DAU TU CHO GIAO DUC DAI HOC d CAC NLfdC DONG NAM A BUI THI QUYNH THC(* Tom tdt Gido due dai hpc dong vai tro quan trpng trong tdng trUdng kinh ti vd ndng cao thu nhap Mac du vay, ddu tU cho h& thdng g[.]
DAU TU CHO GIAO DUC DAI HOC d CAC NLfdC DONG NAM A BUI THI QUYNH THC(* Tom tdt: Gido due dai hpc dong vai tro quan trpng tdng trUdng kinh ti vd ndng cao thu nhap Mac du vay, ddu tU cho h& thdng gido due d cdc niidc Bong Nam A thu nhdp thdp vd trung binh vdn chiia dot dugc kit qud cao Mpt nhdng ly Id ddu tu cong diigc thiic hien cho cdc ca sd gido due cho du nhdng ca sd ndy co ddp ling y&u cdu vi hdng hda cong cdng, cdc vdn di ngotxi tdc hay binh d&ng hay khong Bdi viit se ddnh gid chung ve nhu cdu ddu tU, xem xet cdc gidi phdp ddu tu, dd nhdn manh vai tro vd hieu qud cda ddu tu cong vd gidi phdp huy dpng ngudn liic bd sung cho gido due dai hpc d cdc ni^c Bdng Nam A Tii khoa: gido due dai hpc, ddu tu, Dong Nam A eung nhu chi phi quan ly eiia trung Utfng, xay dung chUtfng trinh dao tao, giam sat, danh gia, deu se d i n de'n mfle ehgnh lech dpi hpc dau tfl Idn htfn so vdi mfle chi tigu c6ng Nghign cflu se trinh bay k i t qua ve nhu hien D l md rpng tie'p can va nang eao elu diu tu cho sinh vign va giang vign dai chat lUtfng, Viet Nam eIn phai huy dpng hpc eua mpt nude ed t i n g ty le nhap dai them dang k l ngudn lUe, ehii yeu tang hpc t h l p la Viet Nam va mpt nUde ed t i n g chi thudng xuygn (khoang 4/5 chi t i i n ty le nhap dai hpc cao la Philippines luong, tie'p de'n la ddo tao, nang cap trinh Cac md phong dau tU cua Viet Nam cho dp giang vign va quan ly) Suat diu tU tren thay can phai cd mfle tang manh dau tfl m&i sinh vign cung se phai tang tU 1.500 vdo dai hpe de md rdng pham vi doi tUtfng USD len khoang 4.000 USD 10 nam va nang eao c h i t lugng Cae can thiep de tdi Nlu mfle chi tigu eong ndm 2010 dflgc nang eao trinh dd giang vign, mfle lucfng va gifl nguyen, nhijftig dU bao eho thay mdt khoang each Idn vl mfle vln De'n ndm chi phi quan ly, chi dao tao giang vign N h u c a u d a u tit Ddu tu cho sinh vien vd gidng vien * TS Bill Thi Quynh Tho, Tnfcmg Dai hoc Ha T^nh Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 1/2019 48 2020, suit dau tu dai hgc tien moi sinh vien tiieo ty tipng cua GDP dau ngUdi se can phai tdng g l p 3-4 lan so vdi mfle hien tai (Bang 1) Idn eac nUde khae khu vifc, nhflng can xem xet bdi canh cu the Mfle chi tieu dai hpe tien moi sinh vign & N h | t la htfn 12.000 USD, d Braxin la gan 10.000 USD, d Chile la gan 7000 USD My chi 24.370 USD tren mdi sinh vign dai hpc m6t nam, va mfle binh quan eua To chflc Hgp tac Phat trien kinh te (OECD) la 11.512 USD M6 phdng dau tfl cua Philippines cung du bao cae mfle chi tigu thudng xuygn Idn va tang dan Mo hinh dU bao rang chi tieu eIn phai tang tfl gan 6.000 USD m5i sinh vign Ign khoang 10.000 USD Htfn 95% chi tieu la thudng xuygn, D l dat dflgc nhOfng muc tigu vl dau tU, do, lUtfng chiem ty trpng Idn nha't (trgn ngan ban d i n trung han se rat kho 88% chi thudng xuygn), tiep den Id ehi phi