo nhdm don gian, de lam va rat ed ich vdi cdng tac giang day Thi nhung, GV ciing khdng nen vi thS ma lam dung Thue te, bat cii phuong phap nao bi lam dung cung cd thi mit di tinh hieu qua Vi the, qua trinh day hpc, GV nen kit hpfp day hpc nhdra vdi nhiiu phuong phap hpc tap nhiing tmh hudng khac di dat hieu qua cao nhit 2.3 To chii-c cho HS dong vai dl trai nghiem khong lich sir "Ddng vai la mpt phuong phap day hpc ngudi hpc thue hien nhung tinh hudng hanh ddng dupe md phdng (theo cac vai) vi mdt ehu di gin vdi thue tiln, thudng mang tinh chat hd choi, cac tinh hudng cudc sdng, cac van di hoac xung dot dupe the hien Dong vai nham phat trien nang luc hanh ddng thdng qua su trai nghiera cua chinh ban than ngudi hoc va thong qua thdng tin phan hdi tir nhiing ngudi quan sat" [1, h.l42] Phuong phap rit thich hprp vdi tara li HS d bac THCS Tai Viet Nam, phuong phap dang nhan dupe su quan tam ciia eac nha nghien ciiu va GV d trudng phd thdng Van dung phuong phap DHLS d trudng THCS se la mdt giai phap hieu qua, gdp phin nang cao chat lupng day hpc bp mdn T^P CHI KHDA HDC - SD / 179 Bang viec nhap vai vao cae nhan vat, cac tinh hudng cu the, HS se chu ddng tim hieu, chiem linh kien thiic va dupe hoat ddng true tiip hong sudt hoat ddng ddng vai HS dupe trao ddi, giao luu vdi GV, vdi ban be, dupe the hien tai nang cua minh trudc dam ddng, dupe hda rainh vao khdng thoai raai, sdi ndi, than thien eua Idp hpc Dac biet, phuong phap ddng vai khdng chi giiip HS khac sau kien thiic ma edn ed co bdi trai nghiem khdng lich sii, dupe hda rainh vao qua khii va hinh nhiing kT nang quan hpng (giao tiip, thuyet trinh ) Vi vay, chiing tdi de xuat van dung phuong phap ddng vai di td chiic HDTN eho HS hong DHLS d trudng THCS Phuong phap ddng vai ed the van dung dang bai ndi khda va hoat ddng ngoai khda Phan nay, chiing tdi xm de xuat each van dung phuong phap ddng vai bai ndi khda (cu the la vdi bai nghien ciiu kien thiic mdi va bai kiem tra, danh gia) De td cbiie HS tham gia HDTN qua ddng vai DHLS, GV can thue hien theo quy trinh nhu sau: Vi du: Khi day bai 24: "Cudc khdng chiin tic ndm 1858 din ndm 1873" (Lich sir 8), de tim hiiu vi am muu cua Phap viec chpn tan cdng Da Ning, chung tdi da td chiic cho HS trai nghiem bing hinh thiic ddng vai nhu sau: Bu&c 1: Chuyin giao vd nhan nhiem vu ddng vai budc nay, GV chia Idp nhdm va giao nhiem vu: Ddng vai la cac nha quan sir Phap, em hay vach ki hoaeh xam lupc Viet Nam (trong thdi gian phiit) Bu&c 2: Td chiec cho HS ddng vai HS nhan nhiera vu thuc bien GV hudng din thdng qua cac eau hdi gpi md de HS dl hinh dung Vi du: Cae em hay hinh dung minh la cac tudng Imh ngudi Phap buoi hpp ban vi ki hoach tin edng Viet Nam Hp chpn noi nao tan cdng dau tien? Vi sao? can lien minh vdi ai? Sir dung quan nhu nao? Cac nhdm thao luan thdi gian -2 phiit sau dd cae nhdm cii dai dien len trmh bay trudc Idp Budc 3: Td chuc HS trao ddi, thdo ludn sau ddng vai Sau phin trinh bay cua cac nhdm, GV td chiie di HS trao ddi, thao luan ve each the hien vai diln eua mdi nhdra 180 I „„„ „ _ I5yE!!^°^''^'?'