Những đặc điểm cơ bản trong phát triển con người ở một số nước đông á

LICH sir-VAN HOA *» \ SUY NBHI VA KIEN NGHj VE PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA VA CON NGiltl VIET NAM TRONG QUA TRlNH HOI NHAP Q U U C T ! PGS TS DO TIEN SAM Vien Nghien cUu Trung Qudc Q ua tim hieu va phan tich sir phat cua minh len ngang tam thdi dai, de tan dung trien van hda va ngudi d mdt va khai thac ca hdi, ddng thdi han che va giam sd nude Ddng A, chiing tdi rut thieu nhung thach thue ddi vdi su phat trien mdt sd bai hpc kinh nghiem va de xuat kien ben vung nghj ve phat trien van hda va ngudi Viet Trong cac nude Ddng A, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Malaixia va Xinhgapo da hdi nhap qudc te kha sdm Trung Qudc ia nudc hdi nhap mudn ban, nhung tu tien hanh cai each va md cira cudi nam 1978 den nay, nude cung da nhan thue va tan dung tdt nhiing co hdi toan cau hda dua lai nen da phat trien nhanh chdng Hp cho rang, cudc canh tranh giua cac nudc bdi canh toan cfu hda hien la canh tranh qudc luc tdng hop - tuc sue manh tdng hgp qudc gia, bao gdm ca sue manh Cling (kinh te, quan su ) va sue manh m^m (van hda, the che chinh tri ) Do nhan thirc Nam qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te nhu sau: Can the hien tinh than "tien ciing thoi dai" nhan thirc ve vai tro va tac dung cua van hoa doi voi sy phat trien kinh te xa hoi Sir phat trien nhanh chdng cua khoa hpc cdng nghe va xu the lan rdng cua toan cau hda da va dang dat trudc cac qudc gia - dan tdc nhiing ca hdi va thach thue mdi chua tung cd Dieu dd budc cac qudc gia - dan tdc phai khdng ngung ddi mdi tu - nang nhan thue NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 5(105) - 2010 51 DOTIENSAM nhu vay, cac nha lanh dao Trung Qudc da di gia tri chung bao gdm: (1) Qudc gia trudc den khing dinh ring - van hda la mdt tieu chi cdng ddng, xa hdi, ca nhan; (2) Gia dinh la don quan ciia sue manh tdng hop qudc gia; vi ca ban ciia xa hdi; (3) Ung hd edng ddng, ddng thdi ti6n them mdt budc - dat van de tdn trpng ca nhan; (4) Ddng thuan, khdng xung "nang cao sue manh mem van hda qudc gia" dot; (5) lai hda dan tdc va tdn giao Day la mdt bieu hien cua tinh than "tien cimg Ndi dung cot ldi cua gia tri chung neu thdi dai" va cung la mdt ggi md dang chii y ma tren la thdng qua su hai hda giua gia dinh, Viet Nam cd the tham khao nhan thirc ve vai trd ciia van hda qua trinh day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda; ddng thdi ciing th6 hien linh than tich cue va chu ddng hdi edng ddng, tdn giao xa hdi, de tri va thue day qudc gia dn dinh, tir dd xay dung mdt he thdng quan niem gia tri dac sac Xinhgapo nhap kinh tc qudc te hien Cdn d Trung Qude, trudc day bdi Vi vay, chung tdi de nghi cac van kien trinh dai hdi I ciia Dang ta cung nen ghi rd: Vein hoa Id moi tieu chi quan trgng cua sice nigiih canh phat trien theo md hinh kinh te ke hoach truyen thdng theo dd sd huu toan dan vdi hai hinh thirc nha nudc va tap the ddng vai trd chii Idng hup qudc gia ndng cao siic manh nieni dao, thi vice phat ddng cudc van ddng "ngii ai" vdn hoa qudc gia (nam yeu) dd cd yeu quy vd bao ve ldi Muc tieu ciia xay dung van hda la vi nguoi, vi vay can nhanh chdng xay dung he thdng gia trj md'i, qua gdp phan xay dung ngudi mdi thich ling vdi nhung bien doi moi cua tinh hinh dat nuoc va quoc tc .san cdng cua Mao Trach Ddng la phu hop Nhung dat nudc da chuyen sang thdi ky indi cai each va md eira xay dirng kinh tc thi trudng mot nen kinh tc gan lien vdi phap luat (phap tri) thi vice dc xuat bdi dudng