52 Xa hoi hoc so' 4(108), 2009 DAU TU" VAO GIAO DUC CHO CON CAI (Qua nghien ciiu triidng hpp xd Trinh Xd, Binh Luc, Hd Nam) HA THI MINH KHl/dNG* Gidi thieu Theo Bao cao giam sat toan cau ve giao due cho mpi ngfldi nam 2008 cua UNESCO thi ganh nang tai chinh cho giao due dd'i vdi eac hd gia dinh da dfldc chi la dang ke d nhieu qud'c gia Cac hd gia dinh phai ddng gdp dang ke cho giao due em va vi the ban che kha nang tiep can giao due ciia cac hd ngheo nhat O Viet Nam, mac du cd nhflng quy dinh thflc hien giao due tieu hoc mien phi, b l u het tre em tai cac trfldng cdng vin phai ddng mdt sd' loai chi phi (ddng phuc, thiet bi, ddng gdp hdi cha me hpc sinh, chi phi cai thien trang thiet hi trfldng hoc), chi cd 16/94 qud'c gia hoan toan khdng thu bat cfl loai phi nao tai bac tieu hoc) Nhflng chi phi cd the chiem tdi 1/3 thu nhEip cua hd gia dinh, trd ganh nang eua gia dinh ngheo nhat Dieu cho thay sfl can thiet can xem xet viec dau tfl vao giao due cho cai tfl hd gia dinh Nghien cflu ve dau tfl vao giao due cho cai se gdp phan nhan dien dfldc vai trd cua gia dinh viec tri viec hoc cua tre em, nhat la d vung ndng thdn Mat khac, vdi nhieu bing ehflng cho thay tam ly cua nhieu bac cha me d ndng thdn ludn ky vpng eon cai cd hpc van cao de thoat ly ndng nghiep va cd cudc sd'ng tdt hdn Vay cha me da lam gi de giup eon cai dat dfldc hoc van mong mud'n, hay ndi each khac ngfldi dan d vflng ndng thdn hien d i u tfl nhfl the nao cho viee di hpc ciia Ket qua n g h i e n cijfu 2.1 Tinh hinh di hpc vd mong dpi hpc vdn cua cha me Ve tinh hinh di hgc cda cdi hg gia dinh ~ Trong m l u nghien cflu cd 70 ngfldi tra ldi cho biet hien d a n g t d con/chau da bd hpc 54,3% cd bd hpc; 22,9% cd bd hpc; 14,3% cd bd hpc; nghi hoe la 1,4% va la 7,1% Nguyen nhan nghi hpc ciia dfla eon bd hoc gan day nhat, dd'i vdi eon trai la: Chi ed 6/39 ngfldi cho biet trai nghi hpc vi ly kinh te; 7/39 ngfldi cho biet trai khdng mudn hoc; 18/39 nghi hoc vi hpc liic kem va 13/39 cho bidt ly nghi hoc vi khdng thi dd Dd'i vdi gai: Chi cd 12/41 ngfldi ed biet gai nghi hpc vi ly kinh te; 8/41 ngfldi cho biet gai khdng mud'n hoc; 18/41 nghi hoc vi hpc life kem va 12/41 cho biet ly nghi hpc vi khdng thi dd Cac y kidn thu dfldc tfl phdng van sau"cung cho thay hien r l t it tre bd hpc Chu yeu la bd hoc d cap HI, ly sfle hoc kem nen khdng thi dd hoac la vi ly kinh Ths, Vien Gia dinh vd Gidi Hd Thi Minh Khicang 53 te Trong trfldng hdp ddi vdi cac gia dinh hd ngheo, cd hai loai Mdt la khdng tiep tuc cho eon theo dudi hpc cao len; Hai la tiep tue theo dudi cho eon di hpc bing each vay vdn de cho hpc den thi dd "Con trai Idn hgc het ldp nhitng li/c hgc kem, khong ddp Qng dUdc kien thQc nen dd nghi hgc Mac du gia dinh dd het sQc tgo mgi diiu kien nhii: ddnh thdi gian hgc, tgo diiu kien di hgc them Chdu khong du diem vdo ddn ldp