Việc làmcho lao động nông thôn thời hội nhập thách thức và giải pháp

31 TAP CHf P H A T T R I ^ N NHAN LUC, SO 3(19)-201G VIEC LAM CHO LAO D O N G NONG THON THCJI HOI NHAP: THACH THtfC VA GIAI PHAP NGUYIN NANG NAM •> V iet Nam la mpt ntfdc cd nen kinh te ndng nghiep, life Itfdng lao dpng tap trung chu yeu d ndng thdn Theo sd' heu tdng dieu tra dan sd nam 2009: 70% dan sd ntfdc ta dang sd'ng d khu vtfc ndng Mdn, lao dpng ndng thdn Men chiem 75% tdng life Itfdng lao dpng ca ntfdc va chu yeu tap tnmg san xua't Hong Enh vtfc ndng ngMep day la ngudn lao ddng ddi dao va tiem nang, la ndi cung cap, hau thuan dae life eho cdc khu dd thi va khu cdng ngMep Giai doan 2000-2007, tde dp tang trtfdng lao ddng cua ea ntfdc dat 2,79%, td'c dp tang trtfdng cua lao dpng ndng thdn la 2,18% Lao ddng ndng thdn vung ddng bang sdng Hong cMem 22,3%, vung ddng bang sdng Cflu Long chiem 21,5%, Tay Bac chiem 3,18% va Tay Nguyen cMem 5,59% (1) The nhtfng, tdn tai mdt Mtfc te ddi vdi lao dpng ndng thdn Men la thi trtfdng lao dpng tai khu vufc chtfa Mtfc stf phat trien, nd cdn phan mang, phan tan va sd khai, viee dp dung khoa hpc ky thuat va cdng nghe vao san xua't dtfa den lao ddng truyen Mdng Hong ndng ngMep bi ddi dtf Them vao dd, hau het cae thi trtfdng lao ddng van cM tap trung chu yeu d eac tinh, phd ed nMeu khu cdng ngMep, khu che xua't vd " Phdng Chfnh trj - Hpc vi§n Khoa hpc Qudn sM d ba vung kinh te trpng diem O vung ndng thdn, vung sau, vung xa, thi trtfdng lao ddng lai chtfa phdt trien nen din den thtfc trang la ndi thfla, ndi tMeu lao ddng Day eung cMnh la han che ldn cua lao ddng ndng thdn lam cho viee khai thde ngudn nhan life d day van edn yeu kem Ngoai ra, le ldi lam an Hong nganh ndng ngMep truyen thdng va Hnh trang rudng daft manh mun, nhd le nhtf Men da han che tinh chu ddng sang tao cua ngtfdi ndng dan san xua't, kinh doanh cung nhtf kha nang tiep can thi trtfdng eua ngtfdi lao ddng Cd Me tha'y, eung lao ddng ndng thdn ddi dao nhtfng chat Itfdng chtfa cao ea ve van hoa, ky nang chuyen mdn eung nhtf Meu biet ve phap Mat va ky nang sd'ng Thfl hai, tde dp gia tang ngudn lao ddng ldn Mac du nhffng nam qua, CMnh phu Viet Nam da cd nhffng bien phap thiet thflc nham giam td'c dp tang dan sd nhutig nMeu nguyen nhan nhfl: tde dp tang dan sd qua khfl cao, sfl anh hfldng cua tap tue phfldng Ddng trpng nam, kMnh nff nen td'c dp gia tang nguon lao ddng hang nam eua Viet Nam vao loai eao tren Me gidi Mdi nam, Viet Nam ed M 1,2-1,5 trieu ngfldi den tudi lao ddng Ben canh do, nen kinh te Men dai, xay dflng dong bp va Men dai hda he thdng ket eau tang kinh te - xa hdi la mdt nhffng ldi the canh tranh quan Hpng 32 NGUYEN N A N G NAM - VIEC LAM CHO LAO OONG De thu hut dau tfl nflde ngoai, tang stfe canh Hanh cua nen kinh te, Nha ntfdc phai Mtfc Men viec thu hdi dat canh