khan ddi vdi t i t ea eae nfldc va day khdng quan ly va nang cap trinh dd giang vign nen la dinh mfle v l giao due dai hgc eho tat Cung nhu Vigt Nam, nhOfng so ea cac nUde Ddng Nam A thu nhap thap va cho biet mfle chi Idn gap nhieu lan mUe trung binh Diiu d6 eho thay yeu cau phai hien tai eua Philippines Nlu mfle ehi tieu lua ehgn ky cdng cdc mue tieu va boat d6ng tien mli sinh vign nam 2010 dugc gifl diu tu nguyen theo ty le tren GDP dau ngudi thi Thue te eho thay ro khdng phai nude mUc chgnh lech diu tU gifla nhu eau va nao cung cln phai tang pham vi ddi tugng kinh phi dif tru dugc du bao se dat khoang ngan ban tdi trung han Tang pham 300% GDP dau ngudi vbng mot thap vi ddi tugng se ton kem, d i n d i n tang mfle ky tdi danh doi gifla lugng va chat Vide gilm t^ Nhflng flde tinh Idn htfn gap vai lan Ig sinh vign/giang vien todn dien eung se so vdi cae mfle ehi hien tai cho giao due dai khd khan, cho thay chdnh lech cua hg hpe eua Philippines va Vi^t Nam va phan thong giao due dai hgc d cac trudng cao Bdng 1: Chenh l$ch gifia dri toan chi ti6u can thie't t r e n m6i sinh vign va miic chi hi§n cua Vi$t Nam va Philippines N&m Chi t i g u d a i h p c 2010 Vi^t N a m nam C h i t i € u d a i h o c A\i t m h c^n CO %G DP ddu nsiM C h d n h l ^ c h giiZa c a c mufc diX b a o c ^ n t h i e t v a c&c m i i c n a m 2010 Philippines Vi^t N a m Philippines 2011 61.7 11.6 151.8 303.1 90.1 291.6 2013 61.7 11.6 186.9 359.6 125.2 126.2 2015 61.7 11.6 236.3 430.7 174.6 174.6 2017 61.7 11.6 321.2 636.4 259.5 259.6 2019 61.7 11.6 579.8 633.6 518.1 341.1 Viet Nam Ngudn- Tinh toan cia tdc gia dUa tren mo hinh mo phdng tai chinh gido due dai hoc Bm Thi Quynh Tha - Dau tu cho gido due dai hgc d cdc nude Dong Nam A dang va cae ctf sd dao tao n g h i theo dbi hoi cua thi trudng lao dpng d mpt s i nude se chi ed t h i dat dugc tflng bUdc Tang trinh dd cua giang vien cung ehi ed the dat duge mpt each ehpn Ige, vi vay, ehi ed mpt so it cac trUdng se t i i n hanh nang cap thUe sU nang lUc nghien cflU Ddu tii cho nghien ciiu Cac nude Ddng Nam A thu nhap thap va trung binh chi tigu it htfn eae nude thu nhap cao ve nghign eflu dai hpc Dieu cung eho thay rang cdc nfldc thu nhap t h l p va trung binh Uu tiin t h l p ve nghien cflU diu tu eho giao due dai hpc, chi tigu 49 TrUdc nhiing nhu elu to Idn ve giao due va mfle dau tfl edng eo hep, hau het eac nfldc khu vUe dang b i t diu phu thupc nhiiu hem vao hpe phi de trang tiai cac chi phi Ctf sd Cac nude giau va ngheo deu van hanh tiong pham vi tai ehinh va nang life t h i chg' han ehi, vdi mdt tap hgp quen thude eae ngudn vdn diu tu eho giao due dai hgc; hoc phi, tig cap nha nUdc va thu khde Chi phi dai hgc (hgc phi va chi phi sinh hoat lign quan) se anh hudng de'n eo hpi cua nhOfng sinh vien ed nang lUc duge di hpc va tot nghiep dai hpc dieu kign kinh te khd khan H6 trp tdi ehinh la giai phap d l khae phue nhflng han ehe t h l p cho nghien cifu va flng dung va ty Ig Cac bien so anh hudng den quyg't dinh theo hpe dai hpe cd t h i k l gom cac yeu due