Tap chi C d n g s d n Nghien cuu - Trao ddi / • , • • ' - ' M'rifh TAI CAU TRUC DAN SO - : NGUON NHAN LUC DAP UtIG MUC TlIU PHAT TRIEN BEN VUUG Ci VIET NAM DANG NGUYEN ANH -'^M% V \ A \ :T.(£? ^ Ngudn nhdn luc vdphdt triin ngudn nhdn luc Id vdn di cdt ldi su phdt triin cua mgi qudc gia, ddc Met xu thi todn cdu hda vd hgi nhdp qudc ti Nhiiu qudc gia da chu ddng ddu tuphat trien ngudn nhdn luc ldm cffs&di ddp ling nhu cdu phdt trien kinh te - xd hgi, bittphd vd cdt canh Ddi v&i Viet Nam, cd thi ndi, chua luc ndo vdn de phdt triin nguoi (^) vd ngudn nhdn luc trd thdnh vdn di th&i su ndng bdng nhu giai doqn hiin _ Co* cau dan so - nguon nhan luc hien Trong xu the phat trien moi, Igi the ve tai nguyen thien nhien dang giam dan Trong dd nudc ta van khong cd nhieu tai nguyen thien nhien, nhung lai dong dan so nen phai dac biet coi trgng ngudn tai nguyen ngudi Chat lugng dan sd cira Viet Nam dugc bao dam thi se tao nhirng ca bgi rat ldn cho san xuat cua cai vat chat, giiip tang quy an sinh xa hgi Trong boi canh toan cau hoa va kinh te tri thirc, viec tiep thu va img dung cac tgu khoa hgc - cong nghe cdn phu thudc chii yeu vao nguon nhan Igc c6 trinh tay nghe va tri thirc khoa hgc Day ciing la dudng toi uu de thgc hien muc tieu phat trien nhanh va ben vung ttong 10 nam tdi Khdi niim ca cdu "ddn sd vdng " Khai niem co cau "dan so vang" dugc hiiu la ngudi ttong tudi Iao dgng (tir 15 46 S6 822 (thang nam 2011) 60 tudi) phai "ganh" hoac it hon ngudi an theo, tire la so ngudi tudi Iao dgng nhieu gap ddi so nguoi phu thuoc (khdng nam tudi lao ddng, khong c6 kha nang tao tai san va khong tu nudi dugc ban than) O Viet Nam giai doan trudc day, can ngudi tudi Iao dgng de nudi nguoi tudi phu thudc Cdn hien nay, cir ngudi tudi lao dgng mdi cd ngudi mdi phu thuge Ganh nang dan so dang d mirc thap nhat, Viet Nam dang sd huu A f •? mgt dan sd sung man nhat tuoi lao dgng, CO kha nang dap img cac muc tieu phat trien kinh te - xa bdi cua dat nudc Nhu vay, Viet Nam dang budc vao thdi ky CO ciu "dan sd vang" Day la ca hgi phat trien cua mdt qudc gia, bdi hien tugng chi xuat hien mgt lln qua trinh phat triln dan sd PGS, TS, Vien Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam Nghien ciju - Trao ddi Tpp chi Cdng s d n da gop phln quan trgng vao nhimg tuu cua dit nudc Trinh giao due cap va so lugng hgc sinh, luc lugng lao dgng dugc dao tao, sd ngudi tdt nghiep cac bac bgc tang nhanh so vdi trudc day, song nhin chung, trinh hgc van binh quan cua ca nudc mdi khoang ldp 6, ty Ie biet chir mdi dat 94% dan so Tuy nhien, nhan thuc ve nguon nhan luc cua Viet Nam bien dang co nhirng y kien khac Khdng it y kien cho rang Viet Nam CO Igc lugng lao dgng gia re rat doi dao la mgt lgi the de canhttanhvdi nhieu nen kinh te khac viec thu hiit cac nha dau tu nudc Neu khdng that khan truong va triet de, Viet ngoai Song can hieu rang, lao dgng gia re Nam cd the bo Id ca hgi va khdng xay khong cdn la mgt Igi the, ma la noi Io ldn cua dung dugc mgt nguon nhan luc chat lugng cao, dat nudc bdi canh phat trien mdi Bdi, tao nen tang vimg chac ve kinh te va phiic lgi lao dgng gia re dong ngbia vdi chat lugng xa hgi cho mai sau thap, keo theo mirc tra luong cho ngudi Iao Vdi khoang 53 