nhung cdng dan "bdn ed""', dd cd ndi dung "co ky liigi' la rat can thiet Gid day, dirng trudc Van hda la san pham ciia ngudi, nhung bien ddi mdi eua tinh hinh the gidi, dat ngudi sang tao ra, sau dd trd lai phuc vu nudc va ciia ban than Dang Cdng san Trung ngudi, vi ngudi Tuy nhien, tiiy theo dieu Qudc, Tdng Bi thu Hd Cam Dao neu len quan kien lich su cu the ciia dat nude a nhung chang niem mdi "tam dieu vinh nhuc" , ddng thdi dudng phat trien khac muc tieu ,\av dirng xcin day la gia tri hat nhan eiia CNXH, cung la van hda rctt kjp thdi va dimg dan qua dd gdp phan xay dung ngudi, Cling khac Day Cling la ggi md ma Viet Nam cd the O Xinhgapo, Chinh phii nudc da tich tham khao Vi vay chiing tdi de nghi: Tren cd cue xay dung he thdng gia tri chung Nam sd ke thira truyen thdng tdt dep ciia cha dng 1991 sach trang gia tri chung Chinh phu dc (nhu nhan nghTa ), tiep thu nhung gia tri hat nghi da dupe Qudc hdi phe chuin He thdng nhan tu tudng dao dire Hd Chi Minh 52 NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 5(105) - 2010 Mot sd suy nghi va kien nghj (nhu Can kiem liem chinh, chi cdng vd tu ), trudng", cung lam cho van de mdi trudng ddng thdi tham khao nhirng gia trj phd bien cang nghiem trpng them ciia van hda Ddng A (nhu coi trpng gia dinh, Dac biet, nhirng su kien xay d Tay Tang coi trpng cdng ddng, qudc gia - dan tdc ), tir (2008) va Tan Cuang gan day da bude Trung dd nghien euu va xay dung mdt he thdng gid Qudc phai ed nhirng dieu chinh chinh sach dan tri mdi cho thdi ky mdi cua Viet Nam - dat tde Trong cac giai doan trudc day, phdt trien nudc da hdi nhap sau rdng vao nen kinh te duac coi la hat nhdn cua chinh sdch ddn tdc toan cau Nhieu du an phat trien kinh te da dugc trien khai d khu vuc dan tdc thieu sd Nhung Mudn phat trien ben virng, can gan ket, long ghep van hoa vol kinh te, chinh trj, xa hoi va bao ve moi trircmg khdng gan ket van hda vdi kinh te, nhat la viec dua mdt sd lugng Idn ngudi Han len cac vung dan tdc thieu sd, nen kinh te cd phat trien, Phat trien ben vCrng da va dang trd nhung mdi trudng hay khdng gian van hda cua muc tieu ma cac qude gia - ca phat trien va cac dan tdc thieu sd bj thu hep , tham chi pha dang phat trien theo dudi va Dd la mdt nhung nguyen nhan quan Thue tien Trung Qudc cho thay, van hda khdng dugc gan ket tir dau va dat cac chien luge phat trien kinh te, nen da dan den tinh trang lam hang gia, hang nhai, hang kem chit lugng, khdng chi gay tdn hai den Igi ich ciia ngudi tieu dung, ma cdn lam mat uy tin qudc gia Trong ITnh vuc chinh tn cung vay, trpng tao nen mau thuan sac tdc, mau thuan tdn giao Sir tich tu cua nhirng mau thuan nay, hem nira lai bj cac the lire phan ddng ben ngoai kich ddng, xui giuc - da dan den xung dot sac tpc, xung dot tdn giao Thirc te cho thay, viec giai quyet mau thuan dan tdc, mau thuan tdn giao khd khan phuc tap hon rat nhieu lan so vdi mau thuan giau ngheo, mau thuan chenh l^ch mdt chi'nh quyen - mac du dugc Dang cir dan phat trien Vi vay, chuyen di khao sat tai biu, nhung nhieu dja phuang, ITnh vuc cd tinh Van Nam, sau xay sir kien bao loan nhirng thiet chd va hanh vi thieu "than thien d Tan Cuong, Tdng Bi thu, Chu tjch Hd Cam vdi cdng dan", nhat la cd mdt bd phan can bd Dao da nen len quan diem mdi ve chinh sach cdng chuc, vien chiic thoai hda, bien chat da dan tdc: Tdn trpng lan nhau, quan tam lan lam giam Idng tin cua ngudi dan ddi vdi chinh nhau, giup da lan nhau, phat trien ciing quySn va td chire Dang, tham chi quay lung lai Day cung la mdt bai hpc, mdt sir ggi md ma vdi td chuc