Một số phương pháp dạy học chữ hán cho người việt

Luu Quang Sang Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 175(15) 73 77 M Q T S 6 P H U '''' O N G P H A P D ^ Y H Q C C H f H A N C H O NGU^Ofl V I E T Lu''''u Quang Sing Khoa Ngogi ngit DH Thai Nguyen TOM TAT Vol vj tr[.]

Luu Quang Sang Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 175(15): - 7 M Q T S P H U ' O N G P H A P D ^ Y H Q C C H f H A N C H O NGU^Ofl V I E T Lu'u Quang Sing Khoa Ngogi ngit - DH Thai Nguyen TOM TAT Vol vj tri dia ly nim Uong vong van hoa Han, Viet Nam chm nhieu anh huong ciia van hoa Trung Quoc, ngon ngft Trung Quic va chfl- viit cua loai ngon ngii nay- chft Han co anh hudng tuong doi sau dam den van hoa, ngon ngft nude ta Ngay nhu cau thyc te, so lugng ngudi Viet Nam hgc tieng Trung Quoc mgt tang len, mot nhflng rao can 1cm cua nguoi Viet hgc tieng Trung Quoc chinh la chft Han, Chft Han la logi van ty tu'gng hinh bilu y, xet ve hinh dang, no hoan toan khae biet vdi h? thing chft viet hien hanh cua chiing ta Tuy nhien, nhieu ylu t6 vl van hoa va ngon ngu', ngudi Vi?l Nam hgc tieng Trung Quic noi chung, hgc chfl' Han noi riSn§ cung c6 nhung nhan to tich cue tac dgng den qua trinh dgy hgc logi van ty Bai viet de cgp den nhung nhan to chuyen di tich eye va mgt s6 phuong phap nham nang cao hieu qua day- hoc chft Han cho ngudi Viet, Tir khoa: Chic Hdn, dm Hdn Viet, gidng dgy tiing Trung Qudc ngicai Viel, ngii td goc Hdn DATVANDE D a y hoc a m doc chir Han Chu Han la logi van ty bieu y, ve eo ban mfii chft Han tuong duong vdi nipt ngu tfl tieng Trung Qufie, v i y chft H i n eon dugc ggi la loai v i n ty ngft td Do c i c nguyen nhan ve lieh sft va dja ly, van hda va ngdn ngft efta ngudi H i n cd anh hudng tuong ddi sau dgm ddi vdi nude ta Hien tai tieng Viet van cd mgt he thdng c i c tft ngft cd ngudn gdc tft tieng Han Trong tieng Han cd dgi cae tft da phan la tft don am tiet, co the ndi la mfii chu Han mgt tft va tft dd eung la mflt ngft to, Khi truyin ba vao Viet Nam thi c i c tft ngft cung de ding hda nhgp vao he thdng tft vyng cua tilng Viet vi hai ngdn ngu n i y du khdng cung ngft he nhung cd chung dge diem la c i c am tilt don lgp Do cd mdt lugng Idn tu ngft gfle Hin ngdn ngu me de cua minh nen ngudi Viet N a m hgc tieng Han ndi ehung, chft Hin noi rieng co nhung uu the n h i t djnh MQT SO P H U O N G P H A P DAY HQC CHU" HAN CHO N G U ' d l VIET Chft Han dugc eau bdi yeu to: Am (am dgc), Hinh (hlnh dgng) v i NghTa (y nghTa) Khi dgy hpe mfii chft Han deu can lim eho ngudi hge nam vftng yeu td cau Dgy am dpc chft Hin la tuang ddi kho khan so vdi dgy hpc am dgc cac loai van ty bieu am, vi tinh nang bieu am cua chft Han het sftc md nhgt, giai dogn so cap eo the noi sau hge xong chiJ nao ngudi hgc mdi co the dgc dugc ehu' dd Day am dgc chft H i n cho ngudi Viet ngoii viec dgy phien am va cich dgc thdng thudng ed the ap dung nhftng lgi the ngi tgi