trieu ngudi tuoi lao dgng thap; dong thdi khong dap ung dugc xu dgng va ty trgng dan so tuoi lao dgng the mdi, sir dung cong ngbe san xuat va tang cao chinh la lgi the Idn ve nguon cung Iao quan ly cang cao ciia doanh nghiep Thuc dgng, latiende de phat trien kinh te Cbinh su te, boi canh ap Iuc canh tranh gay gat ve ddi dao ciia Igc Iugng lao ddng dang tao co ngudn nhan Igc chat xam, viec lam, thi trudng hgi "vang" cho su phat trien cira Viet Nam, lao dgng khu vuc va tren the gidi, Viet hira hen su phat trien vuot bac ve kinh te - xa Nam dang bi mat dan lgi the ve ngudn nhan hdi, dieu ma cac "con rdng" chau A trai qua luc gia re, kem chat lugng giai doan da dat dugc Theo Bao cao ve tinh hinh thi tnrdng lao Co cau "dan so vang" cua Viet Nam se keo dgng - viec Iam Viet Nam ciia Bg Lao dgng dai khoang 40 nam, dd giai doan Thuong binh va Xa hgi, Viet Nam thieu tram nam (2015 - 2017) c6 so ngudi phu thudc thap nhat Bdi vay, tir bay gid, Viet Nam can trgng Iao dgng ky thuat trinh cao va Iao cd cac dinh hudng phat trien diing dan, tai ca dgng dich vu cao cap cac nganh tai cau va sir dung ngudn luc hieu qua de tan dung chinh, ngan hang, du lich, ban hang nen CO hgi thuan lgi Dieu quan trgng nhat la ngudn nhan Igc doi dao dd phai dugc dao tao, nang cao chat lugng, tay nghe de nam lay co Khi Cff hdi ddn sd, ddc Met Id giai hgi phat trien, bdi "dan so vang" khong tu doqn "ddn sd vdng" dien trung v&i dgng, khong tat yeu dem lai tac dgn^ tich cgc, th&i ky kinh ti dn dinh vd cdt cdnh, ma no phai dugc chii dgng gianh lay Ngugc ddng thdi hi thdng gido due thuc hien lai, neu khong dugc tan dung se dan den that tdt chitc ndng chudn bi tri thiic vd tay nghiep, te nan va mat dn dinh xa hgi nghi cho ngudn luc lao ddng, thi se trff Thuc trang vd vdn de ngudn nhdn luc hien thdnh dgng luc cue ky mqnh me cho Sau gan 25 nam ddi mdi va phat triln, cdng phdt trien nen kinh ti tac giao due, dao tao, khoa hgc cua Viet Nam Nhdt Edn, Xin-ga-po vd Hdn Qudc da tdng tru&ng nhanh thdi ky cff cdu "ddn sd vdng", v&i tdng ty sudt ddn so phu thudc ff miic du&i 50% Td ndm 1970 den nay, cdc qudc gia trin cdn dqt duffc ndng sudt cao hon, tiet kiem nhieu hon vd miic ddu tu sinh lgi l&n hon, tdng trudng nhanh hon thdi ky cd nhiiu lgi thi vi lao dgng vd ngudn nhdn lire ndy S6 822 (thang nam 2011) 47 Nghien cuu - Trao ddi nhieu nghe va cong viec phai thue lao ddng nudc ngoai lao ddng xuat khau da phin cd trinh chuyen mon ky thuat thap hoac mdi chi qua giao due dinh hudng Cd the noi, nhu cau nhan Igc chuyen mon cao dang ttd nen hire thiit bon bao gid bet Hien nguon cung cip nhan lge cao cap chi dap ung khoang tu 30% - 40% nhu cau Tinh trang tren cang ttim ttgng hon Viet Nam da gia nhap To chirc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO) Nhieu doanh nghiep, ke ca nhiing doanh nghiep c6 von dau tu truetiepnudc ngoai (FDI) va nhieu du an kinh te quan trgng khac rat thieu nguon luc chuyen nghiep Su xuat hien ciia cac tap doan da quoc gia vdi chinh sach ngi dia hda nhirng vi tri cao capttongthdi gian gan day se cang lam van de nhan sg trd nen gay gat Nhirng bat cap chat lugng ngudn nhan Igc hien co thi thay qua thgc te sinh vien tnrdng rat kho khan tim kiem viec Iam, phai Iam