dai hpc Cdc nude cung chi tigu it td tai ehinh va chi phi tai chinh, dd htfn eae nUde thu nhap thap va trung binh CO ba loai rao can ehinh, dd la: rao can Igi khac ngoai khu vUc (Xem hinh 1) ich - chi phi, rao can ban chg' ve tien phan b l t h l p cac kinh phi cho giao H i n h 1: K i n h p h i n g h i § n ciJu v a tfng d u n g cF g i a o d u e d a i h p c t r o n g ty t r p n g G D P Viet Nam Mong Co Philippines Trung Quoc Thai Lan Malaysia Han Quoc HongKong Singapore Nhat Kinh phi Ngien CU'U va u-ng dung giao due dai hpc {% GDP) Nguon: Ca sd dU lieu EdStats (2010); Trung tdm So lieu UIS (Vien Thdng ke UNESCO) Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 1/2019 bac va rao can khong mong mudn ng moi nam la khoang 2.200 USD d cae etf sd nan'^V^^- Tuy nhflng rdo can se bi anh eong lap va eae ctf sd tu thuc khoang 1.200 hudng bdi nhiiu big'n khac, nhUng h i trtf USD D l hd trg mot sinh vign dai hgc co tai chinh dUdi dang cae chUtfng trinh ho t h i tieu ton tdi 1/3 thu nhap hang nam Dl trtf, hgc bdng hay tin dung, se it n h i t giai kich cau cho ngUdi ngheo, ehinh phu quyet dUtfc mpt so' nhOftig ban e h i Indonesia da ban hdnh c h i dp hpe bong Dieu duge mgi ngUdi quan tam nhat la ehi todn p h l n va ban p h l n , nhung chi danh phi ebn lai sau hd tig tai ehinh (ehi phi eho nhflng sinh vien da dflgc tuyIn vao dai thuln) Mpt sd nUdc Dong Nam A cd ehinh hpe ma khong danh eho hgc sinh hpc hit sach hd trg tai chinh d l giup sinh vien elp ba nhflng khong ed diiu kien kinh te de khae phue cae khd khan v l kinh te NhOftig theo hpc dai hpe Bgn eanh dd, ehe d6 ho kho khan can dUdc danh gia d i y du tig tai chinh eho sinh vien duge tuyen vao Nhifng chua cd so lieu ndo cho phdp tinh dai hpc chi chiem 3% chi phi, do, toan dupc "chi phi thuln" vi r i t it cae theo luat phap quoc gia, sinh vign phai diiu tra hp gia dinh eo nhOftig thong tin tiang trai t i i da 33% ehi phi hpe dai hpcf*' nhu ve cac chUtfng trinh hge bong Thong Tuy nhign, ed 20% sinh vien thuSc nh6m tin dinh lugng thfl cap co the dugc sfl dung ngheo n h i t cung dugc nhan hge bong neu d l danh gia ehi phi thUe tUtfng do'i du diiu kien theo nhfliig tigu ehi xet ehpn De giai quyg't nhOtng van de ndy, ViH ngat ngheo ( d p hgc bong can cfl trgn ket Nam da eo chinh sach tin dung dii vdi qua) Nhin chung, hge bong chi dap flng sinh vign, nhU Quye't dinh so' duge 5,6% t i n g so sinh vien^^* 157/2007/QD-TTg (vdi mUc eho vay toi da la 800.000 dong/thang/sinh vign) va de phu hgp vdi dieu kien thUc te', Chinh phu thudng xuygn diiu chinh mfle eho vay (Quye't dinh sd 751/QD-TTg ngdy 30/5/2017 vdi mfle cho vay mdi la 1.500.000 ding/thang/sinh vign) Ngoai ra, Viet Nam cung khuyin khieh miln giam hpe phi eho sinh vign ngheo, tang cfldng hd trtf, hoan thien chUtfng trinh tin dung Cae Ctf che thu hoi chi phi da day nhanh ty trpng tong nguon thu cua eae ctf sd giao due dai hpc Ddi vdi Indonesia, chi tigu cd nlmn, chii yeu la hpc phi, le phi, chiem phan Idn nguIn von diu tU cho giao due dai hpc Nam 2009, mfle ehi tieu binh quan trdn