nen tii nghi hgc" (Nam, hg dQdi trung binh, co bo hgc) Danh gia ve tinh hinh di hpc cua tre em d dia phfldng so vdi nam trflde day, mpt giao vien cho biet da cd nhieu thay ddi Dd la: viec di hpc ciia tre em nhan dfldc sii quan tam nhieu hdn, bieu hien nhfl ve mat thdi gian, tao dieu kien cho tre hpc nhieu hdn va tham gia hdat ddng ngoai khda Trflde day it tham gia vi kinh te kho khan thi tre em phai danh nhieu thdi gian de phu giup gia dinh Bay gid nhan thflc ciia ngfldi dan td't hdn, giad due cai b i t dau dfldc quan tam hdn Trflde day ty le cai it hpc hdn, nhflng bay gid hp thay nhieu ngfldi dd dat, kinh nghiem, nhflng ngfldi cd kha nang trfldng hdn, ed tfldng lai hdn Mong dpi cua cha me ddi vdi hpc vdn cua Cac thdng tin ve mong ddi cua cha me ddi vdi trai va gai cho thly: 43% tdng so' 193 ngfldi mong trai sau lam can bp, vien chflc, 28% thoat ly nghe khac; 19,2% lam cdng nhan va 0,5% thoat ly budn ban Ty le mong mud'n trai lam rupng tai dia phfldng la chi chiem 1,6%, budn ban tai dia phfldng la 1% va nghe khac tai dia phfldng la 6,7% Cdn dd'i vdi eon gai, ed tdi 50,3% tdng so' 175 ngfldi cho biet mong gai sau lam can bd, vien ehfle, 21,7% thoat ly nghe khac; 15,4% lam cdng nhan va 4% thoat ly budn ban Ty le mong mud'n gai lam rupng tai dia phfldng chi chiem 1,1%, budn ban tai dia phfldng la 1,1% va nghe khac tai dia phfldng la 6,3% Nhfl vay khdng cd khac biet nao mong ddi eua cha me ddi vdi trai va gai Didm dang Iflu y la mong dpi nghe nghiep cho ca eon trai va eon gai sd'ng va lam viec tai dia phfldng deu chfla den 1/10 sd'ngfldi dfldc hdi Mdt nfla sd cha me mong ddi thoat ly lam viee linh viic nghe nghiep la can bd, vien chflc ed nghia la ddng thdi cha me it nhieu phai cd nhflng nd life, d i u tfl nhieu hdn so vdi nhdm mong ddi trai, gai lam linh vfle nghe nghiep khac Mong ddi ve hpc van ciia cha me phin nao the hien qua viec diu tfl giao due, nhflng sfl Ilia chpn diu tfl ciia hd gia dinh d ndng thdn ddi vdi viee hpc ciia phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td ma dd vao "sfle hoc ciia con" lieu day ed phai la mdt sfl liia chpn ly, bdi da sd eac y kien dfldc hdi deu nhan manh den "sfl diu tfl cho dfla sang da, hpc tdt" Ngfldi dan chd ring viec mong ddi hpc dd dat la dieu khdng thflc te, theo ho, hien xa hpi hien cd nhidu cac trfldng dad tao nhfl trung cap, cao ding va dai hpc Sfl dat/dd dat ehi dfldc coi la thudc ve hoc sinh ed sfle hpc xuit sic hoac dat dfldc tich thu khoa, sdhpc sinh la rat it Va vi vay hp cung hieu r i n g cac ed hdi viec lam thfldng rpng md cho cac hpc sinh/sinh vien nay, sfle hpc eua cac em hp ehi d mfle binh thfldng Nhfl vay qua each hp suy nghi ve mong ddi viec dd dat cua eon cai the hien/phan anh suy nghi thiic te, ed p h i n mang tinh ly eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn hien 54 Ddu tQ vdo gido due