trai nganh nghe dugc dao tao, nen mgt ty le cao phai dao tao lai (chi CO khoang 50% lao dgng lam diing nghl dugc dao tao) Them niia, bang cap dao tao d Viet Nam chua dugc thi tnrdng Iao ddng qudc te thira nhan So bai bao khoa hgc dugc cong bd hang nam chi bang khoang 1/4 ciia Thai Lan dan so nudc ta ddng hon, so tien si ciia Viet Nam hang nam nhan bang thudng nhieu hon ciia Thai Lan, co nam cao gan gap doi Nhung, ciing khoang 2/3 sd ngudi c6 hgc vi tien sy ttong ca nudc khdng lam khoa hgc ma dang lam cong tac quan ly Ngoai ra, tiieo ket qua khao sat cua Tdng lien doan Lao dgng Viet Nam vl thuc trang viec lam, thu nhap va ddi sdng ciia ngudi lao dgng ttong cac doanb nghiep FDI tai mgt sd dia phirong cho thay mdi chi 74% Iao dgng cd viec Iam on dinh, cdn 22% lao ddng khdng cd viSc lam dn dinh, 4% thieu viec lam Tinh ttang mat can doi ca cau ngudn nhan luc the hien d su khdng hgp ly S6 822 (thang nam 2011) Tpp chi C d n g s d n Thi trudng lao dgng Viet Nam dang doi mat vm cd iinh trang thuu lao dgng chua qua ddo tqo vd thiiu trdm trgng lao dgng ky thuqt trinh cao vd lao dgng dich vu cao cdp cdc ngdnh tdi chinh, ngdn hdng, du lich, kinh doanh, Con so ngudn nhdn luc chi v&i 30% lao dgng dugc ddo tqo vd 70% lao dgng gidn don thdt khd co the tao sdn * * • phdm l&n cho xd hgi CO cau dao tao Vdi Igc lugng lao dgng tte, ttong tudi sung man nhat (la dieu ma uoc cira nhieu qudc gia) song van de lao ddng va viec Iam d Viet Nam thgc sg dang rat dang lo ngai Tinh trang lao dgng nong thdn thuoc dien co dat thu hdi thieu viec lam, chat lugng thap, cho den van chua dugc khac phue co hieu qua Vdi muctieudd thi hda, cdng nghiep boa, hien dai hda, Iao ddng nong thon co the phai chuyen ddi nganh nghe, song diem yeu dudng nhu ciing bat dau chinh tai day, khdng cd mdt chinb sach nao hudng dan, khuyen khich, tham chi bat budc ngirdi Iao dgng phai hgc tap mgt nghe nhat dinh Trong dd, tdc do thi hda cang manh, tinh trang ndng dan thuge dien thu hoi dat, khdng tim dugc viec lam phii hgp da phat smh nhieu van de xa hgi nhuc nhdi Hang nam khoang 70 nghin dat nong nghiep bi thu hdi dl phat triln cdng nghiep, xay dung thi lam cho dat nong nghiep cang bi thu hep, mgt bg phan lao dgng d ndng thdn ddi ra, khong cd viec Iam Tuy nhien hau bet so ndng dan van dang moi lao dgng nen phai song dua chii yeu vao sd tien den bii ciia Nha nudc Khi ngudn tien can kiet, hg dirng trudc nguy ca tai doi ngheo va ty Ie tgi pham d khu vuc co dit thu hdi, vung ven dd cd chieu hudng gia tang s? o.x ,-,»; f-r^ ocj Nghien cuu - Trao ddi Tdm lai, co the riit dac diem thuc trang ngudn nhan Igc d Viet Nam la: Nguon nhan Igc kha doi dao, song trinh hien thap so vdi nhieu nudc khu vuc, nhan Igc trinh cao d nhieu linh vge thieu Nguon nhan Igc ca mgt giai doan dai cbi lam viec rat thu ddng theo chuan mgc, khuon phep, khong doi mdi Chat lugng ngudn nhan Igc chua cao, dan den tinh trang mau thuan giira Iugng va chat, giira dao tao va sir dung Tinh canh tranh cua nguon nhan luc thap, nhimg khiem khuyet nguon nhan luc cang bgc Id rd nen lao dgng Viet Nam se phai doi mat vdi canh tranh tu nguon lao dgng d cac nudc gan ke, nhu Trung Quoc, In-do-ne-xi-a, Malai-xi-a, Bang-la-det, Mot so dinh huong giai phap