sinh vien O Thdi Lan, ho gia dinh ngheo nhat chi tieu 112USD m l i thang eho giao due dai hpe, chiem khoang 60% tong thu nhap, gia dinh giau nhat ehi chi tigu chUa den 1% Thai Lan da tang cudng tiep can giao due dai hpc thdng qua cde ehUtfng trinh tin dung smh vien*^) Thai Lan cung da ap dung eae ctf chg' hpc bong nham ndng cao mfle tiep can giao due dai hpe eua ngUdi ngheo, nhu chUtfng trinh hpc bong M6t quan va hgc bong eho smh vien thu nhap thap, nhUng dp phu v l n r i t han chi ChUtfng trinh tin dung sinh vign eua Thai Lan danh cho sinh vien ngheo da lam tang ngucfi tham gia De giup dd sinh vign thu nhap t h l p , eae khoan v l n vay cua Nha nude phai duge hoan tra tiong vbng 15 Bui Thi Quynh Tha - Ddu tu cho gido due dai hpc d cdc nUdc Bong Nam A 51 nam vdi lai suit 1% Ket qua dat duge la mo hinh tflng bude kha quan, da thu nhan duge higu qua dang Ba la, hieu qua eua mpt so edng eu gifla ke v l ty le di hpc dai hge cua nhung doi eac nude cd sU khae biet dang ke, theo tugng ngheo nhat NhOftig k i t qua ndy ed t h i l t k l va t r i i n khai Hge bIng va tin the duge eai thien htfn n l u xet ehpn doi dung c6 higu qua htfn trang trai mpt ty tugng tdt hdn Ngodi ebn ed bIng chijftig Ig dang ke ehi phi v l hgc phi va it nha't eho thay cac trUbng dai hge da md rpng mpt phan sinh boat phi Vigc ap dung dien eho vay nhOfng doi tugng khong du chinh sdch toan dien d khap eac trUdng va tigu chuan d l t a n g ty le nhap hge linh vUc e6 hieu qua htfn ap dung ed ehpn Thdng qua nghien eflU van de UU tien dau Ipc, neu khau xet ehpn dii tugng khd khan tfl cho giao due dai hpc d mpt so quoe gia, co dUtfc lam td't mpt so van dl cln quan tam nhU sau: Mpt la, cac qud'c gia can chuyin sang MOt s6' giSi p h a p n a n g cao hipu quS che' dp hpc bong can cU vao hoan eanh, vi dSu t u c h o g i a o d u e dai hpc d c a c e h i dp can cfl trgn k i t qua khdng md rpng micie D o n g N a m A pham vi ve doi tugng Hai la, eac goi h i trg toan (hgn nhu giam hpe phi eho doi tUgng khd khan, hge bong can efl tren pham vi hoan canh va tin dung sinh vidn, cd hidu qua hcfn giai quyet vlUi d l pham vi dii tflgng htfn la eae c a e nUde can danh gia kha nang phan b l thgm diu tu eong eho giao due dai hpc, va diiu quan trpng htfn la phai dau tU cho nhflng hoat dpng ehinh NhU v^y se giup cdc etf sd giao due dai hpe giai quyet dUtfc v l n d l thig'u gan kg't ve ky nang, nghign Hinh 2: Ty 1^ chi t i § u c n g cho d a i h p c t r o n g GDP c u a mOt s6 nxidc ChSu A l.S -t.69 Nguon: Trung tdm sd li$u UIS (2010) Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, sd 1/2019 52 cflu - cung elp cho sinh vign nhflng ky nang tdt htfn va thu hut dUgc thgm nhan tai vao giao due dai hpc, cung nhu nang cao nang lUe ciia cdc ed sd nghien cflu Su khan hilm cac nguon lUc nha nUde doi hdi phai xac dinh nguon lUc hieu qua hdn va phan b l dua tren k i t qua D l tdi da hda viec huy dpng eong quy, cln thu hut thgm ngudn v6'n tu nhan va k h i e phue nhOfng khiem khuyg't thi trUdng bang tin dung sinh vign Vdi khung ctf c b l