NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI KINH NGHIEM CUA VIET NAM TRONG CONG Cubc XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO TS DO QUANG liHAC* V ao cud'i nam 2005, Chi'nh phu Viet Nam td'ng ke't viec thuc hien "Chuong trinh Qud'c gia ve xda ddi giam ngheo" giai doan I (tir nam 1998 den 2005) cho chiing ta thay nhiing sdnd'i bat, nhu tir nam 1998, ty le sdhd ngheo ddi d Viet Nam cMem 58% sd hd ciia ca nude, den thang 12 - 2004 giam xud'ng 0,9% (theo tieu chf cii, cd thu nhap binh quan dudi lOO.OOOd/ngudi/hd la hd ddi va cd thu nhap binh quan dudi 160.000d/ngudi/hd la hd ngheo) Va so vdi chl tieu cua chuong trinh thi vupt 0,1% va trudc thdi han 01 nam (chi tieu cua chuong trinh den thang 12 - 2005 la giam ngheo ddi xud'ng edn 10%) Tur cud'i nam 2005 de'n nay, mac dii theo tieu cM mdi (cd thu nhap binh quan dudi 200.000d/ngudi/hp la hd ddi va cd thu nhap binh quan dudi 280.000d/ngudi/hd la hd ngheo), nhung sdhd ddi ngheo vin cM 12% Khdng phai ngau nMen ma Bao cao Phat trie'n Viet Nam cua Lien Hiep Qud'c da gM nhan, nhiing tuu giam ngheo d Viet Nam la mdt nhiing cau chuyen cdng nha't su ngMep phat trie'n Mnh te Bai viet nhlm de cap den mdt sdMnh ngMem xda ddi giam ngheo (XDGN) d Viet Nam tur nam 1998 de'n 2010 * Hoc vien Chi'nh trj - Hanh chfnh khu vuc III Thii nhdt, phdi tao nen su chuyin biin ve nhdn thuc tit Bdng din qudn chiing, tit trung uang din dia phuang vi tdm quan cda viec xoa ddi gidm ngheo Toan Dang, toan dan, trudc het la eac cap uy Dang, cM'nh quyen, cac doan the quan chiing va eac can bd chu chdt can cd sir thd'ng nhat nhan thuc viec xda ddi giam ngheo, day la nMem vu cd tam quan trpng va cd y ngMa hue xiic, ddng thdi la cdng viec thudng xuyen, lau dai Bdi le, phat trie'n Mnh te la gd'c nhung tu nd khdng xoa dupe ddi ngheo va su chenh lech giau ngheo, vi ddi ngheo la hau qua cua nMeu nguyen nhan ve Mnh te, nha't la co che Mnh te'thi trudng, chi la mdt nguyen nhan quan trpng Xda ddi giam ngheo d Viet Nam bd'i canh thm dai cd nhieu thdi co, nhung cung cd khdng ft nguy eo, thach thiic Bdi vay, neu khdng cd dupe su nhan thirc diing dan ve tam quan trpng va tap trung uu tien mpi ngudn lire ciing nhu ca che cM'nh sach cho XDGN, dieu tie't hpp ly khoang each giau ngheo se dan den nhiing hau qua khdn ludng, lam chech hudng phat trie'n cua da't nudc theo dinh hudng xa hdi chii ngMa (XHCN) 51 NGHIEN c u u - T R A O DPI Khi cd dupe nhan thure thd'ng nhat, phai coi viec XDGN la mdt bp phan cau chie'n lupc phat trie'n Mnh te- xa hpi cua dat nudc, ddng thdi, xac dinh tieu chf XDGN phit hpp vdi chi sd phat trie'n xa hdi Lien Hiep Qud'c dua Trong dd, chi sd phat trie'n eon ngudi (Human Development Index - HDI) dupe coi la quan trpng nha't Citng vdi chi sdHDI, edn ed cac chi sd khac de danh gia day du hon trinh dp phat trie'n va tfnh chat cua mdi qud'c gia, nhu chi so' phat trie'n ngudn nhan lure (Human Resource Development Index - HRDI), chi sd ludng su tham gia ciia phu nii vao quyen quye't dinh cae van de xa hdi (Gender Empowerment Measure - GEM) Cae chi sd dd nhac nhd