tai can true va phat trien ngudn nhan luc ciia Viet Nam Tang tnrdng kinh te ciia nudc ta cho den van chii yeu theo be rgng, dua vao gia tang quy mo tai san co dinh, tham dung von dau tu cong, khai tbac tai nguyen va nhan cong re, ttong tac dgng cua cac nhan to nhu doi mdi cdng nghe, chat lugng nguon nhan Igc la chua dang ke mo hinh tang trudng Tai cau tnic va phat trien ngudn nhan Igc doi dao cho dat nudc se gdp phan quan trgng c6 tinh quyet dinh de thuc hien muc tieu tten Dieu cung phu hgp vdi chu truong ciia Dang va Nha nudc, nhu ttong bao cao ciia Tong Bi thu Nong Dire Manh trinh bay 12-1-2011 tai Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu XI cd neu: "Phat trien, nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhan Igc, nhat la nguon nhan Igc chat lugng cao la mgt ttong nhiing yeu to quyet dinh sg phat trien nhanh, ben vimg dat nudc"*^'\ Sau day la mdt sd dinh hudng giai phap: Tap chi C d n g s d n nhien, nim bit thdi co nhu the nao de tao mpt budc dot pha lai la mgt thach thuc Dt nhirng cong dan "vang" dem lai su phat triln thin ky cho dit nudc, rat cin nhirng cbinh sach dao tao va phat triln nguon nhan luc Can trien khai manh me chuong trinh dao tao nhan Igc, tap trung vao dao tao nang cao tay nghl cho ngudi lao dgng cting nbu cac giai phap chinh sach tao cong an viec lam on dinh cho luc lugng lao dgng tre Hai Id, chd dgi dao tao nghe cho lao dgng, nham tan dung nguon nhan Igc doi dao, can nhanh chong chuyen dich co cau kinh te, phat trien nganh su dung nhieu lao dgng nhu det may, che bien thgc pham, dich vu, nham thu hut, tan dung lao dgng, giai quyet viec lam cho nhieu ngudi Dong thdi, phai cd chinb sach, bien phap ket hgp that tot giira dao tao va su dung lao dgng tong the phat trien kinh te cua dat nudc, dap irng co hieu qua nguon lao dgng c6 chat lugng cao, dap img muc tieu phat trien dat nudc Viet Nam can "di bang bai chan" thu hut dau tu giai quyet viec lam va phat trien nguon nhan luc chat lugng cao Ba la, khong the tang nang suat lao dgng va nang luc canh tranh toan cau neu khong nang cao chat lugng nguon nhan Igc, ke ca dgi ngii ngudn nhan luc phue vu quan tri va kinh doanh doanh nghiep, bao gom can bg quan ly nha nudc, can bg quan tri doanh nghiep, cac chuyen gia kinh te ky thuat va nhan cdng Vi vay, phat trien nguon nhan Igc phai theo hudng vdi muc dich cudi cung la nham nang cao chat lugng quan tri nha nudc va chat lugng quan tri doanh nghiep Bdn Id, CO chinb sach ro rang, minh bach, diing dan doi vdi viec su dung, trgng dung nhan tai, nhat la trgng dung cac nha khoa bgc va chuyen gia that sg co tai nang Hang nam, Mdt Id, Viet Nam dang budc vao thdi ky ca Nha nudc can tong ket ve Iy luan va thuc tien cau "dan so vang"- mgt thdi ca "vang" cho sg phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua dat nudc Tuy (1) Tap chi Cong sdn s5 820 (2-2011), tr 25 S6 822 (thang nam 2011) 49 T(|ip chi C d n g s d n Nghien cuu - Trao ddi vl ngudn nhan luc d Viet Nam, danh gia diing mat dugc, mat chua dugc, kip thdi riit nhirng kinh nghiem, tren ca sd ma xay dgng chinh sach mdi va diiu chinh chinb sach da c6 ve ngudn nhan luc d Viet Nam, nhu: cbinh sach hudng nghiep, day nghe, hgc nghe; cbinh sach quan ly nha