TRIET HOC, SO (218), T H A N G - 2009 LY LUAN CUA N.la.flANHILEVXKI VE CAC LDAI HJNH VAN H D A - LICH SU VA Y NBHTA CUA ND TRDNB 5Lr P H A T TRIEN XA HDI N B A Y NAY NGUYEN HUY HOANGf) Bai viet di cap den mdt nhiing each tiep can van hda, van minh, dd la lyluan cua N.Ia.Danhilcvxki ve cic loai hinh van hda - lich su cudn "NudcNga va chau Au" N.Ia.Danhllevxki gat bo nhiing quan niem vi mdt tuych dudng nhat trpng suphat then cua nhan loai, gat bo tu ludng cho rdng lich su la mdt su lien bd khdng ngung cua mpt ly tri chung nao dd Danh gia cao quan dicm ly luan dd cua N.Ia.Danhilcvxki, song tic gii bai viet cho ring, bdi cinh toan ciu hda hien nay, suket hap chat che giua cich tiep can hinh thii kinh te-xahpi vdi each tiep can van hda, van minh se la phuong cich tdi nhai de giii quyet nhung van di ma thuc tiin dang vach Trong bdi cinh toan ciu h o i ngiy nay, nhdng van de van hoa, van minh cang trd nen gan gdi v i ca'p thiet veil ddi sdng ngudi Tren binh dien Iy luan, each tiep can van boa, van minh cang lan truyen rdng rai va thu hut su quan tam cua khdng It cac hpc gia Sd lupng an pham ve van dd dugc dich tieng Viet thdi gian g i n day da cho thay rd didu dd Vi du, Alvin Toffler vdi Dcrt sdng thu ba; Samuel P.Huntington vcri Su va cham cua cac nen van minh; Thomas L.Friedman vdi Chide Lexus va cay d liu, The gidi phing; Dominique Wolton vdi Toan ciu hoi van hoa; Cich tiep can van minh vdi lich su khdng phai mdi xua't hien, m i da cd tien de, da hinh t h i n h v i p h i t tridn tu lau Vdi each tidp can hinh thai, C.Mic chi ring, phuong thuc s i n xua't la ndn t i n g , la ca sd t i n g dd ddi sd'ng xa hgi tdn tai v i p h i t trien Bd Tu bin dd so ciia dng chinh l i su luan chiing khoa hgc cho quan niem n h i n thuc vat lich sii, cho cich tiep can hinh t h i i kinh tc - xa hdi Tu mcit hudng khac, Nen dao due Tin lanh vi iinh ihin cua ehu nghia tu ban Max 54 Weber da chi rang, van h o i v i tdn giao da gid mdt vai trd quan trpng nhu the nio su hinh chu nghia tu bin Cd the ndi, chinh Max Weber da gdp phin khdng nhd viec hinh t h i n h nen cich tiep can van minh Tuy nhien, nhiing bidn chuyen cua ddi sd'ng cdng vcii lich su phat trien ly luan lai cho chung ta thay ring, khdng nen vdi va k h i n g dinh cii n i y ma phii dinh cai Ngiy nay, khdng it cac n h i nghien cuu, trudc tien p h i l ke de'n V.X.Stropin nguyen Vien trudng Vien triet hpc Nga, cho r i n g phai ke't hcpp c i hai each tiep can neu tren thi mcii hy vpng tim dugc phuong cich de giii quyet nhung van de mdi, cap bach cudc sd'ng ngiy Hon nda, cdng theo V.X.Stropin, di s i n ly luan ciia C.Mic, chung ta cung cd the thi'y e i hinh d i n g cua cich tiep can van minh Ta't nhien, dd l i mpt phuong hudng nghien ciiu k h i hay v i ddi hdi mpt su dau t u thich hgp Nhung, trudc tien, de den dugc vdi de tai dd, it nhidu, chung ta p h i i tim hieu ve ceii ngudn v i su hinh cua tiep can van minh (*) Tien sl, Trueng phdng Triet hpc van