chung ta rang, XDGN khdng cM don thuan la viec tang thu nhap Do vay, xem xet mure giau ngheo khdng chi quan tam tdi tieu chf ve mat sdlupng ma cdn ca ve mat chat Iupng cua cudc sd'ng vat chat va tinh than Tren co sd dd, xay dung nhirng giai phap mangti'nhkha tM, gan XDGN vdi thue te d dia phuong, ca sd va Idng ghep vao cac chuong trinh muc tieu Mnh te - xa hdi khac cua qud'c gia, dia phuong va eo sd nang dieu tiet cua Nha nudc XHCN cdn phai nhlm bao dam cdng blng va tien bd xa hpi timg bude phat trie'n, han che PHGN, ngan ngua, khic phuc cac Men tupng tieu cue, cac mat trai cua co che Mnh te thi trudng, Mem soat chat che va xiily nghiem minh nhiing hanh vi pham phap" Trong nen KTTT, Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam chu truong khuyen khfch lam giau hpp phap, chd'ng lam giau phi phap, di ddi vdi cham lo XDGN Xu hudng chung, nhdm giau cd lpi the ve nMeu mat cang nang cao thu nhap va miic sd'ng Do vay, sir dieu tiet cua Nha nudc giu eho khoang each giau ngheo d gidi han an toan sudt qua trinh tri nen KTTT Su dieu tiet cua Nha nudc tap trung vao dieu tie't thu nhap d "tang dinh" va XDGN d "tang day" Mat khac, vdi tu each la co quan quyen lure cdng, Nha nudc dieu hanh mpi ngudn lure cua dat nude, vi the, Nha nudc Viet Nam cd nhieu each hd trp ngudi ngheo, true tie'p va gian tiep, trudc mat va lau dai, timg mat va toan dien, nham bao dam khoang each hpp ly giira muc tha'p va miic cao, nham tao va tri sir cdng bang Thiihai, viecXDGNphdi dim vdo siic manh tong hcrp xa hdi theo dinh hudng XHCN cm Nhd nudcvd cdng dong, do, Nhd nudc cd vai trd Thuc tien da chung minh, Nha nudc Viet Nam cd trung tdm, Id dieu kien dac biet quan bdo dam cho vai trd quan trpng la tao cac dieu Men, tien de can thiet de dieu tiet, dinh hudng qua trinh XDGN Cdn XDGN thdnh cdng, ben vitng Net dac thit eua viec XDGN d Viet Nam la sdngudi chfnh nhan dan (trong dd cd ngudi ngheo) se la luc ngheo, hd ngheo, xa ngheo cutrii d vitng sau, viing xa Iupng chu yeu thuc Men cdng cudc XDGN va han che Dac Met d cac vimg dpe Men gidi phia Ddng Bac, Tay nhiing anh hudng tieu cue xu hudng PHGN gay Bac, viing Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen va vimg Tay Nam CO che thi trudng Thic ba, phdi phdt huyyiu tdndi sinh cda bdn than Bd, ngudi ngheo la ddng bao dan tpc thie'u sd chiem gan 25% sddan Hp ngheo ddi bdi cai le rat gian don: ngudi ngheo diXBGN Bdy Id kinh nghiem cdy nghla "manh vi gao, bao vi tien" Hp thieu gao, thie'u tien mdu chdt tao nen thdnh cdng dich thuc cua viec XBGN Xay dung va phat trie'n nang luc ndi sinh la mdt cho nen yeu Mud'n cho hp khde, can cd sir hd trp tfch cue cua Nha nude, thdng qua cac cMnh sach phat trien van de het sue quan trpng bd'i canh thdi dai Men kinh te - xa hdi Thie'u yeu td la thieu "cii M'ch" Ndi khac di, thdi ky ma ngudi di tim ddng lire quyet dinh khien ngudi ngheo ddi d Viet Nam khd ma tang trudng cac giai phap ky thuat thuan da vuon len Chua ndi la hp cd the cdn khd khan hon, bdi qua rdi De'n Mc nay, chinh sir sang tao eua ngudi vi khoang each giau ngheo cd xu hudng