Ng6 Xudn Hodng va Dtg Tgp chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 94(06): 153-159 LAO DONG N C DAN T O C THIEU S6 HUYEN VO NHAI -TINH THAI NGUYEN V6l PHAT TRIEN KINH TE HO GIA DINH Ng6 Xuan Hodng', Nguyin Thj Vdn Chi Trudng Cao dang Kinh le -Ky ihtigl - DH Thdi Nguyen TOM T A T V5 Nhai Id huypn viing cao ndm d phia Ddng- Bdc tinh Thdi Nguyen, lao dpng nft ddn tpc thilu so it khu vyc ndng thdn chiem m§l tj 1$ tren 65,27% long so lao ddng nil d huyen Trong so ndy tgp tmng chii ylu Id ddn tdc Tdy vd Niing tren 70% Lyc lugng lao ddng nft ddn tpc thilu so c6 dp tuoi tre, t§p trung chii yeu d dp tudi 15 den 44 Trinh dp vdn hod vd chuyen mon ciia lao dpng nft ddn tdc thilu sd cdn Ih^p trfin 68% tdt nghiep Tieu hpc vd Trung hpc ca sd, tren 90% chua qua ddo tgo nghi, khd chSnh lech so vdi lao dpng dan tpc Kinh Lao dpng nft ddn tdc thi^u so tham gia chii ylu vdo cdc hogt d^ng sdn xudt ndng lam nghipp (tren 87,7%), ty lp lao dpng nO tham gia vao cSc zip chinh quyln dodn thi nhftng ndm qua c6 tdng nhung so vdi nam cdn thdp hon nhilu (binh qudn dudi 14,3% cdc chftc danh) Tuy nhifin lao dpng nft c6 vai trd rat quan trpng viec tgo raftiunhdp va phdt trien kinh te gia dinh TCr khda: Lao dgng nir ddn tgc thieu so, phdt tnen, kinh te hp DATVAN DE Vo Nhai la huypn vimg cao nam d phia Ddng - Bdc tinh Thdi Nguyen, each Thanh phd Thai Nguyen 37 km dgc theo tuyen quoc lg IB vd each Ihl trdn Ddng Ddng tinh Lgng Son 80km Toan huyen cd 14 xa va thj tran dugc chia lam tieu vung cd ddc diem dja hinh tuong doi khac biet: Tieu vung 1: Gdm xa vftng cao thich hpp cho san xudt ndng - lam nghiep ket hgp trdng cay dgc sdn Tieu viing gdm xa va I thj trdn dpc dudng qudc Id IB thich hop cho san xuat cay hdng ndm, cay lau nam, phat trien ngdnh cdng nghiep sdn xuat vat lieu xay dyng Tieu vung gdm xa phia Nam phat trien cay cdng nghipp ngdn vd cac logi cay an qud Nam 2011, todn huypn cd 63.143 nhan khau phan bd ed cdc dan tgc anh em, dan tpc Kinh 36,57%; Tdy 22,12%, ddn tpc Nung 19,58%, dan tdc Dao 13,2%, dan tgc H' Mong 4,1%, dan tpc San Chay chiim 4,13%, d3n tgc khac chiem 0,3% Trong t6ng sd 18.163 lao dpng nft thi lao ddng nft Id ngudi dan tpc thilu s6 chiem 65,27%, dan toe Tdy, Nung, Dao chiim dai da sd tren 70% Trong bai viet chftng tdi mudn de cgp den vai trd cua phy nu ddn tdc thilu s6, nhftng Itho khan dang can trd sy tien bg cua hg phat triin kinh te gia dinh Tren co sd tim nhftng gidi phap nham tgo dieu kipn cho phu nft ddn tdc thieu so noi rieng, phy nft d huyen Vd Nhai ndi chung phdt huy the mgnh, khai thdc ngudn lyc dl phdt trien kinh tl hd tdng thu nhdp, cai thien ddi sdng gia dinh vd xa hpi PHLTONG P H A P V A HE THONG CHI TIEU NGHIEN CUXJ De tiln hanh nghien cuu chung tdi da thu thdp sd lipu tren dia ban huyen vd hd ndng dan de dilu tra Cdc chi tieu: Ty le lao ddng nft tham gia lyc lupng lao d^ng phan theo nhdm tuoi; Trinh chuyen mdn, ky thugt cua lao dgng nft khu vyc thdnh thj vd ndng thdn; Ty I? ngudi cd vipc Idm; Ty le that nghipp; Sy tham gia cua lao ddng nft cac ngdnh kinh te; Phdn chia cdng vipc hang gia dinh: Sft dyng quy thdi gian ciia ngudi phu nft Cac phuang phdp chuyen gia, chuyen khdo, dilu tra nhanh