TINH TAT YEU CUA TU DUY FHlTC HOP PHAM KHIEM ICH' nhan kinh te, lam sinh thi nhan td' lich s i dd cung cd the tac ddng trd lai den TQ cd vai trd dac biet ddi mdi trQdng eua nd, va tham ehi den sd'ng TQ anh hQdng quyet dinh den nhQng nguyen nhan da tao nd" (1, tr hanh ddng "Mpi boat ddng cua ngUdi 778) dUdc thuc hien thong qua tU duy" Vao Bit chap nhQng ldi canh bao eua F cud'i ddi, F Engels da xae nhan nhU the Engels, nhieu ngQdi van nghien bQc thQ gii Franz Mehring cQu tQ theo quan diem eu, quan diem 14/7/1893 (1, tr.776) Trong bic thQ cd y quyet dinh luan vat t i m thQdng, p h i nghia dac biet F Engels thQa nhan "ca K Marx va tdi deu phai ehiu trach nhan sii tUdng tac, tinh phQc hdp eia tQ nhiem" vi tac pham eua minh Marx va tdn tai cQng nhQ tdi "deu nhan manh trQdc bet Edgar Morin da dQa lai mdt quan ring nhQng khai niem chinh tri, phap ly niem mdi ve tQ va nghien cQu tQ duy: va nhQng khai niem tQ tQdng khac va ' T Q la phQdng thQc cao nhat cua nhQng hanh ddng cac khai niem ay nhQng hoat ddng td chQc cua tinh thin, quy dinh, la bdt nguon tQ nhQng sii kien ma bing va qua ngdn ngQ, nd thiet lap kinh te, ed sd eua nhQng khai niem iy" quan niem ve thiie tai va ve each nhin the Lam nhQ vay la da eoi nhe nhQng phQdng gidi eia nd" (2, tr.286) phap va phQdng thQc nhd dd nhQng khai Edgar Morin ludn gin tQ vdi boat niem da hinh Hdn nQa chung ddng "td chQc tri thQc" (3, Phin III, "da dQdc hinh mdt each ddc lap tr.323-523), boat ddng sang tao, nang liie tQ eua nhQng the he trQdc va dat va giai quyet van de Ong n h i n manh da trii qua mpt loat qua trinh phat trien nhQng dac diem ndi bat eia tQ duy: 'TQ ddc lap tQ cua nhQng the be nd'i bao quat va phat huy nhieu loai hinh tiep nhau" F Engels nhan manh: "Khia hay phQdng thQc khae eua tri thdng canh a'y eia van de, tdi eho rang tat ea minh, nhQng vQdt len t i t ci nhd tam chung ta deu da khdng ehu trpng dung quan trpng cua phan phan tQ, mic va bao gid eung lam xong rdi mdi nang liic td chQe va sang tao eua minh thiy sai" (1, tr 778) Tri thdng minh giai quyet van de TQ Tir vd nghien cufu tir Thiic chit eua sai lim la d quan niem ddn gian hoa ve tQ va tdn tai, coi dd la hai cQc dd'i lap vdi mpt each cQng nhic, "hoan toan khdng tha'y dQdc sii tae ddng qua lai, ed y quen ring mdt nhan td hch s i mdt dQdc nhQng nhan td khac, xet tdi cung la nguyen eung giai quyet van de, nhQng edn dat dQdc nhQng vin de sau sac, tdng quat, nd tu de xua't eae vin de khdng ed ldi giii, dd ed nhQng van de sieu hinh hpe (metaphysique - sieu vat ly); tifng lue nd ' PGS., Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Vi^t Nam 16 cung tii dat van de ve hieu liic gia tri cua ban than va gidi ban cua hieu lUc dd Tu cang phat trien thi cang giai quyet dUdc cac van de, cang dat van de thi cang tii dat va'n de ve chinh ban than minh" (4, phan II) Nhu moi hoat dpng cua tinh thin, tU phat trien va bing viec van dung ngdn ngQ, tri thdng minh, logic hgc, y thQc, va nd cung bao gdm ca nang khieu ve quan niem, hinh dung NhQ vay la nhd tQ duy, tri thdng minh ngUdi dat nhQng cau hdi va tii de xuat cho minh nhQng van de, tim kiem ldi giai, phat minh, qua dd dat tdi nang lUc sang tao Nghien cQu tQ chu yeu la nham phat huy nang liie sang tao dd, phat trien tQ phe phan va sang tao Day la cdng viec ciia ca triet hpc lan khoa