^"'"'^'-':E°Jl^'*^51 Bu&c 4: Nhdn xet, ddnh gid vd chdt kiin thuc Sau phin trao doi, thao luan ciia cac nhdm HS, GV va HS cimg nhSn xet, danh gia va ehit lai li Phap chpn Da Ning lam diim tin cong: Da Ning nim hen hue giao thdng Bic - Nam Da Ning cd cang biin nude sau, thuan Ipi cho nhiing tau thuyen cd ldn cua quan dpi phap Da Ning lai la "cd hpng" ciia kinh Hui nen chiim dupe Da Nang coi nhu se chiim duoc kinh Hue - co quan diu nao cua chmh quyin phong kien Tai day lyc lupng quan ta kha mdng Day la noi raa Phap dat eo sd giao d^n diu tien tai Viet Nam nen ciing se tao thuan Ipi cho Phap Nhu vay, van dung phucmg phap ddng vai hong td chirc HDTN giiip HS dupe tdng hgp eae giac quan di tang kha nang luu giii kiin thiic Lich su, tdi da hda dupe kha nang sang tao, tinh nang ddng, thich iing cua cac em Ddng thdi, HS dupe bpc Id kha nang tu nhan thiic, kha nang giao tiip, tu giai quyit vin de, dupe ren luyen ky nang thuc hanh va qua do, thuc diy sy thay ddi nhan tbiic, hanh vi thai dp cua HS theo hudng tich eye 2.4 Th chuc tranh luan di HS co dutfc trai nghiem cua nha su hoc Mpt nhiing phuong phap giang day giup HS thara gia va the hien tu ciia rainh ddi vdi cae vin di LS la td chiic HS tranh luan de cd dugc hai nghiem cua nha su hpc Nha sii hpe (hay cac nha nghien cihi Lich su) la nhiing ngudi nghien ciiu ve cac su kien, boat ddng eua ngudi da dien hong qua khii Hp phai khai thac cac nguon su lieu: di tich lich sir, hien vat bao tang, thu tieh ed, cac sang tac dan gian, hdi ky, nhat ky, thu tir, bao chi, cac cudc phdng van, cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu cua cac nha su hpc khae de lay thdng tin, sau sap xep lai va kiem tra tinh chinh xac ciia thdng tin, tir dua cac ket luan Ngoai ra, hp cdn tham gia cac eupc khai quat khao cd hpe, cac hpi thao, ehuong trinh hpp tac nghien ciiu de lara sang td nhiing su kien, nhan vat, van de lich sir dang dugc quan tam Cdng viec ddi hdi cac su gia phai ed niem dam me, hpc hoi, ua tim tdi, kham pha, phan tich; dong thdi phai ed cai nhin khach quan de dua nhiing nhan dinh, danh gia thuyet phuc, tiep can gan nhat vdi sy that; tac ddng tich cue den sy phat trien cua xa hpi Td chiic cho HS tranh luan de dupe trai nghiem cung nha sir hpc tiie la GV dang hudng dan HS each tu duy, phan tich nhung sy kien ciia qua khii; tu dd khai quat, hanh luan cae van de lich sir de nit ket luan Day ehinh la rapt each thyc Men tieh eye hoa va da dang hda cac boat ddng hpc tap eua HS Tranh luan tao diiu kien cho HS dugc phat bieu suy nghT, neu y kien cua minh ve cae nhan vat, sy kien lich su Day ciing la biSn phap di HS tu mmh kham pha, cd nhan thiic diing din ve Lich sii, cd dugc nhiing trai nghiem ve vai trd, cdng viec ciia nha nghien ciiu lich sir Dieu dd gdp p h ^ kich thich niem say me, hiing thu cua HS vdi mon hpc I^HB^l KHOA HOC - SO 3a/S019 181 Viec td chiic eho HS tranh luan dupe chiing tdi gpi la chien thuat td chiie tranh luan, bao gdm viec khoi ggi cae y kiin Ichac ve mdt van de rdi yeu cau HS phan tich cac y kien ciia minh thdng qua tranh luan Cu the gdm cac chang nhu sau: Vi du: Khi day Muc II ''Nhd Hd vd cdi cdch cua Ho Quy Ly" (Bai 16 - Lich sir 7), GV hudng dan HS hanh luan ve nhan vat Hd Quy Ly Cu the: Giai dogn 1: Chuyin giao vd nhan nhiem vu tranh luan GV xac dinh van de tranh luan: Danh gia ve nhan vat Hd Quy Ly lich sir dan toe Sau xac dinh van de tranh luan, GV lap ke hoaeh tranh luan (the hien