hda, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khpa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam LY LUAN CUA N.IA.DANHILEVXKI VE CAC LOAI HINH Trong cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu hien nay, h i u nhu mpi ngudi deu cho ring, Danhilevxki, Spongier, A.Toynbee va Lednchiev la bdn nha khoa hpc da dat nen mdng cho each tiep can van minh Nhung, d day, chdng tdi chi de cap de'n N.Ia.Danhilcvxki (28/11/1822 7/11/1885) - nha triet hpc Nga dugc coi la mdt nhung ngudi khai sinh each tiep can van hoa, van minh Trong di s i n phong phu va dd so ciia N.Ia.Danhilcvxki, Nude Nga va chau ^ u cd mcpt vi the dac biet Trong cdng trinh ddc dao nay, N.Ia.Danhilcvxki mud'n dem lai mdt luge dd mcii de xay dung lich sii Ong da gat bd nhdng quan niem ve mdt tuyen dudng nha't su phat trien cua nhan loai, gat bd tu tudng cho ring lich su la mpt su tien bd khdng ngiing cua mdt ly tri chung nao dd Theo dng, chi tdn tai nhdng nen van minh rieng biet, su phat trien cua cic loai hinh van hoi - lich su rieng biet Ket luan chu yeu ciia cud'n sach la, the gicii Xlava khdng dugc i n dinh de ddi mdi va canh tan nhan loai, dd tim thay each giii quye't lich su cho toan nhan loai, ma nd chi la mdt loai hinh van hoi - lich su dac biet tdn tai cdng vcii cac loai hinh van boa - lich su tuong duong khic P h i i thua nhan ring, each giai quye't da khic phuc dupe nhieu khd khan khoa hpc lich su va v i n cdn gid nguyen tinh cip bach cho ddn tan Hpc vin uyen bac cua tac gii cung nhung tri thuc ve khoa hpc lich su cd dai va can dai, ve kinh te, xa hdi hpc, dan tpc hpc, chinh tri hpc va van bpc da gdp phin khdng nhd vice din d i t dng di tdi ket luan dd Cd the ndi, ly luan ve cic loai hinh van boa - lich su cua Danhilevxki la su khai md cho each tiep can van minh vdi lich su Chung ta deu biet ring, nghien ciiu khoa hpc, van dd phuong phap luan gid mpt vai trd quyet dinh dac biet Trong Nude Nga vi chiu Au, Danhilevxki da dung ly luan hdu co lam ca sd phuong phap luan de xay dung khai niem "cac loai hinh van boa - lich su" Vi the, trudc de cap den nhiing ndi dung cu the Iy luan cua Danhilevxki, viec tim hieu co sd phuong phap luan cua nd l i dieu cin thiet Cd the ndi, triet hpc cdng nhu xa hdi hpc va lich su, Danhilevxki l i ngucri ke tuc va phat trien Iy luan hdu ca Theo dng, phuong phap luan cua "ca the" cho phep tao nen cau trdc the gicii quan phi mau t h u i n de t h i u hieu tu nhien va xa hdi nhu mot p h i n cua the gicii thd'ng nha't rdi tu dd, rut nhdng quy luat hoat ddng va phat tridn cua chdng Dua vao cai dugc gpi la "nguyen t i c hinh thai hpc", dng xem xc2t he thdng ly luan dang thd'ng tri khoa hpc lich su luc dd va cho ring, nd hoac la nhan tao, hoac la tu nhien Dudng hudng dau tien, theo Danhilevxki, la nhan tao da thd hien da'u an anh hucing tu tu bien cua Hegel nen md hinh phat tridn cua chau Au van thucing dugc xem la phd quat Ngugc lai, dueriig hucing thd hai lai cd ging giai thich qua trinh lich su