tde ndng nghiep, chuyen doi muc dich sfl dung de xay dtfng eae khu cdng nghiep, khu ehe xuaft, khu cdng nghe eao, khu thi mdi va eae yen td thudc he thdng ket ca'u tang kinh te-xa hpi khac nhtf: dtfdng sa, cau cdng, san bay, ben cang Day la yen cau khdch quan va cap tMet ddi vdi stf nghiep phdt trien kinh te daft ntfdc Tuy nMen, qua trinh thu hdi da't canh tde ndng ngMep da lam sinh nhieu vd'n de btfc xue Hong dd cd van de giai quyet viee lam eho ngtfdi lao ddng Hien ea ntfdc cd 12 trieu hd gia dinh nhtfng cM ed 9,4 trieu heeta da't san xua't ndng ngMep, binh quan mdi hd cM ed 0,7- 0,8 heeta va mdi lao ddng la 0,3 heeta, mdi nhan khau la 0,15 hecta(2) Trung binh mdi hp bi thu hdi dat cd 1,5 lao ddng rdi vao Hnh Hang khdng ed viec ldm, va mdi heeta daft ndng ngMep bi thu hdi se lay di cd hpi lam viee cua 13 lao dpng d ndng Mdn Viec thu hdi dat ndng ngMep Hong nam (2003 - 2008) da tde ddng den ddi sdng eua tren 627.000 hd gia dinh vdi khoang 950.000 lao ddng va 2,5 trieu nhan khau ndng ngMep(3) Cd tdi 67% sd lao dpng ndng ngMep bi Mu hdi daft van giff nguyen nghe san xua't ndng nghiep; 13% chuyen sang nghe mdi va khoang 20% khdng cd viee lam hoae cd viee lam nhflng khdng dn dinh(4) Viec lam va thu nhap eua ede hd sdng ehu yeu dfla vao san xua't ndng ngMep (cMem tdi 60%) la ddi Mdng bi tac dpng ldn nha't sau kM thu hdi da't va gap nMeu khd khan Hm kiem viec lam mdi 53% sd hd cd thu nhap giam so vdi trflde kM bi thu hdi da't, cM cd 13% sd hd cd thu nhap tang hdn trfldc(5) Thach thflc thfl ba la sfle canh Hanh Map, mflc dp canh HarM gia tang, nMeu lao dpng dang dufng tnidc nguy cd mat viee lam Vdi dae diem cua nen ndng ngMep Viet Nam la san xua't nhd le, lae hau mang tinh truyen thd'ng cua nen van miiM trdng lua nflde, ngfldi lao ddng Enh viic ndng nghiep, ndng thdn khdng dfldc dao tao sau ve nghe ngMep va trinh dp kinh te, trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thuat Theo bao cao mdi day cua Bd LD-TB&XH: Ti le lao ddng ndng Mdn qua dao tao nghe den mdi dat 18,7%, cdn rat thap so vdi binh quan chung cua cd nflde (25%) Lao dpng ndng thdn qua dao tao nghe cd sii chenh lech ldn giffa cdc vung kinh td: Ddng bang song Hong: 19,4%; Dong bang sdng Cflu Long 17,9%; kM dd, vung Tay Bac ehi ed 8,3% Mang Itfdi ed sd day nghe d khu vtfc ndng thdn, mien nui, vung sau, xa cdn mdng, quy md dao tao nhd Qua Mdng ke M ed sd, den edn 253 huyen chtfa ed trung tam day nghe va cdn khoang % phdng hpc, 20,7% nha xtfdng Mtfc hanh cua cac cd sd day nghe la nha tam, nha cap (6) Do vay, hp khd ed the tMch fllig dtfde vdi mot mdi trtfdng canh Hanh mang tinh toan can Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, dieu eflng cd ngMa mpi tang ldp nhan dan lao ddng, mpi phan kinh te deu phai chap nhan stf canh Hanh Hong mdt mdi trtfdng day Mfl thach khae ngMet