dan (phan hda) mdi la ngudn ndi luc vd tan cua sir phat trie'n ben virng Hon niia, ngudi la ngudn luc chii the ciia mpi rdng nen Mnh te thi trudng (KTTT) Trong CO che' thi trudng, Nha nudc khdng chi cd ngudn luc, dd nd la ddng luc co ban, ddng luc cua chirc nang dieu tie't Mnh te ma cdn Mem soat, dieu mpi ddng lue Van de neu tren la tutudng chii dao ciia tiet ca ve mat xa hdi, Mem soat va dieu tiet xu hudng viec khoi day va phat huy tdi da ngudn ndi lire cho phan hda giau ngheo (PHGN) d tam vi md va vi md CNH, HDH dat nudc ndi chung, cho XDGN ndi rieng Tutudng dd dupe van dung viec phat huy npi Chang han, bao trp Quy Vi ngudi ngheo, Quy Tinh thuong , ngan chan "diem ndng chinh tri - xa hdi" luc cua ban than ngudi ngheo qua cdng cudc XDGN d PHGN dem den, nham giii viing sir on dinh Churc Viet Nam gan 15 nam qua Bdi le, cdng 52 NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI trang ngheo ddi, ngoai viec xac dinh mirc tang trudng Mnh te hpp ly, nha nude ban hanh nhirng chuong trinh giam bdt ngheo ddi Chuong trinh giam bdt ngheo ddi la he thd'ng giai phap dinh rd vai trd va nhiem vu cua Nha nudc, cua cac td chue xa hdi, viec phdi hpp cac hanh ddng cua minh de nang cao mue sd'ng cho ngudi ngheo, tao cho hp co hpi phat trie'n ddi sd'ng bang ehfnh lao ddng cua ban than Chang han, Nha nudc lap Ngan hang Chinh sach, xa hdi hda dich vu cdng Cae to chirc xa hdi lap quy vi ngudi ngheo, quytinhthuong Ddng thm Dang va Nha Viet Nam coi viec XDGN la mpt cdng cu hiru hieu de thu hep dan su each biet giau ngheo giiia giiia thi va ndng thdn, giiia cac dan tdc, giiia vimg phat trien va vitng cham phat trie'n Tir dd, chpn trpng die'm de XDGN va cd uu tien cho vimg De thue Men dieu dd, Nha nude Viet Nam tie'n hanh dieu tra co ban de phan dinh mien mii, vitng cao ba khu vue Khu vuc I (budc dau cd su phat trien, cd the di ciing nhip vdi ca nudc budc vao qua trinh cdng nghiep hda Men dai hda) Khu vuc II tiep giap khu vuc I (ddi sd'ng tam on dinh) Khu vuc III tiep giap khu vuc II (la vimg sau vitng cao, khd khan va ddi Sir chu ddng, sang tao cua ban than ngudi ngheo, ngheo nha't cua ca nudc) Tren co sd dd, xac dinh vilng hd ngheo, dia phuong ngheo khdng chi tao nen hieu trpng (Hem ed ddi ngheo de cd chfnh sach trpng diem qua ben viing cho cdng tae XDGN ma cdn cd tac dung nham XDGN vdi hieu qua cao to ldn viec thu hiit ngudn lure ma cu the la vd'n Thit ndm, phdi cd ddu tu xiing ddng cho su nghiep dau tucua cac to chuc qud'c te nhuWB, ECOSOC (Hdi phdt trien gido due diXBGN ddng Mnh te- xa hdi cua Lien hpp qud'c) va cac to chue Sir khac biet ve thu nhap, nhirng thdi co pM cM'nh phu khac Do dd, khdng khac ma chi'nh nao dd, cd the chuye'n dd'i sir khac Met dd Nhung su ban than ngudi ngheo, dia' phuong ngheo la nhan td khac Met ve hpc van thi se keo dai ca the'he, tham quyet dinh sir cdng cua cdng tac XDGN, gdp chf nhieu the'he Su chenh lech ve hpc van la phan thu hep su chenh lech giau ngheo d Viet Nam td lam sau sac them tfnh bat binh dang xa hdi d khia canh khd khac phuc nha't Ne'u mdt sir thang Thittu, phdi co mot