diu tU ding bp, kinh phi tfl tu nhan se khong chi bo sung eho e6ng quy diu tU cho mpt so boat dpng tren, md tap trung vao md rong va da dang hba hg thing (xde dinh mpt sd Uu tien eua quo'c gia, nhu tang ty Ig nh^p hpe hay eae nganh dao tai v l dich vu) thong qua eae ed sd egng lap va tU thuc Tang ciidng vd xdc dinh liu tien tieu chi cong Ty le chi tieu eong d D6ng Nam A c6 sU khac biet dang ke va khong phai lue nao cung thap htfn cae nUde Ddng Nam A thu nhap eao MUc chi tieu eho dai hpc GDP d Lao, Campuchia va Philipinnes la t h l p nha't T;^ trgng cf Viet Nam, Indonesia va dae biet la Malaysia eao htfn Ty trpng ehi tigu cung ed sfl chdnh lech dang k l gifla eae nfldc Ddng Nam A thu nhap eao (Xem hinh 2) Nhflng xu hfldng la ket qua cua phfltfng thflc qudc gia sfl dung de giai quyet quan he bu trU gifla dau tfl va ngan sach eo hep eIn phdn b l cho chi tigu eong gifla eae cap giao due So sanh ty le chi tieu cong GDP dau ngfldi doi vdi sinh vign dai hpc d nhflng nfldc ngoai Ddng Nam A, mUc ehi tigu eua cac nude thu nhap trung binh d Ddng Nam A (trfl Malaysia) thudng tha'p htfn, ke ca so sanh vdi nhflng nUdc thu nhap trung b m h d nhflng khu vUc khde nhu Braxin, An D6, Mexico^^' Do nhu ciu eanh tranh nen vige xac dinh flU tien chi tieu cong va nang eao higu qua phan b l , sfl dung ngan sdeh eong la v6 eting quan tipng Cae nUdc Ddng Nam A thu nhap t h l p va trung binh cln tang ehi tieu cong eho nghign eflu gido due dai hpe C h i ^ cd tigu chuan tdi uu nao, nhUng eae nUde thupe nhdm thu nhap, edng nghg thap rd rang khong ed eung mfle dp xe dich hay t h a m ehi la mUc pham vi de tang cUdng nghien eflu nhU cac nfldc khac Theo nghia rpng, dau tU vao nghign edU eung cd t h i h i trg sU phat trien eiia eac nghign eflu vien tucfng lai cho trUdng dai hpe va khu vUe tU nhan Tdng hi^u qud cua chi tieu cdng Cap v6'n eanh tianh, bIng each thuc diy cdc linh vife sd trUcfng nghign cflu, giang day, se h i trg phan bo nguIn lUc cd chpn Ipc htfn Cac etf sd giao due dai hpc nop de xuit xin kinh phi ho trp kem theo k l hoaeh phdt t r i i n , dd cd cac chi s i higu qua ehinh Sau do, kinh phi se dUde sfl dung dl diu tu mua trang t h i l t hi, nang cap cd sd vat chit, can bd va phat trien ehuygn mon Mgt nhflng flU diem cua phucfng thUe d p vdn eanh tranh la giam khuyg'n khieh sfl dung viee nang ty le nhap hgc de tri tinh kha thi ve mat tai ehinh - dong thdi khuyg'n khieh giang vien danh thdi gian giang day va nghien cflu, nang eao c h i t lugng eua ca hd thong Khi dd, hgc phi cd t h i dflgc ctf sd sfl dung d l tai diu tu De nang eao tinh phu hgp va nang Bdi Thi Quynh Thg - Bau tu cho gido due dai hgc d cdc nUdc Dong Nam A lue nghien cflu, cd the d p kinh phi eho nhfliig nganh hpc, khoa hgc ed lign he vdi nhu elu cua thi trfldng lao ddng M6t nhflng cong eu higu qua nhat de dam bao trach nhigm cua etf sd la quyen d p von cua nha nUdc Tren ly thuyit, ehinh phu co t h i cat hay giam ngan saeh cho nhflng etf sd khdng chip h a n h quy dinh hay khdng dat dugc chi tigu de Nhung d l giam kinh phi eua