Hinh anh cua mdt nen ndng ngMep manh mun, nho Id, mang tinh truyen thd'ng se dan thu hep de nhtfdng lai eho md Mnh san xua't Idn-san xua't hang hda dai tra Life Itfdng lao ddng ndi chung ta't yeu bi ddi dtf, dd, ltfc Itfdng lao dpng Hong ndng ngMep se la chu yeu Dieu dde biet la, lao dpng ddi dtf Hong ndng ngMep Mtfdng cl dp tudi tren 30, khd khdn viec tie^p thu khoa hpe ky Muat va cdng nghe de chuyen doi ed ca'u nganh nghe Trtfdc nhuiig Mdeh thflc dd, viec Hm hfldng di de giai quyet viee lam eho lao ddng ndng Mdn la mdt van de ed tinh cap tMet ddi hdi chung ta phai thflc hien ddng bd, cd he thdng nhieu giai phap khac nhau, nhtfiig Hong Meo ehung tdi tM can tap trung vao thiic Men cd Men qua mpt sd giai phap cd ban sau: Mpt la, ddy mgnh xudt khdu lao dpng, day la mpt hudng quan trgng de gidi quyet viec ldm cho lao dpng d nong thdn Men Theo sd Ueu thdng ke Men chung ta c6 khoang 500.000 lao dpng Viet Nam dang lam viec Hen 50 qudc gia va vflng lanh Mo Hen toan Me gidi(7) Rieng nam 2009 chung ta da dtfa di lam viec d ntfdc ngoai dtfde gan 75.000 lao ddng, NGUYEN N A N G NAM - VIEC LAM CHO LAO DONG dat 83% kd hoaeh nam Nam 2010, nhu can Myen dung d tat ca cdc thi trtfdng deu tang, song cM Heu dtfa 85.000 lao ddng Viet Nam ntfdc ngoai lam viec la mpt dp life khdng nhd Thi trtfdng chu life cua Viet Nam nhtf: Malaysia, Han Qudc, Dai Loan vdn giam M 30% - 80% sd Itfdng Hong nam 2009 se la mpt thach thfle Trong sd' 170 doanh nghiep XKLD, da cd khoang 60 doanh ngMep bi thu hdi gia'y phep hodc tra lai chtfe nang XKLD hoat dpng khdng Meu qua Day cung cMnh la cd hdi cho cdc doanh nghiep manh tri nang ltfc, md rdng thi trtfdng, ehuan hda M khau dao tao den mdi gidi, quan If, khdng bi "ddng bang" thi trtfdng hdn loan ve pM dich vu(8) Cung vdi dd, ngtfdi lao ddng d ndng thdn Mtfdng it vdn, tMeu Mdng tin va kem Men biet Dd la nhffng thdch thtfc ldn cho van de xua't khau lao dpng ndng thdn Hong giai doan Men De giai quyet van de nay, chung ta can tap trung vdo thtfc hien td't viec thdng tin, tuyen truyen ve hoat dpng xua't khau lao ddng den ngtfdi lao ddng d ndng thdn, giup hp nhan thfle va dinh hfldng dung ve cd hdi eung nhfl nhffng khd khan, Maeh Mflc Hong xua't khau lao ddng; Thanh lap va phdt huy vai Hd cua quy tm dung de giup dd lao dpng ndng thdn tham gia xua't khau lao ddng Bang Mnh thflc nay, ngfldi lao ddng d ndng thdn ma dae biet la ngfldi ngheo mdi cd cd hdi Mam gia xuat khau lao dpng Cdc quy tm dung cd Me la ngan sdch cfla Chinh phu, ngan sdch cua cac dia phfldng hoac nhffng ngfldi da di xua't khau lao dpng lap nham giup dd ngfldi lao ddng Mam gia xua't khau lao ddng; Phdt huy tinh Man Mdng Man, Mdng di hd Hd va giup dd lan giffa nhuiig ngfldi lao ddng d ndng Mdn Hong hoat ddng xua't khau lao dpng; Thanh lap cdc ed quan M van mien pM giup dd ngfldi