sd chinh sdch diim diXBGN tie'n xa hdi dua vao tieu chuan nang lure cua mdi ca vd XBGN vdng diim cd ddi ngheo CM'nh sach trpng diem la chi'nh sach phat trien nhan la coban dang dupe hinh thanh, thi tinh hinh qud'c gia gan vdi cM'nh sach phat trien ndng ngMep va tren se lam tram trpng them su thua kem ve lpi the ndng thdn de thay dd'i co ban cac mat Mnh te - xa hdi cua ngum ngheo vi hp it cd co hdi de nang cao hpc va ddi sdng d ndng thdn va ndng dan, la noi ma dai bd van Do dd Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam coi trpng phan ngudi ngheo sinh sd'ng Cac chuong trinh trpng viee dau tu cho giao due, dd se la su dau tu sinh lpi die'm d Viet Nam nhu dau tu co sd tang, da't san nha't, dd la giai phap ca ban tao nhieu co hdi cho xuat, xda nha tam, xay dung cac trung tam cum xa, em nha ngheo va viing ndng thdn cd dieu Men quy hoach bd tri lai dan cu, phat trie'n kinh te - xa hdi phd cap giao due thdng Khi dat tdi trinh dp hpc d cac xa dac biet khd khan, trp gia va trp cudc dd'i vdi van nha't dinh, citng vdi thi trudng lao ddng linh hoat mdt sd san pha'm hang hda Ngoai ra, de cd nhiing va hoat ddng td't se cd nhieu kha nang tim kiein viec tac ddng true tiep den bd phan dan cu dang d tinh lam va tang thu nhap, se gdp phan XDGN tac XDGN, Nha nudc va edng ddng cM ddng vai trd hd trp, tao dieu Men ve mpi mat chii khdng lam thay, khdng cuu te', cap phat don thuan, yeu td quye't dinh la ban than ngudi ngheo phat huy vai trdti'chcue, chii ddng vuon len tur cuu minh thoat canh ddi ngheo Trong cdng tac XDGN, Nha nudc Viet Nam thue Men phuang cham "cho can cau hon cho xau ca", ngMa la Nha nude Viet Nam hudng tdi viee XDGN bang cac cM'nh sach cu the (nhu chuong trinh xda nha tam, nudc sach, phan bd da't d va da't san xua't, xay dung co sd tang - dien - dudng - trudng - tram ), bang cac ngudn luc (ngan sach nha nude; cae quy ), bang ca che hanh lang phap ly Ngoai cdn chuye'n giao edng nghe, hudng din Mnh ngMem lam an, cung cap thdngtin,tao thi trudng tieu thu san pha'm, tuc la "cho can cau" va "day each cau" gan ket XDGN thdng qua san xuat la chu yeii chji khdng the mang tinh chat "ciiu trp", "phat chan" CM cd thdng qua lao ddng san xua't, vdi sur trp giiip ciia Nha nudc va cdng ddng, ngudi ngheo mdi cd dieu Men XDGN va quyen sd'ng dupe xa hpi tdn trpng Trong kM tao thu nhap cho ban than hp, ciing cd nghia la ngudi ngheo tham gia tao cua cai vat chat cho xa hdi, tire la hoa nhap cdng ddng, xa hdi de phat trie'n 53 ... vuon len tur cuu minh thoat canh ddi ngheo Trong cdng tac XDGN, Nha nudc Viet Nam thue Men phuang cham "cho can cau hon cho xau ca", ngMa la Nha nude Viet Nam hudng tdi viee XDGN bang cac cM'nh sach... qua trinh XDGN Cdn XDGN thdnh cdng, ben vitng Net dac thit eua viec XDGN d Viet Nam la sdngudi chfnh nhan dan (trong dd cd ngudi ngheo) se la luc ngheo, hd ngheo, xa ngheo cutrii d vitng sau,... trpng bd'i canh thdi dai Men kinh te - xa hdi Thie'u yeu td la thieu "cii M'ch" Ndi khac di, thdi ky ma ngudi di tim ddng lire quyet dinh khien ngudi ngheo ddi d Viet Nam khd ma tang trudng cac