nudc ve day ngbe, hgc nghe, sir dung nhan tai, v.v Ndm Id, nang cao tinh canh tranh cua ngudn nhan luc dl tiep tuc thu biit dugc sg quan tam cua cac nha dau tu Chinh phu va cac ben lien quan hgp tac bon nua vdi doanb nghiep, cac to chirc cgng dong va cac to chirc giao due day nghe dl c6 thi xay dung nguon nhan Igc c6 ky nang, tay ngbe phii hgp nhu cau cua nen kinh te tron^ 10 nam tdi Dao tao nguon nhan luc c6 chat lugng la tien de cho sg phat trien ben virng nen can cd cac chinh sach ho trg nhiing chuong trinh dao tao nhan Igc chat lugng cao, de tang hieu qua chuyen giao cong nghe, ap dung phat minb sang che san xuat, ddi sdng Sdu la, muc tieu phat triln ciia dat nudc da dugc Dang va Nha nudc xac dinh la phan dau den nam 2020 dua nudc ta ca ban trd mgt nudc cdng nghiep theo hudng bien dai Day la thdi ky quyet dinh su phat trien va hoi nhap voi the gioi Tren thuc te, co nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien trd nudc co thu nhap trung binh, nhung rat it quoc gia c6 kha nang di tiep Ien dugc de trd mdt nudc cong nghiep vi khong cd chinh sach hieu qua de phat trien nguon nhan Igc Tu bai bgc kinh nghiem do, de Viet Nam cd the vugt qua "bay thu nhap" trung binh, tai cau true nguon nhan luc can dugc the hien chien lugc phat triln kinh te xa hgi 10 nam va ke hoach nam tdi vdi nhihig bien phap cu the nhat, quyit liet nhat va cd tinh chat dot pha • Reconstructing the Population as Human Resources for Sustainable Development of Vietnam DANG NGUYEN ANH Associate professor, PhD, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Vietnam is now experiencing the period of "golden population structure" and this is a great opportunity for economic development But human resources of Vietnam have also exposed a lot of problems: low quality of laborforces, graduates from high colleges and vocational ttaining schools meet with difficulties in getting jobs, or they cannot get jobs appropriate to their trained professions The number of unskilled workers is large, especially m the regions where l?ind has been shifted by the State to other usages than agriculmre, and they cannot meet the requttements of development Some solutions have been suggested as the issuance of policies on creating jobs, professional ttaining, rapid economic restructuring, combined measures of training and using laborers, perfecting expertise of businessmen and administrators, putting talents to good use, reconstructing the population as human resources in accordance with the most specific and determined measures, which are conducive to best breakthrough 50 S6 822 (thaug earn 201.1) ... lao Co cau "dan so vang" cua Viet Nam se keo dgng - viec Iam Viet Nam ciia Bg Lao dgng dai khoang 40 nam, dd giai doan Thuong binh va Xa hgi, Viet Nam thieu tram nam (2015 - 2017) c6 so ngudi phu... Viet Nam chua dugc thi tnrdng Iao ddng qudc te thira nhan So bai bao khoa hgc dugc cong bd hang nam chi bang khoang 1/4 ciia Thai Lan dan so nudc ta ddng hon, so tien si ciia Viet Nam hang nam. .. kinh nghiem do, de Viet Nam cd the vugt qua "bay thu nhap" trung binh, tai cau true nguon nhan luc can dugc the hien chien lugc phat triln kinh te xa hgi 10 nam va ke hoach nam tdi vdi nhihig bien