hpc TQ vd'n thupc linh viic triet hpc, nhUng khdng nim gpn triet hpc, ma cd d mpi linh vUc khoa hpc, ky thuat, ddi thudng, cd ca d nha bae hpc, nha tQ tUdng, cung nhU d ngUdi mu chQ Trong the ky XX ngQdi ta chQng kien sii hinh va phat trien tU phQc hdp Td phdc hdp (pensee complexe), hay la td ve tinh phdc hdp (penser la complexite) gan lien vdi ten tudi cua Edgar Morin va Hiep hdi dng sang lap (Hiep hpi Tu phQc hdp - APC, Paris) Ong da day edng nghien cQu tQ phQc hdp nhieu tac pham, dac biet la cud'n sach Nhdp mon td phdc hdp (5) va bd Phddng phdp {La Methode, gdm tap) - tac pham chu ye'u cua Edgar Morin "PhQdng phap" ma dng ndi tdi chinh la phUdng phap tiep can tinh phQc hdp, phUdng phap giup chung ta cd kha nang tU ve tinh phQc hdp Td phdc hdp Id tdt yeu thdi dai Mdt mat td ddn gidn hda cang bpc Id nhQng ba't cap, nhQng han che va sai lim cua nd, khien cho ngQdi bat liic khdng nhan dUdc Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi sd 1.2010 tinh phQc hdp cua thiic tai, dd dan td'i "trituemulda"(5, tr.7)'*' Mat khac, vao cudi the ki XX da cd kha nang va tren tliUc te da hinh mpt phUdng thQc tU khac du manh de vUdt qua sQ thach thQc cua thQc tai, ddi thoai va thUdng thuyet vdi nd Edgar Morin viet: "Benh ly hien dai cua tam tri nim d viec sieu ddn gian hda dang che kin tinh phQc hdp cua thQc tai Chi cd tQ phQc hdp mdi khai hda dQdc tri thQc cua chung ta ma thdi" La ngQdi "cha de cua tU phQc hdp" (6, tr.28), Edgar Morin da ke lai qua trinh hinh tQ phQc hdp tQ cud'i nhQng nam 1960, dudi sii tac ddng cua ly thuyet thong tin, dieu khien hpc, ly thuyet he thd'ng va ly thuyet tQ - td chQc nhQ the nao De xac lap cd sd vQng ehac cho tu phQc hdp, dng da tap trung mpi nd liic vao viec "trien khai mgt ly thuyet, mgt logic, mgt tri thdc luan vi tinh phdc hdp de cd the nhgn hiei ngddi" (5, tr.21-22) Muc tieu trung tam cua tU phQc hdp la nhan biet ngQdi mdt sieu phQc hdp cua tien hda vu tru Quan niem ve tinli phuc hgfp Tinh phdc hdp, hay cdi phdc hdp (la complexite, le complexus) dQdc hieu nhU la nhQng gi lien ket lai vdi nhau, dan det cung Tinh phQc hdp lien quan den khd'i lUdng khdng Id nhQng tQdng tac giQa cac bp phan cau di biet, gan bd hQu cd vdi nhau, tao nen "tdm det chun^' {tissu commun) khdng the phan each va quy gian dUdc Bd nao ngUdi la mdt sieu phQc hdp, gdm hdn 10 ty te bao Mpi he thd'ng tu - td chQc, ke ca nhQng td chQc ddn gian nha't eung deu dQdc ket bdp bdi mdt so' iQdng ra't ldn cac ddn vi va tQdng tac eua chung, ldn den mQc thach k h i nang tinh toan cua chung ta (*) Trong bai cac doan trich dSn deu lay b cudn "Nhap mon tvt phiic hdp" ne'u khong co chii thich rieng (P.K.I.) Tinh tat yeu cua tu Hay nhin ta'm tranh tham Nd dQdc det bdi nhQng sdi lanh, td, bdng, len, miu sac du loai Mud'n hieu dUdc tim tham rat ein hieu bie't cac dinh luat va nguyen tic lien quan den mdi loai sdi Nhung tdng edng mpi tri thQc ve tiing loai sdi van khdng du de nhan thQc dQdc chit iQdng va dac tinb cua t i m det O day cac sdi khdng phai dUdc bd' tri ngiu nhien ma dUdc tdchdc theo mdt phac thao, mdt tdng the thdng nha't ma tQng bd phan phai hQdng vao cai tdng the GiQa bQc tranh va ngQdi san xuit, doanh nghiep, cd quan he hQu cd Khi s i n xuat hang hda, doanh nghiep ddng thdi tii sin xuat ban than minh Diy la thiic chit cua tinh phQc