veil tinh khach quan tdi da, hinh dung nd nhu mdt tap hcpp cac hinh thai sinh boat da dugc ca tinh boa sau sic, nhu su da dang cua cac dan tpc dang tdn tai mdt each ddc dao va dugc xac dinh bcii nhdng nhan td, nhdng ddng luc vd'n cd cua minh Ndi each khac, ddi lap vdi phuong p h i p luan tu bien, truu tucpng cua Hegel, Danhilevxki da dua mot phuong thuc giai thich lich su hoin toin khic: tu nhiing ddi tugng cu the, thdng qua viec dd'i chieu vi so sinh tuong quan vdi nhau, dan tdi viec giii thich lich su toin the gidi ndi chung Cu the la, he 55 NGUYEN HUY HOANG thdng n h i n tao - truu tucpng, giii thich lich su, dua "mdt ke hoach thd'ng nha't", "mcpt scpi chi d i n dudng n h i t su phat trien cua nhan loai" va tao nen mcpt nen van minh chung nha't; dd, he thd'ng tu nhien lai xua't phat tu su tdn tai cua cac nen van minh rieng biet dugc phat trien mipt cich nipl tai va ta't nhien l i , su tuong t i c qua lai veil O Nga, ly luan hdu co da cd mdt q u i trinh lich su lau dai, bao trdm sudt the ky XIX v i giu dupe i n h hucing lehi sudt the ky XX Nguyen t i c hdu ca da anh hudng va tac ddng de'n triet hpc cua Berdiaev, den suy tu cua Vernadsky, de'n nhdng tu tudng ca b i n cua "chu nghia vd tru Nga" Cd the ndi, triet hpc Schelling la cdi ngudn true tiep cua co sd phuong p h i p luan Bin than Schelling da ke thua, phuc hdi v i phat trien each hieu thd gicii veil tu each mdt chinh the sd'ng ddng da dugc niy sinh td thdi Cd dai va dugc tri qua thdi Trung cd Phan chia su tdn tai cua the gicii cai hdu ca va cai vd ca, Schelling da lay cai huu ca, cai sd'ng dpng lam cai thu nhat, cai khdi nguyen va xem cai sdng dpng la cai the hien true tidp b i n chat cua tinh than the gidi - cii tuyet ddi Vi ngugc lai, dng xic dinh cii chet, cai vd CO la cai sd'ng ddng da bi dd d i n , la cudc sd'ng da hi kiet que Cai phd quat vd'n cd d mpi noi, nhung nhdng muc dp tich cue hay tiem nang khac nhau, "cii khdi nguyen sdng ddng" la ban chi't ciia ca the sd'ng the gidi bao gdm nhdng bp phan tich hpp - cac co quan ma mdi mcit chung, den lugt minh, lai la co the sdng rieng biet Theo trinh tu td don gian den phuc tap, tu cai don nhat den cii chung va cii phd quat, mdi ca quan - ca the ay lai la mdt su tdn tai rieng biet, c i nhan, l i mot cai gi dd nguyen ven, nha't v i tuemg 56 tu vdi ca the sd'ng t o i n the gicii Vi vay, tat ca "cac td chuc", neu chung dudng nhu cd khac biet thi didu dd khdng phu thudc vao vi tri cua chung trinh tu, dang cip, m i chi theo "ngudn gde vat ly" cua chdng l i "nhdng nac thang k h i c cua cdng mcpt ca the" N h u vay, t u nhien ndi chung bao gdm tinh t h i n the gidl nhu khdi nguyen v i ban chat cua minh l i dai vd tru, cdn t i t c i cic ca the sd'ng d nhdng ni'c thang k h i c lai vio su phdng chidu cua cai tuyet ddi l i tieu vd tru, l i cac ca quan cua dai vd tru Cdng trinh Nude Nga va chau Au dugc b i t d i u tu nhiing suy t u cua t i c gii ve mdi quan he cua chau Au vcii nude Nga, va ngugc lai Tac