giao an) De djnh budng eho HS tira hieu ve van de tranh lu^n, GV dua mpt sd eau hdi gpi y; ddng thdi, GV cung cip tai lieu tham khao cho cac nhdm chuan bi Nhiing edng viec ddi hdi kha nhiiu thdi gian nen GV cin ed su chuin bi kT va cd ki hoaeh eho HS tir trudc GV neu vin de tranh luan: Trong lich sir ddn tdc, Hd Quy Ly Id mpt nhdn vgt khd md nhdn xet cho dich ddng duoc Niu nhin bdng quan diim phong kien, Hd Quy Ly la ki nghich thdn, tiim ngdi, dgi gian dgi dc; nhimg xet theo mat khdc, Hd Quy Ly Igi la nhd cd cdch, nhd chinh tri khdng ti, mang hoai bdo xdy dung ddt nu&c thdi binh Nhan xit ve dn cdc su gia bdn ludn khen che khdc Vay em ddnh gid the nao vi nhdn vgt Hd Quy Ly Giai dogn 2: Td chiec cho HS tranh ludn Sau neu vin di hanh luan, GV td chiic cho HS dua nhiing y kien, quan diem cua minh vi vin de tranh luan Viec chia nhdm se dua vao quan diim ea nhan cua HS Nhiing HS cd cung quan diem se la nhdm Myc dich la tao eo hdi cho HS ren luyen kha nang hanh luan, kha nang tu de bao ve mdt quan diem nao eua minh GV danh cho mdi nhdm khoang phut di lam viee va thao luan, thdng nhat y kien tren su chuin bi tir trudc Mac dii eae nhdm da cd sy chuan bi tir trudc vi van de tranh luan nhung vin cin it thdi gian tren Idp de thdng nhat lai vdi Viec thdng nhat ciing la eo hpi cho cac vien nhdra dua y kiin, tao nen he thdng cac luSn cii va dan chung nhira bao ve quan diem cua rainh va dung nap them cac y tudng de hinh bay trudc Idp mdt each sinh ddng va thuyet phuc Trong qua trinh cae nhdm lara viee, GV den tung nhdm quan sat, ling nghe, trao ddi va nhac nhd HS khai thac vin di mpt each rd net 182J_ _ _ JROgNB BAI HDD THlIl B HA NDI Giai dogn 3: Td chiec cho HS bdo cdo tranh lugn Hit thdi gian lam viec nhdm, HS hinh bay quan diem cua nhdm minh Nhdm cdn lai ling nghe va tham chi cd thi bac bd quan diem cua nhdm do, dua cau hdi phan bien yeu ciu nhdm ban trinh bay va ngupc lai Thdi gian hinh bay cho mdi dpi la phut GV cin dua gidi ban tiidi gian nhim muc dich dam bao vi tiin dp ciia tiit hpc, khdng di "chay giao an", them nira giup HS hoat ddng tich eye bon, di sau di tning vin di Trong each diln dat, HS cimg phai tim cho minh each diin dat mach lac, rd rang, ngin gpn va in tugng, hieu qua Qua dd, kT nang hinh bay mieng ciia HS duge ren luyen Day ciing la bien phap di nhiing HS nhiit nhat, ngai phat biiu cho din nhiing HS khdng nhiet tinh vdi cudc tranh luan ciing phai chu y theo doi diln biin va chuan hi tinh than de hda minh vao eupc chien Giai dogn 4: Nhdn xet, ddnh gid vd chdt kien thicc Cudi cung la cdng viec tdng kit vin di hanh luan Sau HS hanh luan, GV chot lai vin di tranh luan nhu sau: Danh gia ve nhan vat Hd Quy Ly, chiing ta cin xem xet nhan vat bdi canh lich sir ciia nude Dai Viet cudi the ki XIV Trudc nhiing biiu hien ve su suy sup cua nha Trin, Hd Quy Ly da raanh dan va khdi xudng cudc cai each hen nhieu raat di dua dit nude thoat khoi khimg hoang Cudc cai each cd nhieu raat tien bd, chung td dng la Hd Quy Ly la rapt rapt ngudi yeu nude, ed tai nang, cd hoai bao Ong ciing da eo nhirng ddng gdp cho xa hdi nua cudi the ki XIV Tuy nhien, ban che va cung la sai lam ldn nhit cua dng la da de nude ta roi vao tay giac Minh dudng ldi khang chien sai lam ciia dng Nhu vay, thdng qua