cho cdi "Xudt phdt tQ mong muon cdi trQdng thdnh, hcfn nQa d nong thon thu nhdp kem, thudn nong nen mong muon thodt ly (Nam, hg khd, cd dang di hgc) "Viec hgc dgt hdu nhQ khong khong mong muon, vi trinh dp cdi cung kho Vi du, cdi ddu tii hgc hit cdp III, di hgc chuyen nghiep, md cdc triidng chuyen nghiep md nhiiu hien thi khd co cd hgi viec ldm, vi hgc cd trinh khde Vi du chi co thu khoa d khoa ddy diidc xd hgi chdp nhdn hdn so vdi cdc chdu hgc binh thiidng thi cd hgi cdng vQa phdi thoi" (PVS nam, hg dQdi trung binh, CO dang di hgc) r 2.2 Ddu tli cho gido due Quan niem cda ngiidi ddn ve ddu tii gido due vd viec hpc them Giao due d Viet Nam ludn ludn dfldc coi trpng cho du cd nhflng thdi ky giao due bi suy giam bdi nhieu ly nhfl ed che, nan t h a t nghiep Nhflng mong ddi ve hpc van cung nhfl dinh hfldng d i u tfl cho hpc tap van la flu tien cua hd gia dinh ndng thdn Cd nhieu ly cho viec flu tien cho hpc van eua Dd'i vdi ngfldi dan d vung ndng thdn, hoc van la mdt nhflng each de thoat khdi ddi ngheo, la dfldng giup cho eon cai hp cd kien thflc de cd mdt nghe nghiep td't thoat ly vdi nghe lam ndng hoac cd kien thflc de sii dung nd nhfl mdt h a n h t r a n g vao cupc sd'ng, dam bao mdt cupc sd'ng td't Hp cdn cho r i n g da d i u tfl la g i n vdi ket qua eu the, vi vay d i u tfl vao giao due cho cai dd la sfl d i u tfl ve kien thflc cho cudc sdng tfldng lai sau cua eon Quan niem d ca hd gia dinh cd hien dang di hoe, cd eon da nghi hpc "Viec ddu tUgido due cho cdi thi minh dd xdc dinh Id de thi chu yeu tap trung ddu tii cho de sau ndy no thdnh dgt, khong vdt vd nhQ bdme" (PVS nQ, 34 tuoi, nong nghiep) "Ddu tli CO ldi thi cung mong, bdi le ddu tit vi kie'n thQc Id vo cung, vi du co tnidng hdp d ddy co di hgc het cdp III, cung qua triidng ldp rdi lqi quay vi ldm nong nghiep, vgy thi cd ldi gi khong, chdng qua la cd ldi vi kien thQc deldm viec bdt cQ chd ndo, noi that vi ndi co ldi vi kinh te'thi khong ddm ndi, vi bdme hgc cdp II kien thQc no chi co the, nhiing hgc het cdp III thi chdc chdc kien thQc nd se khde, vd neu ddu tQ vdo chuyen nghiep thi kie'n thQc nd phdi cd hcfn Kien thQc siC dung vdo cong viec" (PVS nam, hg khd cd dang di hgc) Theo dd sfl d i u tfl ve giao due cua ngfldi dan d ndng thdn dfldc xac dinh d ca hai khia canh ve thdi gian cho eon hpc tap va ve mat kinh phi Va quan niem dau tfl cho giao due dfldc xac dinh r a t ro r a n g dd la ehi d a n h cho di hpc d trfldng cdng "Mudn di hgc phdi ddu tQ ddu tii thi phdi cd tien bac vi viet nhieu thi tdng vd, tham nhieu kie'n thQc thi tdng tiin mua sdch (Nam hg dUdi trung binh, cd dang di hpc) "Ddu tu tQc la xdc dinh cho cdc chdu vi thdi gian vd kinh phi Ddu tU cho gido due CO nghla la phdi thi dd chinh thQc, tQc Id vdo dUdc cong lap Bdn cong vd bdtuc Id khong Hd Thi Minh Khuang gg dUdc ThUc te d nong thon quy thdi gian