QUẢN TRI -QUÀN LÝ EVALUATING THE GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPONENTS MANUFACTURERS IN VIETNAM BY USING THE AHP MODEL • NGUYEN TH I DUONG - LE KE Due ABSTRACT: This study is to evaluate the green supply chain management (GSCM) in Vietnam’s electronic components manufacturing industry In this study, electronics and components manufacturers in Vietnam are selected as research samples GSCM measurements are examined in terms of design, production and management perspectives Data which is collected from electronics and components manufacturers in Vietnam via questionnaires is used to evaluate the weight of GSCM measures In this study, the importance of GSCM measures in environment is assessed by using the analytic hierarchy process with the Saaty’s scale Keywords: green supply chain management, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), electronic components manufacturing industry Introduction Vietnam's electronic components manufacturing industry has grown rapidly over the years and played an increasingly important role in the industrial production and export of the economy According to calculations from enterprise survey data in 2019, there were about 2,319 enterprises doing business in the electronics industry with an average size of about 371 employees/enterprises, a high level compared to other industries In the period 2016 - 2020, Vietnam's electronics industry experienced a strong development, foreign direct investment projects in the electronics field increased, many major electronics firms in the world had invested in building construction and factories in Vietnam such as Samsung, LG, and Foxconn [1] In the period from 2016 to 2020, the import export proportion of electronic goods and electronic components increased significantly In 2020, the total export turnover of electronic goods and electronic components accounted for about 45% of the country's export turnover Meanwhile, imports of electronic products and components account for about 43% of the country's total import turnover Import and export turnover of electronic products and electronic components between the EU and Vietnam tends to increase in the period 2016 - 2020 However, the share of these products in the total export turnover of Vietnam to the EU has gradually decreased The main reason was the rising international awaraness of environmental issues There have been many relevant legislations So 10-Tháng 5/2022 147 TẠP CHÍ CƠNG THƯƠNG in the international arena, and Europe has recently formulated strict relevant regulations (such as WEEE and RoHS) for green products Product recycling and restrictions on the use of hazardous substances are well documented Environmental issues are also rapidly having a great impact on supply chain management Selling products to the European market, suppliers are also affected because they must provide green products or green processes The construction of a green supply chain has become a major challenge and trend in providing green products and moving towards a sustainable society GSCM requires that suppliers of components or raw materials must consider sustainable development in addition to the existing management mechanism Thus, this research aims to evaluate the green supply chain management of some top electronicmanufacturing companies in Vietnam With the rising of environmental protection and sustainability, firms have to adopt green prectices and reduces the negative environmental effect, specialy manufacturing firms which cause a lot of problems to the environment However, green supply chain management is still is new concept and it requies mutiple criteria to evaluate The most challeging step in GSCM is to develop a set of criteria that are suitable for evaluating the green practices of diffferent firms In this section, we briefly discuss several multi criteria decision making analysis (MCDA) applications in the environment, particularly in the subject of GSCM Problems, success criteria, performance metrics, and barriers connected to the adoption and development of GSCM as a sustainable research topic were addressed in the majority of those applications According to Huang et al (2011) [2], the diverse applications of MCDA in the environmental field have seen considerable changes from 1990 to 2010 The study of Muralidhar (2012) [3] applied AHP in evaluating the green supply chain management stategies of manufacturing industry based on 16 different criteria in which these 16 148 So 10-Tháng 5/2022 criteria were devided into groups The first group evaluated the green procurement with cretia (Green logistics, Lead time, Cost of material and Fufillment of order) The second group was green manufacture with criteria (information sharing, production schedule, back up system and quality level) The third group was about customer servive such as technical support, re-design, complaint response time and shortaage frequency An the last group focused on environmental management with evaluating criteria (raw material, resource recovery, reccycle of waste and emission) Dey and Cheffi, (2013) [4] measured and compared the green supply chain performance of different manufacturing companies by applying AHP In their study, the authors used three criteria to measure the environmental practice (environmental planning, environmental auditing and management commitment) and three indicators were used to access firm’s sustainable performance (environmental performance, economic performance and operational performance) Freeman and Chen, (2015) [5] conducted a study in terms of green supplier by using AHP combined with other method such as TOPIS to evaluete and ranke selected firms in the context of green supply chain In that study, five main criteria was employeed such as cost, green competency, quality, delivery and environmental management performance Zhou et al., (2019) [6] used main indicators as (1) green design, (2) green purchasing, (3) green production, (4) green warehousing, (5) green logistics and (6) reverrse logistic to access the green practice of three gament manufacturers in Pakistan by using AHP method The results of that study revealed that green design, gree production and green purchasing were ranked as the most important green indicators Some previous studies that focused on GSCM application areas such as the study of Govindan (2015) [7] which prposed a method for developing green performance and practices in GSCM QUẢN TRỊ -QUẢN LÝ Mathiyazhagan et al (2013) [8], propose a structural modeling approach to analyse the barriers that prevent company from adopting GSCM The research conducted by Luthra et al (2014) [9] and Rozar et al (2015) [10] focused on selecting the success factors of GSCM Despite the fact that corporations regard environmental management as a strategic priority, evaluating and analyzing the success of GSCM in terms of applied practices has received little attention, particularly when utilizing a multi criteria decision framework based on AHP methodologies Research methodology AHP is a decision-making technique that provides an overview of the sorting order of choices, from that the best possible final decision is made AHP helps decision-makers find what is most appropriate for them and helps them understand their problems Based on mathematics and psychology, AHP was developed by Saaty and has been applied widely and extended AHP provides a precise framework for the structure of a problem to be solved AHP use a pairwise comparison method to determine the importance level of different criteria, from that calculate the weight of them by using the Saaty scale with levels of intensity [ 11 ] is applied which is presented in Table Table Saaty scale of intensity of importance Intensity of importance Definition Equal importance Moderate importance of one over another Essential importance Demonstrated importance Extremely importance 2,4,6 Intermediate values Source: Saaty, (1980) [11] Suppose that there are k experts who evaluate the importance of criteria The average score of each criterion is calculated based on the average method as follow: yk „k au = “77^ (1) In which: ũịj is the average score of criteria and k is the number of experts The pairwise matrix is formed as below: A = a21 ãđnl a12 ain ®2n O-n2 (2) From the pairwise matrix, the weight of criteria is computed based on Geomean as follow: 7=1«v)i/n WỊ=i}x(r1 + r2 + + rn) (3) (4) In which: Vj is the geomean and Wj is the weight of criteria) Research Results Firstly, the main criteria and their sub-criteria were selected and presented in Table 3.1 In the next step, AHP method was applied to create the comparison matrix Firstly, the geometric mean method was used to consider the answers from 10 people from companies (LC, Samsung and Foxcom) as a whole, and after integrating these answers, their pairwise comparison matrix was created to obtain their eigenvectors and maximum eigenvalues as well as obtain the consistency index and Consistency ratio Table 3.2 to Table 3.4 show the pairwise comparison matrix of each criterion and the summary of of set will be present in Table 3.2 It can be seen from the order of importance in Table 3.2 that flexible change design > planning recycling/recycling process > confirming requừements, raw material characteristics and the impact of the process on the envứonment > easy disassembly when discarded From the order of importance in Table 3.2, it can be seen that responsed, corrective/preventive measures for abnormal environmental shocks were SỐ 10 - Tháng 5/2022 149 TẠP CHÍ CƠNG THƯƠNG Table 3.1 Criteria set in evaluating GSCM Main criteria Design (C1) Production process (02) Sub-criteria Coding Confirm the impact of demand, raw material characteristics and process on the environment C11 Flexible change design C12 Easy to disassemble when discarded C13 Planning for recycling/reuse process C14 Confirm that raw materials/suppliers meet environmental protection requirements C21 Implement inspection C22 Control, treatment/recycling process pollution C23 Differentiate poor "green" products C24 Isolation or independent production of "green" raw materials/products C25 Response, corrective/preventive measures for abnormal environmental shocks C26 Regular assessment, inspection and reviewof compliance with environmental laws, C31 regulations and “green” directives Persons in charge and operating specifications for chemicals/environmentally controlled Management (C3) C32 substances Develop environmental protection related training plans and regularly review performance C33 Corrective/preventive measures for