cdc trudng dai hgc edng lap, dac bigt la ngan saeh phan b l lue diu la r i t khd M0t giai phap la ap dung cdc Ctf chl^ tai ehinh da dang ngoai ngan saeh eo ban, d l khuyen khieh ctf sd nang eao hi6u qui M^t so cae ed che khac eung cd t h i nang eao hieu qua, ngoai d p vln canh tranh ngu trgn nhU: 53 nhdm thu nhap muc tigu, ed c h i ed kha nang dam bao eong bang eao hem nhOftig mo hinh tao nguon thu khac, dae biet la neu duge ah dinh cS mfle cao hdn eho nhflng doi tflgng cd dieu kign va ke't hdp vdi nhOfng chinh sach tai phan b l d l giup sinh vien ngheo tia dUdc hpe phi^^' Trong phan Idn cac ctf che hpe phi linh hoat, ehinh phu thucfng dat mpt mfle tiin hge phi (dd'i vdi trUdng cong) va yeu elu da s i sinh vign ed it nhat mpt ddng gdp ndo dd eho sU nghigp giao due, eho du viee mien hge phi eho sinh vien ngheo du dieu kien can efl tign hoan canh va yeu to e5ng bang se giup bao dam de eae em khdng bi loai trU hay phai hgc d nhung etf sd ehi phi thap va e h l t lugng eung thap - Hgp d i n g e h l t lugng: Chinh phu ky Mpt giai phap khae la ygu elu sinh vien k i t d c thoa thuan phap ly vdi ctf sd de tra It nhat mpt p h l n ehi phi cung nhU nang cao ddng etf va ke't qua hpe tap Moi nhflng muc tigu chung dUa tren k i t qua Chinh phu cd the quy dinh cac ed e h i hpc - Trich quy theo k i t qua: Danh rigng phi linh boat khac va vide d l mfle mpt ty Ig ngan sach cong d l phan b l dUa tiin phai dam bao t i i p can, cdng bang va tren mdt so chi tieu ket qua thu hoi vdn - Cap von theo ke't qua: Cae chi tieu dau Tang cfldng moi hen k i t gifla nha va kg't qua dUpc sfl dung de xay dung trUdng va doanh nghiep va eae nguon dau toan bp hoac mpt p h l n edng thflc d p von tu tu nhan ngoai hpe phi la nhiing giai Huy dpng ddu tii tii nhan vd phat phap khac de huy ddng diu tU tU nhan trien chiicfng trinh tin d\ing sinh vien Singapore huy dpng dugc nhOfng nguon von Hpc phi linh hoat Idn cho cong tac nghign cflU d cdc trUdng Hpe phi linh boat eae trUdng tU dinh dai hge thong qua ehUtfng trinh von ddi va mpt so Uu t h i so vdi mfle hpc phi eo flng eua minh Tuy Chinh phu thudng dau dinh Hpe phi linh hoat lam tang von dau tu ti tigng nguon v l n eong khd Idn vao tu vao he thong giao due dai hpc nhd ctf nghien cflu dai hpe nhiftig Chinh phu v l n c h i md, tang eanh tranh gifla cac trfldng, quyet dinh can nang mfle diu tU bang cdch nang eao chat Iflgng va sfl phu hgp, eung khuyen khieh tfl nhan tham gia Tfl nam nhu hieu qua sfl dung nguIn v6'n Va eung 1991, Chinh phu Singapore da bat dau gidng vdi vigc ehuyin giao thu nhap tdi ede khuyg'n khieh hS trg thien nguygn eho cac Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 1/2019 54 trfldng dai hpc nghign cflXi vdi ty le ddi flng d p an) Chinh phu cung cd the nang eao 3:1 Tien tU nhan quydn gdp cung dUdc hieu qua eua etf ehe thdng qua han ehe chi giam t h u l gap doi phi h a n h chinh Hay chinh phu ed t h i Tin dung dUa tren mde thu nhap Ngay cang nhieu ehinh phu nhan thflc dfldc cd ehi tin dung dfla tign thu nhap cd higu qua hcfn ve mat