rdt nhieu, la vdt vd, thdi gian ban rgn chu yeu Id vdo ngdy mua la xdc dinh ddu tU thoi chQ thdng ngdy thi rdi tQ thdng 4, 5, vd thdng 8, 9, 10 phdi lao dgng, giup dUdc viec gi toi viec ddy khong quan trgng, nhQ vdy quy thdi gian la 50/50 (PVS nam, hg trung binh, cd dang di hgc) Tuy nhien, each thflc d i u tfl ed sfl khac nhau, cd ngfldi thi cho r i n g sfl chuan bi dau tfl nen b i t d i u tfl cac cap hoc phd thdng nhflng cung cd y kie'n cho r i n g sfl diu tfl nen bat d i u tfl cap H, dac biet la vao hoc chuyen nghiep "Luon luon xdc dinh ddu tU cho dn hgc, cd giai doan ddu tU Su chuan bi cho dn hgc vi hien cong nghiep hda vi dia phUdng, cd the thodt ly tgi dia phUdng vi du cd mdy gat dap lien hodn, the he tre khong hgc kien thQc vi ngdnh nghi, se thdt nghiep, cdt tay SQ chudn bi ddu tQ: cdp I vd cdp II la td'i thieu, ddu tU bdt ddu tQ cdp II, vd ddu tu thUc sU Id cdc chdu hgc chuyen nghiep" (Nam, hg dUdi trung binh, CO dang di hgc) Quan niem ve viec hpc them: H i u het ngfldi dan dfldc hdi deu cho r i n g viec hpc them la viec eIn thiet de bd sung kien thflc va cflng la mpt each hpc them d nha la quan diem ciia hau bet cac bac cha me thu dfldc tfl cac thdng tin dinh tinh Viee khuyen khich va tao dieu kien cho eac chau di hpc them mdt p h i n dfldc xuat phat tfl ly cha me khdng cd kha nang giup cho hpc them d nha, vi vay viee hpc them la mpt nhflng hinh thflc hpc d nha Hoae coi "Hoc them la de bd sung kien thflc, ky nang, ndu chau cd thai dp mien cfldng la gia dinh cd thai dp dflt khoat viec cin phai hoc them" (PVS nam, hd dfldi trung binh) Chi phi cho gido due Trong cudc didu tra d xa Trinh Xa ed tdng sd 302 trfldng hdp thi ehi ed 189 trfldng hdp (62,5%) hien dang cd con/chau dang dp tudi di hpc (tfl den 18 tudi) nhflng hd gia dinh hien ed eon hoac chau dang di hoc, viee d i u tfl giao due cho the hien qua eac boat ddng nhfl: d i u tfl thdi gian va tri tue (qua viec cha/me tham gia hpp phu huynh va giup hoc them d nha); d i u tfl bing tien cho viec hoe cua ngfldi Idn nhat va cho hpc them; va cac hinh thflc khac Ddu tQ vi thdi gian vd tri tue H i u het cac gia dinh cd quan tam den viec di hpp phu huynh cho cai Vi du chi cd 4.8% cho biet hp chfla bao gid di hop cdn lai 68,6% ngfldi tra ldi cho biet thfldng xuyen di hep phu huynh, 16,5% ehi d mfle thinh thoang, 10,1% cho biet it Viec di hpp phu huynh chu yeu la ngfldi vd dam nhiem (19,1% so vdi 69.1%), ty le ca vd va chdng chiem 6.9%; 4,8% la bd me vd/chdng, anh em trai hoac ehi em gai ngfldi ho hang, va ngfldi khac dam nhiem • Cd gan mdt niia ngfldi tra ldi cho bidt ho thfldng xuyen giup eon hpc them d nha (48,9%), 22,6% d mfle thinh thoang va 10.8% d mflc it va 17,7% chfla bao gid 51,7% ngfldi tra ldi cho biet day la cdng viec ngfldi vd dam nhiem va cd 2,3% anh 56 Ddu tQ vdo gido due cho cdi ehi em giup eon hoc Tuy