non-compliance C34 Obtain environmental management or "green" related certifications/marks C35 Understand environmental laws, regulations, "green" directives and customer needs C36 Source: Compiled by the authors Table 3.2 The comparison matrix of sub-criteria of Design Sub-criteria C11 C12 C13 C14 Importance point 1.585 2.075 0.613 1.728 Ranked Source: Compiled by the authors found to have the highest score, which means that this was the most importance criterion in production process It is understable that the first condition in the manufacturing process is to formulate measures to respond to environmental abnormalities, corrective and preventive measures, and with preventive measures "green" raw materials can be produced with peace of mind Then, check whether the remaining materials in the production of green products can be recycled or whether they are too polluted to be used, and then start to separate bad green products to confirm that the products meet the needs of environmental protection 150 So 10-Tháng 5/2022 According to the order of importance in Table 3.4, it can be seen that managers must first be familiar with envừonmental protection laws, green directives and customer needs, and then formulate relevant work specifications , cooperate with the regular assessment and review of envừonmental protection laws and green dhectives Those who not meet the requirements will take corrective measures and formulate relevant training plans to regularly review performance before they are eligible to obtain environmental management or green-related certification The overall weight (Table 3.5) shows that QUẢN TRỊ-QUẢN LÝ Table 3.3 The comparison matrix of sub-criteria of Production process Sub-criteria C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 Importance point 0.64 0.59 1.461 0.972 1.506 003 Ranked Source: Compiled by the authors Table 3.4 The comparison matrix of sub-criteria of Production process Sub-criteria C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 Importance point 1.041 1.262 0.875 0.958 0.672 2.221 Ranked Source: Compiled by the authors understanding environmental laws, green directives and customer needs ranks first The reason is that when making green products, senior managers must first understand relevant laws and customer needs before designing products that meet their requứements of green product The second-ranked flexible change design is used to meet the specifications required by different products, reducing the number of recycling and reuse The third most important criterion is abnormal response, corrective/preventive measures, which are the key to timely resolve of the current green supply chain management difficuties The fourth most important criterion is planning recycling/recycling process which can help to respond to the concept of green environmental protection The fifth most important is to confirm the impact of demand, raw material characteristics and process on the environment, which is to avoid certain requirements and raw material characteristics that not meet green standards and cause environmental damage Green products and other common products are usually manufactured separately due to the material relationship, so as to avoid recycling materials that should not be recycled Conclusions and discussion This research mainly uses the AHP to evaluate the importance of the environmental impact on green supply chain management, and uses three electronic manufacturers in Vietnam as the object to illustrate the actual case First of all, after reviewing the literature and Table 3.5 Overal Weight Criteria Weight Ranked C36 2.221 C12 2.075 C26 2.003 C14 1.728 C11 1.585 C25 1.506 C23 1.461 C32 1.262 C31 1.041 C24 0.972 10 C34 0.958 11 C33 0.875 12 C35 0.672 13 C21 0.64 14 C13 0.613 15 C22 0.59 16 Source: Compiled by the authors referring to the key dhections currently implemented in the industry, the green supply chain management is divided into three levels for analysis, namely the design aspect, the process aspect and the management aspect On the design side, the main discussion is to confirm the requứements, the impact of raw material characteristics and processes on the environment, flexible design changes, easy SÔ'10-Tháng 5/2022 151 TẠP CHÍ CƠNG THƯƠNG disassembly when discarded, and planning recycling/reuse process In terms of production process, the main discussion is to confirm that raw materials/suppliers meet environmental protection requừements, implement inspection, control treatment/recycle process pollution, segregation of poor "green" products, "green" raw materials/product isolation or independent production, and major environmental impact In terms of management, the main topics discussed are regular assessment, inspection and review of compliance with envừonmental protection laws and green directives, responsible persons and operating specifications for environmental management substances, formulation of environmental protection-related training plans to regularly review performance, corrective and preventive measures for non-compliance, and acquisition To achieve the research objective, in this study, Saaty's method is proposed on the AHP method, and the content discussed in the literature is established according to the hierarchical structure proposed by the