cua ngudi Viet de tien hanh g i i n g dgy SH' dung am Hiin Viet Tilng Trung Qudc hien dai la sy phat trien, bien ddi ciia tieng H i n cfi dai tgo thinh, Xet ve mat ngiJ i m , tieng Han ed dgi va tieng Trung Quflc hien dgi co sy khic biet Idn, Am H i n Viet la sy Viet hda am dgc tieng H i n Ihdi nhil Dudng eiia Trung Qudc, no cd nhieu diem tuang ddng vdi ngft i m tieng H i n efl dgi Ngay nay, rat nhieu chu Han co loi eau tgo chft Iheo dang hinh-thanh cd bg phin bieu thj am dpe (thanh phii) khic han vdi am dgc cua chft dd, nhung neu xet theo am dgc Hin Viet ihi ehung Igi cd quan he kha mat thiet Vi du chu i^\^ (ni) ed bg phan bieu thi am la ^ (er), theo am dgc cua tilng Trung Qufie hien dgi thi •f^f^ (nO va /i\ (er) ia khae biet hoan loan, nhung neu dpe theo i m H i n Viet thi cd the de dang nhan quan he cua chiing, vi ea •f^F (ni) va ^ (er) deu c6 Tel- 0912.258159 Email hmqiiangsang sJJ@lmi edu vi 73 Luu Quang Sang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE am Han Viet la "nh?', Ta ed the nhan thay dgc diem d nhieu ehu hlnh khae he thong chft Hin Su dung bg phgn bieu thi am cda chii' dgy dm dgc chit Hdn Ngity djnh lugng chft Han giang day, hau het eic nha giao dye Trung Qudc vi nude ngoii deu sft dung "Bang Dai cuang tft mdi va phan cap chft Han" Trong bang cd tflng cpng 2905 chu Hin thflng dung Trong 2905 chft Hin thdng dung cd tdng cfing 2001 chft dugc cau tao theo loi chu hinh [1] Qk khao sat mfli lien quan giua bg phin bieu thi am dgc (thanh phu) vi am dpc efta chft, chiing tdi da tien hanh thdng ke, ket qua eho thay 2001 chft Hin cd 453 phii, sfi lugng phu ddng thai la chu Hin la 426, chiim ty le 94.04%, sd phii khdng phai li chft Han chi eo 27, ehiein ty le 5.06% Trong sd 453 phu neu tren, cd 299 phu chl bieu thj inpl am dge nhat, chiem ty le 66%, sfi phft bieu thi nhieu am dpc la 154, chiem ty le 34% Cd the nhan thay rang nam vftng am dpc eua mpt bp phin khfing Idn phii, ehiing ta cd the dgy hgc cd hifiu qui hon ve am dgc efta chft Han Day nghia ciia chft Han Chft Hin khdng gifing nhu nhftng van ty bieu am, mfii chu' Hin ngoii am dgc chung la mfit nghTa td Thdng thuong mdt chft Han deu cd mpt nghTa gfic, theo sy phit trien cua ngfin ngft, ngiy mgt chft Han ngoai nghia gfic CO the cd mgt sd nghTa phai sinh Tuy theo tftng trinh ciia ngudi hgc ma lya ehgn nhftng y nghTa can giing dgy cua chft cho phii hpp Dya vito dge diem ngdn ngft, tien hanh giang day y nghTa cua chft Han eho ngudi Viet chung ta ed the tien theo mpt sd phuong phip sau Su dung y nghia cua ngir to goc Hdn tieng Viet Y nghTa cua ngu to gfic Hin Irong tilng Viet va y nghTa ciia chft Han hien dai cd tuang quan tren ba phuang dien: Thft nhit la y nghTa gidng hoin toan, vi du: tisM am 74 175(15): 73-77 Han Viet "khat", nghTa tilng Viet va tieng Trung Qudc hien dgi deu li "kbit, khat nude" hogc cic tft khae nhu vM(hfl) , #= (hpc), t | (thap), ^(but), l^(tang), M(giam), i^(cao) ed