g i i da dat cau hdi: "Tai chau Au lai thu dich vcii nude Nga?" CJthe ky XIX, nude Nga da c h i n g ciiu chau Au khdi Napdleon v i dem lai t u cho nd day sao? Nude Nga cdng da cuu nude Phap khdi su xau xe cua chau Au, da ciiu nude Ao khdi su sup dd tan cung Nhung, "ngudi ta c h i n g bao gid giing giai nhung bai hpc lich sii niy" Chau Au tin ring nude Nga la "mdt qud'c gia hieu chien khdng Id", la mpt qud'c gia thudng xuyen md rcing lanh thd cua minh nhd nhdng cudc chien t r a n h xam luge Nude Nga cdng l i "nggn lua cua i n h sang va tu do" Danhilevxki da phan tich can ke nhdng van de dd va ket luan r i n g , chau Au khdng chi khdng hidu nude Nga, m i tham chi cdn khdng mud'n hieu Ong da chi nhdng ncSt ddc dio cua dia ly cung van boa - lich Sii cua chau Au v i cho r i n g , nude Nga khdng the t r a n h khdi viec chau Au hoi Song, ngudi chau Au da sai lim tu cho minh da tao nen mdt ndn van hoa hoan thien nhat va tdt dinh nhi't m i gid diy, cic nude khac chi cin noi theo v i phd bien Theo Danhilevxki, that ra, d chiu Au, ngudi ta da khdng chu y den ba van LY LUAN CUA N.IA.DANHILEVXKI VE CAC LOAI HINH., de: 1/ Tien bd cd k h i nang xuat hien ca d ngoii dudng da dugc hinh bdi dd; 2/ Cin phii quy dinh mot each chinh xac cai gi dugc xem la tien bd, cai gi khdng dugc xem l i tien bd; 3/ Cic hinh thuc chinh tri dugc hinh bdi mdt dan tdc cu the la su tu hao cua chinh dan tdc niy Nhu vay, mcit hp thdng nhan tao (sin pham cua ly tri) ma khdng phii la he thd'ng tu nhien (ddi theo cac su kien) dang ngu tri lich su Danhilevxki k h i n g dinh ring, viec phan ky lich sii d thcri dng la khdng thich hcpp, khdng nen chia lich su cd dai, trung cd, can dai, v.v Tien bd khdng phii li mdt dudng thing tuyen iinh, ma nd dugc phan theo cac kieu td chuc dugc dac trung bdi su da dang va su hoan thien cua cac hinh thuc cd nhdng nac thang va su tang trudng rieng cua minh Khdng cd mcpt ndn van minh chung toan nhan loai Danhilevxki dc nghi xem xet lich sii va tidn bd qua cac loai binh van hoa - lich su Ong viet: "Nhu vay, he thdng tu nhien cua lich su cin phai n i m su khac biet ciia cac loai phat trien van boa - lich su" va "cac loai van boa - lich su nay, hay nhiing ndn van minh ddc dao, dac sac dugc xep dat theo trinh tu thcri gian nhu sau: 1/ Ai Cap; 2/ Trung Qud'c; 3/ Atxiri Vavilon - Phinhitxki; 4/ An Dei, 5/ Iran; 6/ Do thai; 7/ Hy Lap, 8/ La Ma; 9/ Aravixki; 10/ Giocmanh - Rdman, bay la chau Au Cdn cd the liet ke them vao danh sach hai loai hinh chau My: Mechxich va Peru da bi dipt vong v i khdng kip hoan thien su phat trien cua minh"(l) Tiep dd, Danhilevxki chia cac loai hinh ke tren hai loai: loai ke tbda (Ai Cap, Hy Lap, La Ma) v i loai biet lap (Trung Qud'c, An Dp) De chdng minh ring su phat trien cua nhan loai trai qua cac loai hinh van hoi - lich sii tren Danhilevxki da xem xet mdi tuong quan gida cai chung cua nhan loai (toan nhan loiii) veil cai dan tdc (qud'c gia) va khing dinh ring, cai qud'c gia (dan