hdp Cd hai each hieu khdng dung ve tinh phQc hdp: Mdt la eho ring tinh phQc hdp dan tdi viec loai bd tinh ddn gian hda That ra, lam nhQ vay chi dan tdi sQ ddn gian hda khac ma thdi Hdn nQa tQ ddn gian hdi da tiing nudi dQdng nhQng bQde tien ldn lao cua khoa hpc phQdng Tay tQ the ky XVII den eud'i the ky XIX Bdi vay viec ddn gian hda la ein thie't, cd' nhien phai tQdng dd'i hda nd T Q phQc hdp tim each tich hdp cac phQdng thQc tU ddn gian hda, nhUng ludn khUdc tQ nhQng he qua mang tinb cit xen, quy giin, phien dien, che khua't tinh phQc hdp eua thiic tai Hai la ddng nha't tinh phQc hdp vdi tinh todn ven {completu.de) That tri thQc toan ven la khdng the cd dQdc Cin chap nhan nguyen ly bat toan va bat dinh cua tri thQc Chap nhan tinb phQc hdp cung la chap nhan mau thuin T Q phQc hdp mong mud'n dat den mdt tri thQc da chieu, chu trpng lien ket tri thQc, ket nd'i cai mdt vdi cai nhieu, tho'ng nhdt da dgng {unitas multiplex) Tr! thijfc luan ve tinh phiJtc hup Sii hinh va phat trien tQ phQc hdp ddi hdi phai phat trien tri thdc 17 ludn phdc hdp (epistemologie complexe), hay tri thdc ludn vi tinh phdc hdp {epistemologie de la complexite) Tri thQc luan thQdng dQdc dinh nghia nhQ la sii khao sat triet hpc ve tri thQc ngQdi ndi chung va tri thQc khoa hpc ndi rieng Vi vay tri thQc luan la "linh viic giap ranh" giQa triet hpe vdi khoa hpe Trong cupe tpa dam giQa Edgar Morin vdi bay vi giao sQ Bd Dao Nha thudc eae bd mdn khae (triet bpc, vat ly hpc, sinh hpc, s i hpc, tam ly hpe xa hdi, van hpe) hgudi ta hdi: dng la ma lai khdng ed ten danh saeh cae nha triet hpc, cung khdng dich thiic la nha khoa hpc? Edgar Morin tra ldi: ban than tdi citj dam dQdng vi tri trung gian giQa khoa hpe va triet hpc, khdng dQng ban mdt ben nao, nhUng di tQ ben sang ben kia, nd liic thiet lap mdt boat ddng giao IQU cho tdi, d tdi va tdi Tdi hoan toan dQng ngoai eia nhQng phdng nghien cQu khoa hpe chuyen nganh, nhQng rat quan tam den nhQng y tudng bao ham, hay tiem an cac ly thuyet khoa hpc DQng d vi tri dac biet dd, Edgar Morin cd dieu kien phan tieh sii bien ddi ve tri thQc luan, dQdi sQ tae ddng eua khoa hpc the ky XX Khdi diu la hai dot pha khau khudn khd tri thQc luan cua khoa hpe ed dien Dot pha khau vat ly hpc vi md khai thdng md'i lien he phQc hdp giQa ngUdi quan sat va cai dUdc quan sat Dot pha khau vat ly hpc vi md lam cho quan sat phu thude vao vi tri va td'c dp eua ngUdi quan sat, phQc hdp hda cac mdi quan be giQa khdng gian va thdi gian CQng vdi vat ly hpc, sii phat trien cua ly thuyet he thd'ng, dieu khien hpc, ly thuyet thdng tin, dac biet la ly thuyet tiitd chQc da dQa lai nhQng bien ddi each mang ve tri thQc luan, hinh tri thQc luan phQc hdp Edgar Mdrin hinh dung sii phat trien nhQ mdt ten IQa ba ting: Quan diem he thdng va dieu 18 khien hpc gid'ng nhu ting diu tien, cho phep khdi ddng mpt ting tiep theo la ly thuyet tii-td chQc, rdi ly thuyet den iQdt minh lai cham ngdi cho mdt ting thQ ba, mang tinh tri thQc luan - tang cua nhQng md'i quan he giQa chu the va dd'i tUdng Md'i quan he khdng cd tinh nhi nguyen, dUdc the hien bang sU chia tach, chd'i bd, loai trQ lan nhau, nhu tri thQc luan cd dien Nha'n manh quan diem tri thQc luan phQc hdp, Edgar Morin viet: "NhU vay quan diem cua chung ta via ham dinh the gidi, vQa cdng nhan chu the Hdn nQa, nd