y nghTa gifing het Thft hai la y nghTa vfta CO diem giong vfta cd diem khic khac nhau, vi du: tft /i'ita't), "Tft dien tilng Han hien dgi" co tdi net nghTa[2], nhirng tieng Viet chi chft yeu bieu thi "tai nang, tii cin", hogc tu % (dai) tieng Trung Qudc hien dgi ed tdi net nghTa[2], nhung tieng Viet chi chii yeu bieu thj y nghTa "to Idn" Thft ba la f nghTa khic nhau, vi du: tft S (khinh) tieng Trung Qudc hien dai bilu thi trgng lugng nhe, nhung tieng Viet lgi bieu thi sy coi thudng, hogc tu # (toan) tilng Trung Qudc cd nghTa la "tinh toin" eon tieng Viet Igi chi m$t mon hoe "mfln Toan" Trong ba phuong dien thi phan giong chiim da so Ngft tfi gde Han tieng Viet vdi tu cich la tieng me de nen rat de dang dugc ghi nhd, giang day y nghTa ciia chft Han, giing vien ehi cin neu am Han Viet va y nghTa ciia nd la ngudi hgc cfi the de dang tiep nhgn va ghi nhd Tuy nhien, eung cfi sy khic biet y ngliTa giua ngu td gde Hin va y nghTa cua chft Han hien dgi, nen tien hinh giang day, giang vien cung can nhan mgnh nhftng diem khac biet Sir dung bg phgn biiuy cda chu Han Y nghTa cua mdi chft Han ludn gan lien vdi hinh dang cua chft Han Neu phin logi chir Hin theo cich cau tgo chft thi chft Han duoc chia lam loai: ehu tugng hinh, chu chi sir, chft hdi y va chft hinh Trong logi thi chft tugng hlnh vit ehu chi sy cd hinh dgng gin chgt vdi y nghTa cua chft, vi du chft "son iJj" (niii) cd hinh dang mgt qua nui, chft "ban ^ " (gfic ciy) cd hinh dang mdt eai cay co dinh dau vao phan goe eay[3] Cdn chft hgi y va chft hinh thi ludn ed bd phan bieu thj nghTa (nghTa phii) Khi giang day nghTa cua chft can ndi rd y nghTa eua cae nghTa phu Luu Quang Sing Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE Trong mdi chft Han deu cd mdi quan hg gifta hinh-dgng va y nghta, thong qua moi quan he nay, chung ta cd the hieu rang elift Han dd tai Igi duge viet nhu vay, day ehinh la dgc trung eua chft tucmg hinh Nhieu chft Han hien dai su bien doi nen cd hinh dang khac vdi ehftng duge sing tgo ra, giang dgy giio vien cung can nhan manh yeu tfi niy Vi du chft Hj (xuat) "di ngoai" gfim ed hai bd phan: 4* (ban ehan) va U (efta hang): ban chin vfta khdi efta hang, bleu thi di tft irong ngoii [3], nhien nhieu sinh vien lai viet bg ill (san-nfti) chfing len nhau, ve hinh dang thi gan giflng nhung thyc te la viSt sai chft niy, Giang day hinh d^ng chu- Han Co Ihl nfii ba td ciu chft Hin thi hinh dang chft la kho hpc, khd nhd nhit, vi so lugng chft Han rat nhieu, mdi chft Igi CO hinh dang rieng Hk ning cao hieu qua dgy hgc chu' Hin, cd the phan logi theo cau tao ehu dl tien hanh giing dgy Can cft vao kit ciu cua chu Han thi ed the phan lim hai logi Idn li chft don the (chft Hin chi e6 I bd chft) va ehu hgp thi (ehu Han cd tft bg chft trd len) Gidng dgy chit dan the Xet theo each cau tao chft Ihi ehu don thi gdm chft tugng hlnh va chft chi sy Hai log! chft co so lugng