lao ddng d ndng thdn ve thu tuc hanh ehinh va Mu tue tai ehinh kM Mam gia hoat ddng xuat khau lao dpng, khac phue Hnh Hang bi lfla bip va phai chi phi qud cao de tham gia xua't khau lao dpng Hai Id, md rpng cdc hinh thde, ca sd de ddo tgo nghi cho lao dong ndng thdn 33 Tnidc yeu eau cang cao eua thi trtfdng lao ddng Dang, Nha ntfdc ta ed kd hoaeh giai doan 2011-2015, se dao tao nghe cho 5,2 trieu lao ddng ndng thdn, dd day nghe cho khoang 4,7 trieu ndng dan va dam bao khoang 70% hpc vien sau hpc nghe dtfde tao viec lam, cdn lai la 500.000 Itfdt can bp, cdng chflc xa Sang giai doan 2016-2020, dao tao nghe eho trieu lao dpng ndng thdn, 5,5 trieu ngfldi la ndng dan (dam bao khoang 80% sau hpe nghe ed viec lam) va 500.000 Ifldt ngfldi la can bp, cdng chflc xa(9) Lao dpng ndng thdn khdng cM can cd trinh dp chuyen mdn va cap nhat kien thfle, tfng dung khoa hpc cdng nghe vao ndng ngMep ndng thdn de dap flng nhu eau phat trien kinh te cua dat nflde ma cdn phai ed ca kien thfle xa hdi, giao Hep cdng dong, phat trien ban than de cd dfldc tde phong lam viee ngMem Me, Man thu ky Mat lao ddng va ed tinh than ddng dpi kM lam viee d bat efl mdi trfldng nao Do vay can day manh xa hpi hda va dao tao nghe eho ndng dan; flU Hen dao tao nghe eho nhiing ngfldi ndng dan bi thu hoi da't ndng nghiep de chuyen sang da't cdng ngMep, dd thi Ba Id, day mgnh chuyen dich ca cdu kinh te ndng nghiep, nong thdn Xdc dinh chuyen dich theo hudng cdng nghiep hda Men dgi hda ndng nghiep, nong thdn vd xdy diXng nen nong nghiep hdng hod ldn De Mflc Men tdt van de can tap trung chi dao lam tdt cdng tde quy hoaeh, td chflc lai san xua't phu hdp vdi dieu kien eu the cfla tflng vflng, dia phfldng; bd tri cd eau cay trdng, vat nudi theo hfldng dn dinh dien deh lua vfla bao dam an ninh Ifldng thflc vfla phue vu xua't khau; Mnh Manh cdc vung san xua't tap trung, chuyen canh lua cha't Ifldng cao, vung chuyen canh cay an trai, nudi trdng thuy san, Mnh cdc trang trai chdn nudi tap trung, an toan dich benh Khuyen kMeh cac Manh phan kinh te dau M phdt trien cdng ngMep, Heu, thu cdng ngMep, dich vu, ngdnh nghe d ndng thdn gan vdi sfl dung nguyen Ueu va thu hut nMeu lao ddng tai chd nham thuc day chuyen dich cd eau kinh td, cd 34 NGUYEN N A N G NAM - VIEC LAM CHO LAO D O N G ca'u lao ddng ndng thdn Tiep tue ddi mdi va xay dtfng eae Mnh Mflc td chflc san xua't, dich vu cd Meu qua d ndng thdn Khuyen kMeh, tao dieu kien eho ngfldi dan Mam gia phat trien cac loai Mnh hdp tac san xua't kinh doanh; xay dflng md Mnh doanh nghiep ndng nghiep thich hdp gan vdi Uen kdt hoac tich tu rupng daft de Mnh vung san xua't hang hda ldn, tao dieu kien dfla cdng ngMep vao phue vu ndng ngMep To chflc tdt ede hoat dpng dich vu phuc vu ndng ngMep, ndng Mdn va tieu thu ndng san; khuyen khich md rpng cae Mnh thfle lien ket