dat cai va cai the tUdng hd, gan lien vdi nhau: the gidi chi cd the hien hQu nhU nd hing hien hQu TQc la chan trdi rdng md cua mdt he sinh thai ve he sinh thai, chan trdi cua tU tinh sd vgt (physis), cd mdt chii the tU {sujet pensant), na'c thang phat trien sau cung cua tinh phQc hdp tii-td chQc NhUng mpt chu the nhu vay da chi cd the xuat bien mdt qua trinh vat ly - vdi hang nghin cdng doan bi chi phdi bdi mpt he sinh thai cang phong phu va tda rdng - bao ham dd sii phat trien cua hien tUdng tu-td chQc Do dd chu the va ddi tQdng bieu Id nhu hai sii xua't hien cQc ban khdng the tach rdi cua md'i quan be giQa he tU-td chQc / he sinh thai" Dac diem quan trpng cua tri thQc luan phQc hdp la tinh nha't quan va tinh hudng md cua nd Tu phQc hdp ddi hdi phai cd tri thQc luan md va ngQde lai Trong thdi dai ma tri thQc luan mang tinh sen ddm {epistemologie gendarme) nhQ hien nay, phai nha'n manh ring tri thQc luan khdng phai la cQ diem chien lUdc cin chiem linh nhim dat mpi tri thQc dQdi quyen kiem scat td'i cao, loai bd mpi ly thuyet dd'i nghich, va nim ddc quyen ve kiem chQng va dd ea ve chan ly Tri thQc luan khdng phai la giao chu ma cung khdng phai la tda an, nd cung luc la ndi tru ngu cua cai bat dinh va cua dd'i hdp Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi sd 1.2010 logic Thuc vay, tat ca nhQng ba't dinh dUdc chung ta de cap deu phai mang ddi chQng vdi nhau, chinh ly lin nhau, tQng cai mdt ddi thoai vdi nhau, mac du ehd bao gid hi vpng dung thQ bang keo tQ tQdng de bit kin he't Id hdng cud'i cung Chuan thiJfc cOa tinh phirc hop Chuan thQc cd vai trd dac biet nhan thQc va tQ cua ngQdi Mdi ca nhan deu nhan thQc, tQ duy, hanh ddng theo nhQng chuan thQc da an sau hp Neu tu ddn gian hda chiu sii ehi phd'i e i a ehuan thQc ve tinh gidn ddn (paradigme de simplicite) thi tQ phQc hdp hinh va phat trien khudn khd eua chuan thQc ve tinh phdc hdp (paradigme de complexite) Chudn thdc \k thuat ngQ cua nha bae hpe Thomas S Kubn {paradigm, eung dich la mau binh, khudn mau, he chuan) edng trinh ndi tieng "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (7) Theo Thomas S Kubn, chuan thQc the hien "toan bd tap bdp nhQng niem tin, nhQng gia tri, nhQng ki thuat v.v ma cac vien cua mdt cdng ddng nha't dinh cung chia se" (7, tr.339) Chuan thQc xua't hien rdi bi thay the bdi mdt chuan thQc mdi Cach mang khoa hpc chinh la sii thay ddi chuan thQc dd, eung la sii thay ddi cai nhin ve the gidi S i dung thuat ngQ "chuan thQc", Edgar Morin cho r i n g thuat ngQ "chQa diing nhQng khai niem cd ban, hay nhQng pham tru chu dao cua ly tinh, cung vdi loai hinh nhQng quan be logic ve hut/day (phep bdi, phep tuyen, phep keo theo, hay cac phep tinh khac) giQa nhQng khai niem hay pham tru a^ (3, tr.441) Cd the la'y "ehuan thQc ldn cua phQdng Tay" lam vi du tieu bieu Chuan thQc Descartes (1596-1650) xac lap va da bi ap dat bdi nhQng chang dQdng phat trien cua hch sQ chau Au tQ the ky XVII Chuan thQc Descartes tach 19 Tinh tat ye'u ciia hr rdi chu the vdi khach the, mdi ben cd mdt linh vQc rieng, mdt ben la triet hpc va nghien cQu phan tQ, ben la khoa hpc va nghien cQu khach quan Kieu tach rdi theo Id'i nhi nguyen cQ nd'i dai them mai, xuyen sud't mpi bd phan khap vu tru: chu the - khach the, linh hdn - the xac, tinh thin - vat cha't, chat iQdng - so' lUdng, muc dich - nguyen nhan, tinh cam - ly tri, tu - ta't yeu, tdn tai - ban chat Chuan thQc tren day cua Descartes la chuan thQc ddn gian hda Nd quy dinh cac khai niem chu dao theo tinb thin dd'i lap va xac lap quan he logic chia tach theo phep tuyen {disjonction), tQc la dQt khoat ehpn mdt hai, loai trQ mpi kha nang thQ ba Chuan thQc ddn gian hda la chuan thQc thie't lap mdt ky cQdng, mdt trat tii khap vu tru Chuan thQc cung cd' tu ed gidi, pha vd nhQng khd'i tdng the hQu cd va td mQ Ida trQdc tinh phQc hdp cua thiic tai Da den luc cin cd cudc each mang ve chuan thQc: "Chung ta dang bQde vao thdi ky dich thiic cua cudc each mang chuan thQc sau xa, cd the ndi cdn cip tie'n hdn ca cudc each mang the ky XVI - XVH" (5, tr 178) Cudc each mang xac lap chuan thQc ve tinh phQc hdp Mdt nhQng ndi dung cd ban eia ehuan thic la phai cd mdt phUdng thQc van dung logic hpc mdt each phQc bdp, nhim khic phuc nhQng dd'i ehpn ed dien theo kieu "hoac la hoac la" Neu tQ ddn gian hda diia tren quyen ngii tri cua hai leai phep tinh logic la phep tuyen {disjonction) vk phep quy gidn {reduction) mk ci hai vdn la tan bao va may mdc, tbi cac nguyen tic eia tQ phQc bdp nha't thiet se la nguyen tdc phdn biet, phep hgi vk phep keo theo (principe de distinction, de conjonction et d implication) Cung vdi viec van dung cac phep tinh logic hpc cd dien, Edgar Morin neu len ba nguyen tic mdi cua tQ phQc hdp: nguyen tdc doi hdp logic, nguyen tdc hoi quy vd nguyen tdc todn hinh (principe dialogique, principe recursif principe hologrammatique) (5, tr.112-117) TQ phQc hdp Edgar Morin khdi xQdng NhQng xet den eung thi day la sin pham cua ca mdt chang dudng phat trien lich s i , van hda, van minh nhan loai Nd the hien mdt tdng the cac quan niem mdi, tam nhin mdi, kham pha mdi, suy tU mdi va mong Udc cua tac gia "tim kiem sii thd'ng nha't giQa khoa hpc va ly thuyet ve tinh phQc hdp nhan ban d trinh dp r i t cao" TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Mae - Ang Ghen Tuyen tap Tap VI H.: Sii that, 1984 Edgar Morin PhQdng phap Tri thQc ve tri thQc Nhan hpc ve tri thQc Le Dien dich, Pham Khiem Ich bien tap va gidi thieu H.: Dai bpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, 2006, 471tr Edgar Morin PhQdng phap TQ tQdng Ndi cQ tru, eude sd'ng, tap tinh, td chQe eia tQ tQdng Cbu Tien Anh dieh, Pham Khiem Ich bien tap va gidi thieu H.: Dai hpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, 2008, 570tr " Edgar Morin PhUdng phap Nhan Idai ve nhan loai Ban sic nhan loai Cbu Tien Anh dich, Pham Khiem Ieh bien tap va gidi thieu H.: Tri thQc, 2010 Edgar Morin Nhap mdn tQ phQc hdp Chu Tien Anh ya Chu Trung Can dich, Pham Khiem Ieh bien tap va gidi thieu H.: Tri ThQc, 2009 Pham Khiem Ieh Edgar Morin va triet hpc giao due Tap chi Thong tin KHXH, so 8, 2008 Thomas S Kubn Ciu true cac cudc each mang khoa hpc Chu Lan Dinh dieh H.: Tri thQc, 2008 ... minh, logic hgc, y thQc, va nd cung bao gdm ca nang khieu ve quan niem, hinh dung NhQ vay la nhd tQ duy, tri thdng minh ngUdi dat nhQng cau hdi va tii de xuat cho minh nhQng van de, tim kiem ldi giai,... phirc hop Chuan thQc cd vai trd dac biet nhan thQc va tQ cua ngQdi Mdi ca nhan deu nhan thQc, tQ duy, hanh ddng theo nhQng chuan thQc da an sau hp Neu tu ddn gian hda chiu sii ehi phd'i e i a ehuan