tdc) thucpc vd cai chung toan nhan loai, cdng nhu cac phd phudng giao va chinh su giao da tao nen quing trucing ma den lucpi minh, quan he vdi cac phd phudng, quing trucing chi la mot phin tao nen chung va thudc ve tat ca cac phd phudng nhu Do vay, dd cd the tac ddng tcri toan nhan loai, can phai sua chda phd cua minh theo mdt ke hoach rieng ma khdng dung cham tcri quing trucing chung Theo tu tucing cua Danhilevxki, mdt nen van minh toan nhan loai la ly tudng khdng dat dugc Cac loai hinh van hoa - lich su vdn cd minh nhdng quy luat van ddng va phat trien dac biet Danhilevxki da chi nam quy luat nhu the'(2) va danh han mipt chuong dc xem xet chdng - Quy luat 1: Mot bip lac hay mdt gia dinh bat ky cua cac dan tcic dugc dac trung bdi ngdn ngd rieng biet hay mpt nhdm ngdn ngu gin gdi vcri mdt each tu nguypn tao mcpt loai hinh van boa - lich su dpc dao - Quy luat 2: Dc mdt ndn van minh vd'n thudc vd mdt loai hinh van hoa - lich su cd the sinh va phat trien, cin phai cho cac dan tdc vdn thudc vd nd dugc su dung su ddc lap vcii chinh tri - Quy luat 3: Ca sd ndn t i n g van minh cua mdi mcpt loai hinh van boa - lich su khdng dugc trao truydn cho cac dan tdc cua loai hinh khac Mdi mdt loai hinh dugc tao su i n h hudng it nhidu cua nhdng ndn van minh xa la, tdn tai trudc hay cung thdi vdi nd (1) N-la.Danhilevxki Nude Nga va chau Matxcova, 1991, tr.87-88 (2) Xem: N.Ia.Danhllevxki Sdd., tr.91-92 Au 57 NGUYEN HUY HOANG - Quy luat 4: Ndn van minh cua mdi loai hinh van boa - lich sii chi dat tdi su trpn ven, su da dang v i su phong phu va chi cic nhan td dan tdc hpc tao nd trd nen da dang, chi chung se khdng hi hap thu bdi mdi muc dich chinh tri de tao lien bang hay mdt he thd'ng chinh tri qudc gia - Quy luat 5: Qua trinh p h i t trien cua cac loai hinh van h o i - lich su ngiy cing gidng vcii cay lau nam ma d chung thdi ky trudng keo dii khdng xac dinh, nhung thdi ky trd hoa va ke't trai lai tuong ddi ngin va lai ludn l i m can kiet sue sdng cua chung Chinh nhdng quy luat da d i m bio cho su ke't tap lai cua cac hien tucpng lich su trd nen dung d i n va tuan theo cac quy luat cua he thd'ng tu nhien Cdng chinh vi the, su phat tridn cua nhan loai khdng the di theo mdt dudng nao khac bing each thdng qua su phat trien cua cac loai hinh van boa - lich su dpc dao tuong ung vdi cac bd tdc vl dai Ngay tu mcri dugc cdng bd Nude Nga vi chiu Au cua N.Ia.Danhilcvxki da lam di'y len nhdng y kien v i thai dip khic Neu nhu Xtarakhov va Lednchiev ban hoan tidp nhan nd, thi Xaloviev lai phan va mud'n bac bd Xaloviev da gpi ly luan cua Danhilevxki la "ly l u i n cua loai bd sat", budc tdi ly luan n i y l i m nhen nhdm nhdng mdi bat hoi, hiem khich gida cac dan tdc Rot cudc thi ly luin cua Danhilevxki chu y mud'n ndi gi? Danhilevxki hoan toan khdng chdng lai chau Au, mi chi mudn chdng lai chu nghia chiu Au trung tam, chdng lai su quy luy vi bat chude chau Au Theo dng, idi Idi Idn nhii la vice danh mat bin sic cua dan tdc Tu nhung