Dang va ehinh quyen Dac biet, Viet Nam can chu y qua trinh phat trien ITnh vue bao ve mdi trudng, chay theo kinh te, xa hdi Bac Hd ciing da nhieu lan nhac Igi nhuan trudc mat nhieu doanh nghiep da nhd va nhan manh, nhung chua dugc thirc thi khdng coi bao ve mdi trudng, lam cho tdt Hien nay, toan Dang, toan dan va toan mdi trudng bi hiiy hoai, ngoai cac hanh vi quan ta dang trien khai cudc van ddng "Hpc ciia ngudi dan thi§u "than thien vdi mdi tap va lam theo tam guang dao diic Ho Chi NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 5(105) - 2010 53 DO TIEN SAM Minh" Vi vay, chung tdi de nghj nen cd boat hinh Nhat Ban chiem 65% thj trudng the nhung chuyen de bien soan ve Bac Hd vdi viec gidi, 80% thi trudng chau Au Xuat khau cac xay dung van hda kinh te, van hda chinh tri, san pham cua Nhat sang MT gap lan xuat van hda sinh thai v.v Dac biet, cac van kien khau thep trinh dai hdi 11 ciia Dang can ghi rd: gan van Han Qudc nam 1998 cung de xuat Phuang hda vdi kinh te, nhat la ddi vdi cae du an phat cham van hda lap qudc va nam 1999 cdng bd trien kinh te d khu vuc dan tdc thieu sd Luat ca ban chan van hda, neu len muc Can nhanh chong xay drnig chien tieu bidn Han Qudc trd nudc Idn ve v^n liroc hay quy hoach phat trien cong nghiep hda, cudng qudc kinh te tri thurc ciia the ky van hoa vol nhung muc tieu ro rang, chinh 2I.Han Qude cung da de ehien luge budc sach cu the va giai phap kha thi phat trien cdng nghiep van hda, theo dd thoi gian 2001 - 2010 se xay dung 10 cdng vien Cdng nghiep van hda da va dang trd san nghiep van hda, 10 cdng vien san nghifp mdt diem tang trudng mdi eua nhieu qude gia van hda truyen thdng va - khu cdng nghiep tren the gidi Trong cudc khiing hoang tai van hda tdng hgp, cd sir gan ket giira san xuat, chinh nam 1997 - 1998 d chau A va khiing dao tao vdi nghien cuu khoa hgc hoang tai chinh toan cau hien nay, nhieu nude da coi trpng phat trien cdng nghiep van hda, O Trung Qudc, gan day - cung vdi viec xay dung va phe chuan quy hoach 10 nganh nghe ddng thdi xem day la mdt giai phap de khae trpng diem (gang thep, d td, det may, luy?n phuc khung hoang va phuc hdi tang trudng kim mau, ), Qudc Vu vien Trung Qudc d3 Ngoai ra, cdng nghiep van hda edn la nganh it chinh thirc thdng qua ve nguyen tac Quy hoach tieu hao nguyen nhien vat lieu, nen khdng gay chan san nghiep van hda Dieu cho d nhiem mdi trudng nhu phat trien eae nganh thay, Chinh phii Trung Qudc da nhan thurc che tao dugc vai trd, tam quan trgng va y nghTa ciia Nhat Ban - tir nam 1995 da xay dung Sach luge chan van hda, neu len phuong viec phat trien cdng nghiep van hda ddi vdi viec phuc hdi va phat trien kinh te cham "van hda lap qude" cua the ky 21 Nam Viet Nam - chien luge phat trien vSn 2001, nudc da thdng qua Luat ca ban chan hda den nam 2020 cung da dat van de phat van hda nghe thuat Tren ca sd dd - nam trien cdng nghiep van hda Tuy nhien, van de 2002 ndi eae Nhat Ban thdng qua Phuong dat la nhung ca che chinh sach va giai phap cham ca ban chan van hda nghe thuat, de phat trien cdng nghiep van hda, ddng thdi dd xac djnh van hda giai tri la tru cot vdi la nhu*ng nganh nghe nao can dugc xem Hien tai, van hda la san nghiep Idn thu d xet, lira chpn de uu tien dau tu va phat trien Vi Nhat Ban - sau nganh che tao, chi^m 18% vay, ehiing tdi de nghj, tren ca sd chien luge GDP Cac san pham ciia nganh truyen tranh, phat trien van hda da ban hanh, Chinh phii nen 54 NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 5(105) - 2010 Mpt so suy nghi va kien nghi giao cho mpt sd nganh lien