tie'p can Viee hoan tra v l n vay phu thude vao nguon thu nhap sau eua ngfldi vay: ngUdi ed thu nhap t h l p ehi t r i it hdn, ngUdi e6 thu nhap ea ddi tha'p dugc miln hoan tra toan bp von goc Cd chg' tin dung bao ve sinh vign trude nhOfng rui ro qua Idn va cd the nang eao hieu qua (phong ngfla riii ro) va tie'p can (hpe phi duge trang trai blng s i von vay giai phap bang nguIn lUc d l tang can) Cac ctf che tin dung eua sinh vien doi v i n eo nhflng rui ro tai ehinh Nhflng chUtfng trinh ed t h i khac vl mue tigu va ctf eau to chflc, nguon von ban dau, dp phu eua dii tUdng, quy trinh phan b l von vay va phUdng phap thu ng Cac diiu kien cho vay hau het cac khoan tin dung dUde nha nude tai trg deu "mIm" hem nhOfng diiu kien tin dung thUdng mai thong thudng Day la mgt khoan trg ca'p sinh vign theo nghia la ngUdi vay khdng phai hoan tia toan bp gia tri khoan vay nhan dUtfc, nhd mfle lai suit tin dung dUdi gia tri thi trUdng, nhd thdi gian an ban doi vdi du ntf (ca qua trinh hpc va thdi gian an ban sau tot nghiep), va tiin tra ng khong tinh luy ke lam phat Cd t h i thUe hien mgt sd bUde de nang eao tinh kha thi tai chinh va kha nang thu hoi vo'n cua chUtfng trinh tin dung Chinh phu CO t h i giam mfle trg d p di kem (trg giam that thoat v l n cho vay rui ro m l t kha nang ehi tra Tdm lai, ddi vdi phan Idn eae nUde Dong Nam A, nlu k i t hgp eac cd che hgc phi, hgc bong, tin dung t h i se nang cao dugc tinh edng bang va mfle tie'p can giao due dai hgc Tuy hge phi la mgt dang thu hoi vdn eIn thiet nhittig phai dam bao cong bang cho dii tflgng nghdo va nhiftig nhdm xa hSi yg'u the Cae ehUtfng trinh hge bong eb Uu the ro rang sinh boat phi eao va thu nhap cua m6t so nhdm dd'i tugng kho khan t h l p NhUng mUc thu n h i p giao due dai hge tUtfng do'i eao va nhflng y^u to tilt kiem ehi phi se k h i l n eho etf chg' tin dung trd nen dac biet hap dan Cac nUde thu nhap t h l p va trung binh d Ddng Nam A ehUa dat dUtfe nhOftig hieu qua ve ky nang, nghign cflu can thig't Nhiiu v l n d l thieu gan k i t ed lign quan de'n dau tU Tuy m5i nUdc cd nhflng khd khan va uu tign rieng nhung tat ca eae nUdc deu phai doi mat vdi mpt so nhflng dbi hdi ehung Cde nUdc eIn lua ehpn hieu qua quyg't dinh doi tUtfng va Lfu tign va can c6 chien lugc dau tu eho eac hoat dgng ifu tign./ CHU THICH UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Data Centre Montreal, Canada, http://www.unis unesco.org/Pages/default.aspx Johnstone, B D (2004), The Economics Bui Thi Quynh Thg - Bau tUcho gido due dai hpc d cdc nUdc Bong Nam A and Politics of Cost Sharing in Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives Economics of Education Review 23 (4): 403-10 55 Education: Comparative Perspective, Economics of Education Review 23 (4): 403-10 Usher, A (2005) A Little Knowledge Is a Dangerous Thing: How Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Affect Access to Education Toronto, ON: Education Pohcy Institute Moehodihardjo, B Y (2010), Equity and Access in Higher Education: The Case of Indonesia, Background