nam cudi the ky XX tdi nay, su phat trien cua n h i n loai da budc vio mdt bdi canh mdi - bd'i canh toan cau boa Trong bdi cinh ay, cung vdi biet bao nhdng su kien Idn x i y ra, mdi mdt qudc gia, mdi mdt dan tdc lai ludn tu hdi: xay dung va phat tridn xa hdi n h u thd nao diy? Trong su chat chdi cua t r i i di't be nhd, su va cham va dung dp cua tham vpng va c i tinh cua cic qud'c gia, d i n tdc k h i c khdng chi ly luan ma ci ddi sd'ng hien thuc h i n g l i dieu hien nhien mdt muc dp n i o dd, cd the ndi, t o i n c i u hoa thiic chat l i su phat trien v i banh trudng cua ndn kinh te thi trudng t u ban chu nghia d cap dp toin ciu Cdng vdi l i n sdng cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda manh me l i nhdng tham vpng nha't the hoa mpi mat cua toan the gidi dd thd'ng tri t o i n cau cua mdt vai cudng qudc Cung vcii dd, chien tranh, khung bd da lam ngudi ta nhd de'n Danhilevxki nhdng hcii nghi, nhung dien dan vd di s i n ly luan cua qua khu Khac vol cich tiep can hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi l i each tiep can cho ring, theo nhdng quy luat ndi tai ben cua ndn s i n xua't t u b i n chu nghia, theo muc dp xa hdi boa ngiy cang tang cua s i n xua't hing hoi, nha't dinh sc xui't hien mdt ndn van minh chung cua nhan loai (bdi s i n xua't vat chat da thd'ng nha't thi trudc sau gi s i n xuat tinh t h i n cdng p h i i thdng nhi't theo), each tiep can van hoi, van minh lai chu y tcii ban s i c van h o i cua mdi loai binh van hoa - lich su Theo nhung ngudi ung hd cich tiep can nay, khdng cd su p h i t trien tuyen tinh cua lich su, khdng cd nhdng gia tri chung, m i chi cd nhdng loai hinh van boa - lich su k h i c biet cung tdn tai veil nhdng sac t h i i rieng biet ciia minh T i t nhien, gida cac loai hinh niy v i n tdn tai nhung mdi quan he qua lai chu khdng phai la cd lap h o i n toin Hiu het cic nha nghien cuu van dd n i y ddu cho LY LUAN CUA N.IA.DANHILEVXKI VE CAC LOAI HINH ring, Danhilevxki, vcii ly luan ve loai hinh van boa - lich su, da dat nen mdng cho each tiep can van boa va van minh Chinh tren ca sd Spongier, A.Toynbee, Lednchiev, Friedman, Huntington, Fukuyamar, v.v da tiep tuc phat trien each tiep can cho tcii Hang loat cac cdng trinh cua each tiep can da dupe dcic gii Viet Nam biet den nhu tren da dd cap Cach tidp can van hoa, van minh nhic nhd mdi dan tdc chd cd chay theo nhiing cai dugc gpi la mcri me, la hien dai ma danh m i t bin sic van boa cua dan tpc minh Ma't ban sic la khdng cdn td qudc, khdng cdn que huong Mat gdc re thi se khdng bidt di ve dau tuong lai Van de dat d day la, lieu cd the gid gin dugc ban sic va phat huy nd didu kien loan ciu hoa nay? Nhung, cdng chinh tidp can van hoa, van minh lai cho thay rang, chung ta khdng nen cue doan hay tuyet ddi boa ban sic cua van boa dan tdc Bin sic cung phii ludn van dpng va phat trien Chinh phep bien chiing macxit cdng da khang dinh ring, cac pham trd cii chung, cai phd quat va cai dac thu, cai