khdng nhieu, dge biet li chft chi sy, 2905 chft Han thdng dyng ehi cd 20 chft ehi sy, chiem 0,69%, dd cd thi ndi ring day chft don the chu ylu la day chft tugng hinh Trong sd chft Han thdng dyng thi so lupng chu tugng hinh cung khdng nhieu, ehi cd hon 200 ehu, nhung nd lai la ca sd de tao eic loai chft: chi sy, hgi y va hinh Nam vftng duge chft tugng hlnh la tien de va co sd de hge tot chft Hin Khi tiln hinh dgy chft tugng hinh, giang vien can giang giai y nghta goc eiia chft, cd the minh hga bing hinh anh goc va sy bien dfli eua nd [4] Nhu vgy, thflng qua lien tudng 175(15): 73-77 gifta hinh dgng sy vat va hinh dang eua chu, viec hgc va ghi nhd chft tugng hinh khdng cdn qui khd khan nfta Gidng dgy chu hgp the Chft hgp thi la loai chft cd tft hai bd chu trd len, xet ve each thftc cau tgo thi lai duge chia lam hai loai la chft hgi y va ehu hinh Khi tien hanh giang dgy hai loai chft ciing cd the ip dung mfit so phuang phap khic dl viec dgy hpc dat hieu qui tdt Chd hgi y Chft hoi y la loai chft ed tu hai bd chft deu bilu thi ngliTa trd len ciu thanh, cic bg chft logi elm niy ed the gidng hoac khac nhau, vi du nhu # (lam), hk (tdng), ^ (huu), #(khin), Dang luu y li hau het cic bg chft niy diu CO ngufin goc tft cae chu tupng hlnh Khi giang day chft hgi y, giing vien nen neu y nghta cua tung bfi chft vi ndi ro mfli quan he ciia chiing vi cae bfl chft niy tai Igi dupe kit hgp vdi deu cd ly chft khflng phai li ket hop mgt cich ty do, y Vi du chft #(khin) "nhin" dupe ket hgp bdi ^ (thii) "tay" va @ (muc) "mil", dung ban lay ehe len tren mat, bieu thi dang nhin Vi ed sy biin dfli hinh dang nen mflt sfl chft Hin hien dgi thoat nhin thi giflng nhu ehu don thi, nhung thuc chit chiing lgi la ehu hpi y Vi du chu M (hftu) "bgn be" thyc chat la dugc kit hpp bdi hai chu ^ (thii) "ban tay" (hai ngudi bit tay nhau) bieu thi huu hao Doi vdi sinh vien Viet Nam, viec hgc chft hdi y la khfing qui khd khan, bdi eac bg chft de ciu tao nen chft hdi y la khdng nhieu, mi phin Idn eac bd chft sinh vien da nam vftng tft giai doan so cap, giing vien chl ein giang giii mdi quan he ndi tai efta ehung Chd- hinh Chft hinh li logi chu dugc ciu tao bdi mdt bfl phan bieu thi y nghTa va mgt bd phgn bieu thj am dpc, day la kieu chft cd sfi lugng chft Han nhieu nhit 86 phan bieu thi nghta deu la eac bp chft c6 ngudn gfic tft chft tugng hinh, edn bp phan bieu thi am thi c6 the la cae Ioai chu edn lai 75 Luu Quang Sang 175(15): 73-77 Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Bang I Mdi quan he giica bg phdn biiu dm vd dm doc cua chic Hdn Moi quan he giua bo phan bieu i n va am dgc ciia chft H i n Cling thanb mau, van mau, dieu Ciing mau, van mau; khac dieu Cung mlu, dieu; khac vgn mau Cung van mlu, dieu; khac mlu Cung mau; khac van mau va dieu Ciing van mau; khac mau, dieu Cung dieu; khic mlu, van mau Khac toan bg mau, van mau, dieu H •# m tt fl m m it a » * a » « « , fk