san xua't va Heu Mu ndng san hang hda; tiep tue hd trd, tao dieu kien cho cac phan kinh te phat trien, nha't la eae hdp tae xa, td hdp, trang Hai Tiep nhan, chuyen giao va uhg dung Hen bp khoa hpc ky thuat va cdng nghe vao san xua't, dau M nang cao chat Ifldng cdng tac khuyen ndng, khuyen ngfl nham nang cao ndng sua't, ehat Ifldng, kha nang canh tranh cua ndng san hang hda, gdp phan nang cao thu nhap eua ngfldi dan nghe nganh ndng -lam- thuy san Dong thdi, thuc day sfl hoat dpng eua he thdng tai ehinh ngan hang vao khu vflc thi trtfdng ndng Mon, ndi ty le rui ro cao Tao nhifng thuan ldi nha't de ndng dan ed the tiep can vdi ede nguon tai chinh Day nhanh viec ed phan hod, Mnh thi trtfdng vd'n va van hanh td't loai thi tnfdng nham nhanh ehdng huy ddng vd'n va di chuyen vd'n de dang giffa eae khu vtfc, cdc nganh kinh te ttf tao vd'n cho khu vtfc ndng thon Tang ngudn vd'n trung han va dai han hd trd cho nhan dan, dac biet vdi ndng dan qua tiinh tao viec lam va chuyen ddi cd ca'u kinh te d ndng thdn Ngoai ra, can dau M nMeu hdn ca ve edn bo ky Muat lan dau M vat chat de cdng tde chuyen giao ky thuat tdi ngtfdi ndng dan dat Men qua eao nha't Ben canh dd, can cd chinh sach quy hoach hdp ly ve cay, gid'ng va tao dtfde cac thi trtfdng ndng san hang hda ed gia tri Hen khap khu vtfc ndng thdn Ddi vdi vung sau, vung xa Bdn Id, cdi tie'n vd ddi mdi ca che huy dpng Nha ntfdc nen cd chinh sdch thu mua hdp 1^, vdn, sd dung vd qudn ly vdn ddu tu Mdt mat Hanh Hnh trang May ddi cay Hdng, vat nudi mot tang ty le dau tfl tfl ngan sach nhtfng chu yeu eho kdt ca'u tang eho ndng ngMep ndng Mdn cdch Hi phdt, anh htfdng tnic tiep tdi ddi sdng Cd ed ehe va ehinh sach phu hdp nhtf chinh sdch cua ngtfdi lao ddng Ddc biet, ddi vdi thi trfldng mien giam thud, chinh sdch tm dung , de keu cay cdng ngMep va cay an qua tha't thfldng nhtf gpi khuyen khieh dau ttf tfl nhieu ngudn vd'n ca phe, hd tieu, vai, Lfu tien dau M xay difng khae vao ndng ngMep ndng Mdn, ddc biet cdc cdng trinh tang ed sd d ndng thdn nhfl: la ngudn vdn FDI vin la ngudn vdn quan Hpng giao thong ndng thdn, Muy ldi vdi muc HSu tao de thuc day sfl phdt trien va chuyen giao cdng viec lam va thu nhap tai chd cho ngtfdi dan gH HUH ... tm dung de giup dd lao dpng ndng thdn tham gia xua't khau lao ddng Bang Mnh thflc nay, ngfldi lao ddng d ndng thdn ma dae biet la ngfldi ngheo mdi cd cd hdi Mam gia xuat khau lao dpng Cdc quy tm... ngfldi da di xua't khau lao dpng lap nham giup dd ngfldi lao ddng Mam gia xua't khau lao ddng; Phdt huy tinh Man Mdng Man, Mdng di hd Hd va giup dd lan giffa nhuiig ngfldi lao ddng d ndng Mdn Hong... dtfde gan 75.000 lao ddng, NGUYEN N A N G NAM - VIEC LAM CHO LAO DONG dat 83% kd hoaeh nam Nam 2010, nhu can Myen dung d tat ca cdc thi trtfdng deu tang, song cM Heu dtfa 85.000 lao ddng Viet Nam