quan soan thao ve tri tue vd the luc Trong dd can phai chii quy hoach phat trien cdng nghiep van hda vdi trgng xdy dung vd hodn thien chien luac phdt mdt sd nganh trpng diem nhu nghe nhin, van trien nhdn tdi nhu mdt phan quan trpng cua hda giai tri,van hda du lich Ddng thdi, chien luge phat trien ngudn nhan lire Tren ca nghien cuu lira chpn mdt sd dia ban cd nhieu sd ehien luge dd, Chinh phii can nhanh chdng dan tdc thieu sd cu trii (nhat la dan tdc xuyen hoan thien ca che: phat hien, thu hut, tuyen bien gidi) xay dung cac cdng vien van hda dan chpn, bdi dudng, dao tao, su dung, dai ngd, tdc Cudi cimg la xay dung edng nghiep van khuyen khich va tdn vinh, bao ve nhan tai Cac hda trd mdt diem tang trudng mdi ciia nganh, eae dja phuong can trien khai cu the Viet Nam the ky 21 cae ehinh sach cua Dang, Nha nude cac Viet N a m can nhanh chong xay dyng chien lircfc phat trien nguoi toan dien, tap trung mui nhon vao phat trien nhan tai Trong qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te, cac nude quy dinh cu the, nham tao mdi trudng cdng bang, canh tranh lanh manh de nhan tai xuat hien, phat huy tai nang, dap ung nhu cau ngudn nhan lire eiia thdi ky mdi, day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qudc te Ddng A da eoi ngudn lue ngudi cd vai trd quy^t djnh nhat ddn su phat trien eiia qudc gia va cd chien luge phat trien toan dien ngudn lire CHU THICH: ngudi Chinh vi vay, thdi gian qua ' "Nam yeu" ma Chii tich Mao Trach Dong neu len bao gom: Yeu To quoc, yeu nhan dan, yeu lao dpng, yeu khoa hoc, yeu quy va bao ve tai san cong ^ "B6n co" Dang Tieu Binh de xuat bao gdm: C6 ly tudng, co d?io diic, c6 van hoa, co ky luat ^ "Tam diSu vinh nhuc" ma Tong Bi thu, Chii tjch H6 elm Dao neu len bao gdm: Lay yeu To quoc lam vinh, lam nguy hai cho To quoc la nhyc; Lly phyc vu nhan dan lam vinh, quay lung lai nhSn dan la nhuc; Lly siing bai khoa hoc lam vinh, ngu ddt la nhuc; Lay cin cii lao dong lam vinh, \\xd'\ nhac la nhuc; Lly doan ket giup d& lln lam vinh, Ipi minh, hai nguoi la nhuc; Lay thyc giQ' chQ' tin lam vinh, chi thIy loi ma quen la nhyc; Lly tuan thii luat phap lam vinh, vi pham phap luat loan ky cuang la nhyc; Lly gian kho phin diu lam vinh, xa hoa dSm dang la nhyc ngudn nhan luc da gdp phin quan trpng vao cdng cda cac nudc qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te Viet Nam sau hon ba nam gia nhap WTO, mdt nhung thach thue Idn nhat van la sy ygu kem ciia ngudn nhan luc Tinh trang khan hiem nhan tai d tat ca eae ITnh vuc cang sau sic Tre - ddng nhung yeu ca ve the lire va tri lire la dac didm ndi b§t ciia ngudn nhan luc Viet Nam so sanh vdi mdt sd nude Ddng A tai thdi diem hien - gan ket thiic thap nien d&u ciia the ky XXI Vi vay, chung tdi de nghi Viet Nam cin xac dinh ngudn nhan luc la ngudn hec thu nhdt, nhanh chdng xdy dimg chiin lu(?c phdt triin ngudi Viet Nam cd NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUflC so 5(105) - 2010 55 ... gid Qudc phai ed nhirng dieu chinh chinh sach dan tri mdi cho thdi ky mdi cua Viet Nam - dat tde Trong cac giai doan trudc day, phdt trien nudc da hdi nhap sau rdng vao nen kinh te duac coi la... chit lugng, khdng chi gay tdn hai den Igi ich ciia ngudi tieu dung, ma cdn lam mat uy tin qudc gia Trong ITnh vuc chinh tn cung vay, trpng tao nen mau thuan sac tdc, mau thuan tdn giao Sir tich tu... nhanh chong xay drnig chien tieu bidn Han Qudc trd nudc Idn ve v^n liroc hay quy hoach phat trien cong nghiep hda, cudng qudc kinh te tri thurc ciia the ky van hoa vol nhung muc tieu ro rang, chinh