Paper prepared for World Bank 2011, Falkultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia Worid Bank, (2010), Indonesia: Education Financing World Washington, DC OECD (2008), Tertiary Education for the knowledge Economy, Paris: OECD Higher Bank, UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Data Moeliodihardjo, B Y (2010) Equity and Centre, Montreal, Canada, Access in Higher Education: The Case of http://www.unis.unesco.Org/Pages/default.a Indonesia Background Paper prepared for spx Worid Bank 2011, Falkultas Ilmu UIS (2010), Global Education Digest 2015: Komputer Universitas Indonesia, Comparing Education Statistics across the Indonesia World, Montreal, Canada: UIS Worid Bank, {2010),Thailand Social UNESCO, (2005), Education Policy and Monitor: Towards a Competitive Higher Strategy Simulation Model EPSSim Education System in a Global Economy Version 2.1 Paris: UNESCO Bangkok, Thailand: World Bank Usher, A (2005), A Little Knowledge Is a UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Data Dangerous Thing: How Perceptions of Centre Montreal, Canada, httpy/www.unis Costs and Benefits Affect Access to imesco.org/Pages/defauIt.aspx Education Toronto, ON: Education Pohcy Institute Barr, N i2008)J'inancing Higher Education In Annual World Bank Conferences on Washington, DC (2010), Tan, and Tandon, Development Economics - Regional, 2008: Background paper prepared for di Higher Education and Development, ed Gropello, World Bank, Washington, DC Justin Yifii Lin and Boris Pleskovic, 143-74, 10 Worid Bank (2010), Thailand Social Washington, DC: Worid Bank Monitor: Towards a Competitive Higher Education System in a Global Economy, Bangkok, Thailand: Worid Bank TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 11 Worid Bank (2010), Indonesia: Higher Barr, N (2008), Financing Higher Education, in "Annual World Bank Conferences on Development Economics Regional, 2008: Higher Education and Development", ed Justin Yifu Lin and Boris Pleskovic, 143-74, Washington, DC: Worid Bank Johnstone, B D (2004), The Economics and Politics of Cost Sharing in Higher Education Financing Washington, DC World Bank, 12 Worid Bank (2010), Mongolia Policy Note Tertiary Education in Mongolia:Meeting the Chalengers of the Global Economy, Report No 52952-MN Worid Bank, Washmgton, DC 13 Worid Bank (2010), Vietnam high Quantity Education for All by 2020, Worid Bank, Washington, DC ... giang vign nen la dinh mfle v l giao due dai hgc eho tat Cung nhu Vigt Nam, nhOfng so ea cac nUde Ddng Nam A thu nhap thap va cho biet mfle chi Idn gap nhieu lan mUe trung binh Diiu d6 eho thay... vign/giang vien todn dien eung se so vdi cae mfle ehi hien tai cho giao due dai khd khan, cho thay chdnh lech cua hg hpe eua Philippines va Vi^t Nam va phan thong giao due dai hgc d cac trudng cao Bdng... 633.6 518.1 341.1 Viet Nam Ngudn- Tinh toan cia tdc gia dUa tren mo hinh mo phdng tai chinh gido due dai hoc Bm Thi Quynh Tha - Dau tu cho gido due dai hgc d cdc nude Dong Nam A dang va cae ctf