So chft Tyl£ 621 349 62 162 72 306 103 326 31.03% 17.44% 3.1% 8.1% 3.6% 15.29% 5.15% 16.29% Mdt am dpc cua chft H i n (tuang duang vdi KET LUAN mdt am tiet) gdm ba phan: Phu am dau (thanh Thfing qua nghien cftu c i c yeu tfi c i u chft H i n , cung nhu mdi tuong quan ciia cac ylu tfi vdi tieng Viet, chiing ta nhgn thay rang, chft viet hien hanh ciia Viet Nam va Trung Qufie la thudc hai he thdng van tu khac nhau, chft viet tieng Viet la chu bieu im, chft H i n la chft bieu y Neu chi xet ve mat hinh dang (dudi gdc dp thi giac) thi chung hoan loan k h i c biet Mpt chft Han gdm ed ba yeu tfi c i u thinh: Hinh dang, am dge va y nghia Ngoai yeu td hlnh dang, am doe va y nghta cua cliu' H i n ed k h i nhieu diem tuong quan vdi tieng Viet, Tuy nhien nhftng mfli tuang quan lufln ton tgi tinh hai mat, chiing vira chuyen di tich eye, •vfta chuyen di tieu eye Dfli vdi ngudi Viet thi nhftng diem tuong quan phat huy yeu tfl tich eye la chiJ dao, day ehinh la mgt Igi the ciia ngudi Viet Nam hgc lieng Trung Quflc ndi ehung va hpe chfl Han ndi rieng, Biet ket hgp mgt cich hap ly c i c phuong p h i p g i i n g day, p h i t huy tinh ti'ch cue, giam thieu nhu'ng chuyen di tieu cue se gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hgc, giam bot i p lye hpc tap chft H i n cho ngudi Viet, T A I LIEU THAM KHAO miu), phin van (van mau) va dieu Mfii quan he gifta bp phin bieu am cua logi chft niy va am doe eua nd the hien tren tam phuong dien, gfim cd ( I ) Cung mau, van mau, dieu; (2) Ciing mau, van mau; khac dieu; (3) Cimg mau, dieu; k h i c van mau; (4) Ciing van mau, dieu; khac miu; (5) Cftng mau; khac van mau v i ihanh dieu; (6) Ciing van mau; khac m i u , dieu; (7) Ciing dieu, k h i c mau, van miu; (8) Khac loan bfl mau, van m i u , dieu De khao sat ty le ciia mfli quan he tren c i c phuong dien, chiing toi da tien hinh thfing ke 2001 chu' hinh "Bang Dai cuong tft mdi va phan cap chft Han" Trong sd n i y thi so chft H i n cd phan am dpc hoin toan gifing vdi am dpc ciia chft chiem ty le cao nhat, tiep sau la phin vin (van mau) tuong ddng lan lugt chiem cae ty le tft thap den cao (Bang I) Nhu v i y bp phin bieu thj am dgc eua chft hinh la nigl bg phan quan trgng i,?:ii7fe€ij(2oi2), mmu-mi^m^MMmx^ cau tao hinh dang ciia chft Khi tiln hinh giing dgy chft hinh thanh, giing vien can phan lich ro bg phgn bieu thj nghia va bfl phan bieu thi am ciing nhu bd cue eua eac bg phan niy 16 (2006), miXi)Lmm^-m^m n^w^t^ 3.^.^15(2000), m^m^^'sm)) it-^j^ ... phai sinh Tuy theo tftng trinh ciia ngudi hgc ma lya ehgn nhftng y nghTa can giing dgy cua chft cho phii hpp Dya vito dge diem ngdn ngft, tien hanh giang day y nghTa cua chft Han eho ngudi Viet... nhu''ng chuyen di tieu cue se gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hgc, giam bot i p lye hpc tap chft H i n cho ngudi Viet, T A I LIEU THAM KHAO miu), phin van (van mau) va dieu Mfii quan he gifta bp phin