tranh luan, cac em dupe bdc Id rainh, dugc ren luyen tu duy, tir dd tich cue, chu ddng tiep nhan kien thiic, biet tira quan diem thdng qua cac luan chiing, luan eii, luan diem khoa hpc nham thuyet phuc ngudi nghe Mat khac, tranh luan lam cho quan he ban be, quan he thay trd them gan bd Nhu vay, tranh luan chinh la HS dang tham gia HDTN tu cua mdi ea nhan Vi thi, day la boat ddng hieu qua ren luyen tu HS va cd the duge sir dung nhieu khau ciia qua trinh day hpc 2.5 To chiic trd choi lich su- di Idim tra hoat ddng nhan thuc cua HS Trd choi la hinh thiic cd uu thi viec td chiic cac HDTN day hpc Vi vay, qua trinh tim kiem nhiing bien phap td chiic HDTN, chiing tdi da td cbiic cho HS tham gia eae trd choi lich su Tham gia vao cae hd choi hong qua trinh hpc tap Lich sir mang lai cho HS y nghia vi nhiiu mat: Thir nhit, hd choi lich su giup HS ghi nhd, khic ^ ' ^ ^'^i'Sy°* H°C - BD 3D/ZOTa 183 sau va lam phong phu them kien thiic Thii hai, tro choi lich sii giiip phat triSn a HS nhiing nang lire: giao tiip, hop tac, giai quylt vSn dS sang tao va cac nang luc chuyen biet cua Lich sii, phat huy tinh chil dong, tich cue a HS Thu ba, tro choi lich sil goi cho HS nhiing tmh cam tot dep qua trinh tuofng tac voi thSy co, ban be GV CO the su dung tro choi nhilu hoat dong: khoi dong, nghien ciiu kiSn thiie m6i, cung eo, luyen tap Trong nghien eiiu nay, chiing toi td ehiic tro choi dl kilm tra hoat dong nhan thiic cua HS o euoi gio Khi t6 chiic tro choi cho HS DHLS, GV cin chii y dam bao mpt so yeu can sau: GV can lua chon va thiit kl tro choi cho phii hgp voi noi dung bai hgc, vol doi tugng HS; nhung tro chai duge lua chgn phai dl t6 chiic va thuc hien, phu hgp voi dac diem ciia HS, quy thoi gian, dieu kien hoan canh thuc te ciia lop hpc; nguoi choi phai nam dugc quy tac choi va ton trgng luat chai; tao dieu kien cho HS tham gia eae kh^u eiia qua trinh to chiic tro choi, tu chuan bi, tien hanh choi, danh gia sau choi nham phat huy tinh chii dgng ciia HS; GV nen luan phien thay doi eac tro choi de tranh nham chan cho HS; trpng qua trinh to chiie, GV phai quan sat, bao quat lap, tao dieu kien, khuyen khich, giiip HS can thiet Sau choi, GV can tien hanh de HS dugc thao luan, trao doi, danh gia; diing ylu tl thi dua dl 16i cu6n HS tham gia tich cue, song khong qua nhSn manh vao yeu to thi dua mpt each qua miic, bien thi dua ganh dua Chiing toi xay dung quy trinh tl chiic tro choi DHLS nhu sau: Vi du: Khi day bai 29 "Chinh sdch khai thdc thuoc dia cua thicc ddn Phdp vd nhiing chuyin biin vi kinh ti xd hgi a Viet Nam" (Lich su 8), GV huong din HS tl chiic tro choi nhu sau: hoat dgng luyen tap, chiing toi su dung tro chai "O cha ki diiu" giiip HS cung co dugc nhiing kiln thiic co ban, hilu sau bai hoc, ding thai ren luyen cho HS su tu tin, linh hoat va phuong phap tu hgc Thoi gian cho hoat dgng khoang phut Bicac I: Chuyin giag va nhdn nhiem vu 182 J _ „ _ „ „ „.