rieng ludn n i m mdi quan he bien chung, chuyen boa cho Do dd, gin gid va phat huy bin sac CO nghia la phii hoa nhap dd phat trien minh, nhung khdng dugc boa tan, khdng dupe danh mat minh, khdng dupe bit chude mpt each may mdc, ma phai sang tao Trong su boa nhap de p h i t trien ay, ban sic cd nhdng tac dcpng tich cue de'n qua trinh hien dai boa, toan ciu hoi v i ngupc lai, nhd toan ciu boa v i hien dai boa, ban sac van hoi cua dan tdc cang trd nen sau ling hon, phat trien hon Chinh vi the, ly luan phat trien xa hdi nay, each tiep can hinh t h i i kinh te - xa bdi cin phai dugc kdt hcpp chat che vdi cich tiep can van boa, van minh Lich su nhan loai da cho thiy khdng it nhung minh chung ve viec ke't hpp t h i n h cdng cai dac thu vol cai phd quat, cai bin sic vcri cai hien dai, cai dan tdc vdi cai thcii dai Vi du, cucic cii each cua vua Pidt dp nhat cua nude Nga vdi phuang cham cdng nghiep hoa nhung vin gid truyen thdng va phong tuc tap quan cd truyen Nga; khau hieu cdng nghe phuong Tay vcii van hoa truyen thd'ng cua Nhat Ban; each mang Vict Nam di td thing Ipl tdi thing Icpl khac cdng la nhd ludn biet kdt hcpp hai ngpn cd dan tdc va thdi dai Trong su phat trien cua xa hcpi nay, khdng it nhdng suy tu cua Danhilevxki da boa nhap vao chii nghia da van boa (multiculturalism) Vcii chii nghia da van boa, cac ndn van hoa deu binh ding, khdng cd su cao thap, khdng cd su ddng boa, ma chi cd su tich hpp, chi cd su thd'ng nha't da dang Cac nen van hoa khac biet ddu cd quydn tdn tai va phat tridn nhdng didu kien xa hpi xac dinh Chinh su thd'ng nha't ma da dang ay, mdi ndn van boa deu tim each lim cho minh phong phd hon, ban sic hon nhd cd nhdng giao tidp va ddi thoai vdi cac nen van hoa khac Va cung chinh su giao luu ay, cd Id, sc hinh ndn mpt dien mao van boa mdi - nen van boa toan ciu Chu nghia da van boa, ddi thoai van boa da trd bieu hicin cua long khoan dung khung canh ciia thcri dai mdi thdi dai toin ciu boa Ngay nay, ma khoa hpc v i triet hpc da chuyen sang hg hinh hiu phi cd dien, chdng ta thay khdng it nhdng van dd phuong phip luan cua Danhilevxki lai dugc nhic de'n v i phat tridn manh md Dd chinh l i ly luan huu ca vdi ten gpi mdi singergciic the hien tinh phi tuyen, tinh md, tinh bat dinh va su tu td chuc cua toin vd tru He hinh da dem lai mdt the gidi quan mdi vdi nhidu trien vpng cho chien luge phat tridn toin cau.U 59 ... nd didu kien loan ciu hoa nay? Nhung, cdng chinh tidp can van hoa, van minh lai cho thay rang, chung ta khdng nen cue doan hay tuyet ddi boa ban sic cua van boa dan tdc Bin sic cung phii ludn... rieng ma khdng dung cham tcri quing trucing chung Theo tu tucing cua Danhilevxki, mdt nen van minh toan nhan loai la ly tudng khdng dat dugc Cac loai hinh van hoa - lich su vdn cd minh nhdng... can cho ring, theo nhdng quy luat ndi tai ben cua ndn s i n xua't t u b i n chu nghia, theo muc dp xa hdi boa ngiy cang tang cua s i n xua't hing hoi, nha't dinh sc xui't hien mdt ndn van minh