nhien h i u bet trfldng hdp dfldc phdng vS'n deu cho r i n g vi han che ve kien thflc nen ban than hp khdng the dam nhiem dfldc viec kem hpc them d nha Giai phap chii yeu la cho di hoc them d trfldng hoac cac anh chi em kem cap lan "Viec di hgp phu huynh cho cdc chdu cd the Id vd hodc chdng Id thUdng xuyen Viec di hgp phu huynh the hien cho cdc chdu Id bdme quan tdm, di hgp debiet vi ngi dung hoat dgng cda nhd trUdng vd d ldp Viec cha me kem day them d nhd khong cd, chi cd chi kem em hgc" (PVS nam, hg trung binh, cd dang di hgc) Danh gia ve sii quan tam eua bac cha me dd'i vdi viec hpc t^p cua hien nay, y kien cua mdt nfl giao vien cap H cho r i n g : ' ~'^ Cha me hien tUcfng dot quan tdm den viec hgc tap cua con, chi cd mgt so gia dinh khong quan tdm ldm Hg bdt ddu tgo diiu kien thudn ldi cho di hgc vd ddu tQ sdch vd Hdu het diu di hgp phu huynh cho con, khong cd vdng mat Ngodi viec tgo diiu kien bao gdm: tao diiu kien vi mat thdi gian Hodc Id cho di hgc them, hodc cd hoat dgng ndo, nhU ngoai khda thi cung cho cdc em tham gia vdo cdc hoqt dgng nhd trQdng Nhfl vay, ket qua tfl didu tra cho t h l y chi ed mdt ty le nhd (4,8%) cho biet viee di hpp phu huynh cho con/chau la bd' me vd/chdng, anh em trai hoac chi em gai dam nhiem, ngfldi hp hang, sd' cdn lai hoac la ea hai vd chdng, hoac la vd, hoac ngfldi chdng dam nhiem Hoac vdi sd g i n 1/2 so' cha me cho biet hp thfldng xuyen giup eon hpc them d nha p h i n nao the hien sii quan tam cua gia dinh dd'i vdi thdng tin ve hpc liic ciia d trfldng cung nhfl nhflng nd Iflc viec kem cap hoc d nha Ket qua cung cho thay vai trd ciia ngfldi me dam nhiem viee di hpp phu huynh va giup eon hoc them cao hdn tfl den l l n so vdi ngfldi cha gia dinh Da sd'y kien cac bac cha me deu cho r i n g viec di hpp phu huynh cho cac chau cd the la vd hoae chdng la thfldng xuyen Tuy nhien viec cha me kem hpc d nha thi hau het deu che r i n g kha nang ve hpc van han che nen de di hpc them d trfldng hoac mdt vai gia dinh cd cac anh ehi kem cho em hpc Ddu tQ ve tien bac Ve tdng ehi tieu eua hd gia dinh 12 thang qua m l u dieu tra d Trinh Xa: Hd ed mflc chi t h i p nhat la 1.650.000 ddng, cao nhat la 171.640.000 ddng/nam Trong dd cd 24,8% khdng ed ehi tieu cho giao due Cdn lai fldc tinh chi phi cho giao due ciia hd gia dinh ndi chung 12 thang qua la: Ho gia dinh cd mflc chi thap nhat la 123.000 ddng/nam va cao nhat la 35.000.000 ddng/nam Xem xet ty trpng chi tdng chi tieu cua hp gia dinh cho thay, ngoai cac trfldng hdp khdng chi tieu cho giao due, ty le trung binh chi tieu cho giao due tren tdng chi tieu eua hd gia dinh 12 thang chiem 13,98% Ho cd ty trpng chi cho giao duc/tdng ehi tieu cua gia dinh thap nhat la 0,31% va ho cd ty trpng chi cao nhat la 74,6% Tuy nhien day la nhflng hd chi ca biet Ty le hd gia dinh chi tfl 5% trd xudng chiem 34,8%; tfl 6-