„ "^'"^[^'^^ ^ A l HOC THU B D HA NDI Giai dogn 3: Td chirc cho HS bdo cdo tranh luan Het thdi gian lam viec nhdm, HS trinh bay quan diem eua nhdm minh Nhdm cdn lai lang nghe va tham ehi cd the bac bd quan diem ciia nhdm dd, dua cau hdi phan bien yeu eau nhdra ban trinh bay va ngugc lai Thdi gian trinh bay cho mdi dpi la phiit GV cin dua gidi ban thdi gian nhim mue dieh dara bao vi tiin dp eiia tiit hpc, khdng di "chay giao an", thera niia giup HS hoat ddng tich eye hon, di s^u di tning vin de Trong each dien dat, HS ciing phai tim cho minh each diin dat mach lac, ro rang, ngan gpn va an tupng, hieu qua Qua dd, kT nang hinh bay raieng cua HS duge ren luySn DSy ciing la bien phap di nhiing HS nhiit nhat, ngai phat bieu cho den nhung HS khdng nhiSt tinh vdi cudc tranh luan ciing phai chu y theo doi dien bien va chuan bi tinh than de hda minh vao cudc chien Giai dogn 4: Nhdn xet, ddnh gid vd chdt kien thuc Cudi cimg la cdng viec tdng ket van di tranh luan Sau HS tranh luan, GV chot lai van de tranh luan nhu sau: Danh gia ve nhan vat Hd Quy Ly, ehiing ta can xem xet nhan vat bdi canh lich sir cua nude Dai Viet euoi the ki XIV Trudc nhiing bieu hi8n ve su suy sup cua nha Tran, Hd Quy Ly da manh dan va khdi xudng cupe cai each tren nhieu mat de dua dat nude thoat khdi khiing hoang Cudc cai each cd nhieu mat tien bd, chiing to dng la Hd Quy Ly la mdt mdt ngudi yeu nude, cd tai nang, cd hoai bao Ong ciing da co nhiing ddng gdp cho xa hdi nira cudi the ki XIV Tuy nhien, ban chi va ciing la sai lim ldn nhat eiia dng la da de nude ta roi vao tay giac Minh dudng ldi khang chiin sai lam eiia dng Nhu vay, thdng qua tranh luan, eae em dugc bdc Id rainh, dupe ren luyen tu duy, tir tieh cue, chu ddng tiip nhan kiin thiic, biit tira quan diim thdng qua cac luan chiing, luan eii, luan diim khoa hpc nhim thuyit phue ngudi nghe Mat khae, tranh luan lam cho quan he ban be, quan he thiy trd them gin bd Nhu vay, tranh luan chmh la HS dang tham gia HDTN tu ciia mdi ca nhan Vi thi, day la boat ddng hieu qua ren luyen tu HS va cd thi dugc sir dung nhiiu khau ciia qua trinh day hpc 2.5 T6 chuc tro choi lich su di kiim tra hoat dong nhan thuc cua HS Trd choi la hinh thiic cd uu thi viec td chiic cac HDTN day hpe Vi vay, qua trinh tira kiim nhiing bien phap to chiic HDTN, chiing tdi da td chiic eho HS tham gia cac tro choi lich su Tham gia vao eac hd choi qua trinh hpc tap Lich su mang lai cho HS y nghia vi nhiiu mat: Thii nhit, trd choi lich sii giup HS ghi nhd, khic I ^ p H f KHDA HDC - SO 3D/201B 183 sau va lam phong phii th€ra kiin thiic Thii hai, hd choi lich sii giiip pbat triin d HS nhiing nang lyc: giao tiep, hpp tac, giai quyet van de sang tao va cac nang lyc chuyen biet cua Lich su, pbat huy tinh chu ddng, tich eye d HS Thii ba, trd choi lich sii gpi cho HS nhung tmh cam tdt dep qua trinh tuong tac vdi thiy cd, ban be GV cd the sii dung trd choi nhiiu boat dgng: khdi ddng, nghien ciiu kien thiie mdi, cung cd, luyen tap Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing tdi td chiic trd choi de kiem tra boat ddng nhan thiie cua HS d cudi gid Khi td chiic trd choi cho HS DHLS, GV can chu y dam bao mpt sd yeu cau sau: GV can lira chpn va thiet ke trd chcri cho phii hpp vdi npi dung bai hgc, vdi ddi tupng HS; nhihig trd choi dupe lya chgn phai de td chiic va thuc hien, phii hpp vdi dae diem cua HS, quy thdi gian, diiu kien hoan canh thuc ti ciia Idp hpe; ngudi choi phai nam dugc quy tae choi va tdn hpng luat choi; tao dieu kien cho HS tham gia eac khau eiia qua trinh td chiic hd choi, tir chuan hi, tien hanh choi, danh gia