AHP method After investigation and data analysis, the degree of importance given by component manufacturers were obtained From Table 4.5, it can be seen that the importance of sixteen sub-criteria under three main directions were evaluated and ranked in order Therefore, after the implementation of this research, it can be seen that the AHP is systematic and effective, because it can analyze complex problems systematically by using the hierarchical method, and can simplify the problems and increase the problems by using the hierarchical structure The validity of the evaluation, and the evaluation through the AHP, can have specific numerical results, so that the analyst can make a clear decision In view of the experience after the whole research process, this study puts forward several suggestions, which can be used for future research: - Applicable assessments of the impact of green supply chain management on the environment can be developed according to different industry categories - The AHP method has been widely used, but it limits on the number of experts and scholars or criteria Too many experts and scholars or the selection criteria are biased, which will affect the consistency of the analysis results ■ REFERENCES: Ngoe, T T B., Binh, D T (2019) Vietnam's Electronics Industry: The Rise and Problems of Further Development Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 7(4), 01-12 Huang, I B., Keisler, J., Linkov, I (2011) Multi-criteria decision analysis in environmental sciences: Ten years of applications and trends Science of the total environment, 409(19), 3578-3594 Muralidhar, p., Ravindranath, K., Srihari, V (2012) Evaluation of green supply chain management strategies using fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2(4), 824-830 Dey, p K., Cheffi, w (2013) Green supply chain performance measurement using the analytic hierarchy process: a comparative analysis of manufacturing organisations Production Planning and Control, 24(8-9), 702-720 Freeman, J., Chen, T (2015) Green supplier selection using an AHP-Entropy-TOPSIS framework Supply Chain Management, 20(3), 327-340 Zhou, Y., Xu, L., Muhammad Shaikh, G (2019) Evaluating and prioritizing the green supply chain management practices in Pakistan: Based on delphi and fuzzy AHP approach Symmetry, 11(11), 1346 Govindan, K., Khodaverdi, R., Vafadarnikjoo, A (2015) Intuitionistic fuzzy based DEMATEL method for developing green practices and performances in a green supply chain Expert Systems with Applications, 42(20), 7207-7220 Mathiyazhagan, K., Govindan, K., NoorulHaq, A., Geng, Y (2013) An ISM approach for the barrier analysis in implementing green supply chain management Journal of Cleaner Production, 47,283-297 152 So 10-Tháng 5/2022 QUẢN TRỊ-QUẢN LÝ Luthra, s., Qadri, M A., Garg, D., Haleem, A (2014) Identification of critical success factors to achieve high green supply chain management performances in Indian automobile industry International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management 1, 18(2), 170-199 10 Rozar, N M., Mahmood, w H w., Ibrahim, A., Razik, M A (2015) A study of success factors in green supply chain management in manufacturing industries in Malaysia Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(2), 287-291 11 Saaty,T.L (1980) The analytic hierarchy process McGraw-Hill New York,324 Received date: May 2,2022 Reviewed date: May 17,2022 Accepted date: May 28,2022 Author’s information: NGUYEN THI DUONG International School, Duy Tan University 2.LE KE DUC Faculty of Electrical - Electronics Engineering, Duy Tan University Corresponding Author: lekeduc @dtu edu SỬ DỤNG AHP TRONG ĐÁNH GIÁ CÔNG TÁC QUẢN LÝ CHUỗI CUNG ỨNG XANH Đối VỚI CÔNG TY SẢN XUẤT SẢN PHAM linh kiện điện VIỆT NAM • NGUYỄN THỊ DƯƠNG' • LÊ KẾ ĐỨC2 • 'Viện Đào tạo Quốc tế, Trường Đại học Duy Tân 2Knoa Điện - Điện tử, Trường Đại học Duy Tân TÓM TẮT: Nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá hoạt động quản lý chuỗi cung ứng xanh (GSCM) ngành sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện Việt Nam với mẫu nghiên cứu nhà sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện Việt Nam Các biện pháp GSCM đánh giá từ quan điểm, gồm: thiết kế, quy trình sản xuất quan điểm quản lý Dữ liệu từ bảng câu hỏi nhà sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện Việt Nam sử dụng để đánh giá trọng số thước đo GSCM Tầm quan trọng biện pháp GSCM môi trường xác định việc sử dụng quy trình phân tích thứ bậc (AHP) với thang đo Saaty Từ khóa: quản lý chuỗi cung ứng xanh, quy trình phân tích thứ bậc (AHP), ngành sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện SỐ 10-Tháng 5/2022 153 ... nhằm đánh giá hoạt động quản lý chuỗi cung ứng xanh (GSCM) ngành sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện Việt Nam với mẫu nghiên cứu nhà sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện Việt Nam Các biện pháp GSCM đánh. .. University 2.LE KE DUC Faculty of Electrical - Electronics Engineering, Duy Tan University Corresponding Author: lekeduc @dtu edu SỬ DỤNG AHP TRONG ĐÁNH GIÁ CÔNG TÁC QUẢN LÝ CHUỗI CUNG ỨNG XANH Đối VỚI... xác định việc sử dụng quy trình phân tích thứ bậc (AHP) với thang đo Saaty Từ khóa: quản lý chuỗi cung ứng xanh, quy trình phân tích thứ bậc (AHP) , ngành sản xuất sản phẩm linh kiện điện SỐ 10-Tháng