sau kbi choi nham phat huy tinh chu ddng cua HS; GV nen luan phien thay ddi cac trd choi de hanh nham chan cho HS; qua trinh td ehiic, GV phai quan sat, bao quat Idp, tao diiu kiSn, khuyin khich, giiip dd HS cin thiit Sau choi, GV cin tiin hanh di HS dupe thao luan, trao ddi, danh gia; diing yiu td thi dua di ldi cudn HS tham gia tich cue, song khdng qua nhin manh vao yiu td thi dua mot each qua miie, biin thi dua ganh dua Chiing tdi xay dyng quy trinh td chuc tro choi DHLS nhu sau; Vi du: Khi day bai 29 "Chinh sdch khai thdc thudc dia ciia thuc ddn Phdp vd nhicng chuyin biin vi kinh tl xd hdi & Viet Nam" (Lich sir 8), GV hudng din HS td chiie trd choi nhu sau: hoat ddng luyen tap, chung tdi sii dung trd choi "6 chic ki diiu" giup HS cung ed dupe nhiing kiin thiie ca ban, biiu sau bai hpe, ding thdi ren luyen cho HS su ty tin, linh boat va phuong phap ty hpe Thdi gian eho boat ddng khoang phiit Bu&c I: Chuyin giao vd nhdn nhiem vu 184 II , , ^ ^ „ „ _ _ , „ _ T ^ E ! ' ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ' H D C THLI B D HA NOI GV can cii vao muc tieu bai hoc, myc tieu boat ddng cimg cd, luyen tap, lya chpn hd choi Bu&c 2: Hu&ng ddn HS tham gia trd chai GV gidi thieu vdi HS trd choi mang ten "O chir ki diiu" GV chia Idp nhdm M5i dpi cd quyin lin chpn d chu hang ngang de tra ldi Neu tra ldi diing dugc 10 diim va hang ngang dugc md Niu tra ldi sai se phai nhudng quyen cho cac dpi cdn lai Dpi nao ldi nhanh va diing nhit dupe diem Ddi tra ldi diing d chii bang dgc la dpi thang eupc Cau hoi theo thii tu hang ngang, tinh tii hen xudng: Hang ngang 1: Ngudi diing dau bd may chinh quyen Phap tai Ddng Duong? Hang ngang 2: Bd may chinh quyen tu Trung uong den dia phuong nam giii? Hang ngang 3: Che dp thue dan Phap lap nen d Nam Ki? Hang ngang 4: Ten gpi chung ba nuoc Ddng Duong thdi Phap thudc? Hang ngang 5: Che do thyc dan Phap lap nen d Trung Ki" Hang ngang 6: Che dp thuc dan Phap lap nen d Bic Ki? Hang ngang 7: Viee lam cua thyc dan Phap nham tang cudng bdc lot kinh ti va dan ap cac phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan? Hang ngang 8: Caeh thiic thyc dan Phap bdc lot ndng d^n nude ta? Hang ngang 9: Viec lam cua thyc dan Phap nham tang quy dit sir dung? Hang ngang 10: Hai linh vyc thuc dan Phap tap trung khai thac di phat triin cdng nghiep? Hang ngang 11: Viee lam cua thuc dan Phap nhim phye vu nhu ciu hpc tap cua em quan ehiic va dao tao tay sai ngudi ban xii? Hang ngang 12: Mdn hpc thuc dan Phap them vao he thdng giao due nude ta? Hang ngang 13: Chinh sach eiia thuc dan Phap nhira tao diiu ki$n di dang budn ban bang boa ciia Phap va ban che hang hda eac nude khac vao Viet Nara? Tir khda: T A C D O N G HAI MAT Dan tro (Idp tnrdng) lin lupt dan dit cae dpi choi giai d chii Khi cd khd khan, din tro radi GV trp giiip Bu&c 3: Tiin hdnh trd chai Ket thiic, dpi tra ldi dupe d chii hang dpc la ddi thing cudc Buac 4: Nhdn xet, ddnh gid vd chat kien thirc GV nhan xet, danh gia, nit kmh nghiem cho HS K E T L U ^ N Bai Lich sir ngi khoa la dang bai hgc co vi tri quan trgng cac hinh thiic t l chiic DHLS hien Do do, ben canh vice phai dap ling nhiing yeu eiu truyln thing nhu: tinh giao due, tinh khoa hgc, tinh he thing thi phai quan tam den viec d i i mdi phucmg phap day hgc theo huong phat huy tinh tich cue cua nguoi hgc, lam sinh va phat triln nhiing pham chat von co ciia HS Voi quan niem neu tren, bai npi khpa o tren lap, chiing toi da lua chgn nhiing bien phap to chiic HDTN nham giiip HS thuc su dugc kham pha, tu hinh kiln thiic bai hgc, ren luyen cac ki nang va hinh thai do, hanh vi diing dSn Tuy nhien, d l phat huy dugc toi da viec hpe tap trai nghiem tai lop hpe d i i voi gio noi khoa, GV phai la nguoi CO nhan thiic d i y du v l HDTN DHLS o trucmg p h i thong Chinh viec nhan thiic diing se tao dong luc de GV tich cue viec xac dinh eae npi dung, hinh thiie va bien phap t l chiic cae HDTN phii hgp TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O Bemd Meier, Nguyen Van Cuong (2014), Li ludn day hoc hien dai, - Nxb Dai hpc Su pham Ha Noi N.G Dairi (1978), Phuang phdp day hgc lich sir a trudng trung hoc, - Nxb Giao due Matxcova (Tai lieu dich, luu giir tai Phong tu lieu, Khoa Lich sii, trucmg Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi) Phan Ngoc Lien (chii bien, 2009), Nguyen Thi Coi, Trinh Dinh Timg, Phuang phdp day hoc Lich sic, tap 2, - Nxb Dai hgc Su pham, Ha Npi Tran Thi Bich Lieu (2008), "Ap dung nghien ciiu hanh dong vao day hoc mon Lich sir o Viet Nam", - Tap chi Gido due, so 202 Nguyen Thi Lien (2017), Nguyen Thi Hang, Tuong Duy Hai, Dao Thi Ngoc Minh, To chirc hoat dgng trdi nghiem sdng too nhd trudng phd thdng, - Nxb Giao due Viet Nam Nguyen Van Ninh (2014), "Van dung phucmg phap dong vai day hpc lich su a trucmg trung hgc thong nham phat trien toan dien hpc sinh", - Tap chi Gido due, so 334 Nguyin Van Ninh (2017), "Van dung phuang phap thao luan, tranh luan dl phat triln tu phan bien cho hpc sinh day hpc lich sir Viet Nam (giai doan 1802-1884) a trucmg trang hpc phi thong", - Tap chi Gido due, sl Dac biet, thang 7/2017 Trinh Dmh Tiing (chu bien, 2005), He thdng cdc phucmg phdp day hgc lich su a trudng trung hoc ca sd, - Nxb Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi TRUCING BAI HOC T H C I BQ HA NQl ORGANIZING EXPERIENCE ACTIVITIES FOR STUDENTS IN TEACHING HISTORY AT SCHOOLS Abstract: In order to enhance the quality of teaching History at schools, the teachers should be diversify their lesson Organizing experience activities brings to students the chance to explore, reveal their ability and skill to solve theorical and practical problems On the basis of the concept, nature and process of experience activities as well as the special feature of History, the article proposes some measures to organize experience activities for students in class Keywords: History, organization, experience activity, course ... hpe; ngudi choi phai nam dugc quy tae choi va tdn hpng luat choi; tao dieu kien cho HS tham gia eac khau eiia qua trinh td chiic hd choi, tir chuan hi, tien hanh choi, danh gia sau kbi choi nham... hpc; nguoi choi phai nam dugc quy tac choi va ton trgng luat chai; tao dieu kien cho HS tham gia eae kh^u eiia qua trinh to chiic tro choi, tu chuan bi, tien hanh choi, danh gia sau choi nham... chiing tdi da td cbiic cho HS tham gia eae trd choi lich su Tham gia vao cae hd choi hong qua trinh hpc tap Lich sir mang lai cho HS y nghia vi nhiiu mat: Thir nhit, hd choi lich su giup HS ghi