nong thdn, phan tich dinh lugng, thdng ke kinh tl dd dugc sft dung dl thu thap, phan tich thdng tin, sd lieu dl ddm bdo tinh chinh xdc ciia kit qua nghien cuu KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA T H A O LUAN Dac dilm ciia lao dong nft dan toe thilu so ; Dan tgc thiiu sd cua huyen gom; chu yeu la ngudi Tdy, Niing, Dao la nhung ngudi ban xft sdng d day tft rat lau ddi Hg song chu ylu d nhftng viing thdp, gdn dudng giao thdng, cd 153 Ngd Xudn Hodng iv> Dig Tgp chl KHOA HQC & C N G N G H $ dat rupng, dat vudn nhieu, ddi song kinh tl kha gid hon nhdm dan tpc thilu so khdc Ngudi H'Mong, Sdn Chi, Sdn DIu, Mudng, Thdi chiem ty le rai nhd (8,5%)._ Hp di cu tft cac tinh Cao Hiing Lgng Son, B3c Kan den Vd Nhai tgp sinh song tgp trung chii yeu d tren nhftng vimg niii cao di lgi rat khd khdn, xa trung tam, xa chg, dat rupng rat il, chii yeu canh tiic tren dat doi nui vd eiic logi cdy luong thyc nhu: ngd, sdn, ddi song ciia hp gjp nhieu khd khdn Lao dgng nir ddn lgc thiiu sd theo cdc nhdm ludi: Lyc lugng lao dpng nft dan t0c thieu so phan ldn tgp trung nhdm tuoi tft 15-34 (chiem gan 60%) Ddy Id nhdm tuoi lao dgng chinh hg gia dinh nhung cung ddy la nhdm tuoi d dg sinh sdn, dilu cung dnh hudng tdi cdng vipc va thu nhgp ciia hg gia dinh Sd lieu cho thay dilu bat cgp Id lao dgng chinh nhdm tuoi 15-24 chiem ty trgng cao nhdt (30,14%) vd gidm ddn din nhdm tuoi tren 55 Day Id lugng lao dpng tre cdn thieu kinh nghiem lam dn, nlu khdng dugc quan tdm, giup dd de hg ndng cao trinh dg chuyen mdn, kien thftc vd vdn thi hp se g^p nhieu khd khdn trd lao dpng chinh ciia gia dinh Co cdu lao dgng nu ddn tgc thieu so theo thdnh phdn ddn tgc: Trong tdng sd lao dpng nu (18.163 ngudi) thi lao dpng nft la ngudi dan tpc thieu so chiem 65,27%, dan tpc Tdy, Nung, Dao chiem dgi da so tren 70% Xem xet co cau lao dgng nft dan tpc thieu so theo dan tpc, ta nhgn thay, ty lp lao dpng nhdm tudi tft 15-24 cao, tiep den la lao dpng nhdm tudi tft 25-34 Tuy nhien neu xet lugng lao dgng tren 55 tudi thi nhom ddn tgc nhu: Nung, San Chay chiem ty lp cao hem cimg nhdm tudi, day Id lyc lugng lao dgng phy lam cdc cdng vipc nhu: chdn nudi, ldm vipc nhd, cham sdc gia dinh ; nhien lyc lugng lao dgng tuong ddi quan trpng mdi gia dinh d khu vyc ndng thdn Nhung neu so vdi nhdm dan tpc da so nhu Kinh thi ty lp lao dpng tren 55 tudi thap hon, day la sy khac biet gifta lao dpng dan tgc thieu sd vdi nhdm da sd Sy khdc biet ve eo 154 94(06): 153-159 cau lao dgng cua cdc dan tdc thieu sd cdn dugc the hipn cdc nhdm tudi Trong nhdm lao dgng trd nhung kinh nghipm thap (nhdm 15 -24 tuoi) cd ty l^ cao nhat Id dan tgc H'Mong, tiep den la cdc ddn tgc nhu Nung, Dao (y cdc nhdm tuoi khac cd sy thay ddi rd rpt, d cdc nhdm tuoi tu 25-44 thi cdc dan tgc nhu Kinh va Tay cd co cau cao hon cdc dan tgc khdc vd thap nhat van Id cdc dan tgc nhu Sdn Chay hay Dao Trinh dg hgc vdn cita lao dgng nir ddn lgc thiiu so: Nghien cftu rieng ve trinh dp hpc van cua cdc lao dgng nft dan tpc thilu so vd so sdnh vdi lao dgng nft ciia huy?n, chiing ta thay: lao dgng nft Id dan tgc thieu so chu yeu hgc het Tieu hgc chiem 39,17%, Ty trgng lao dgng nft dan tgc thieu so cd trinh dg Trung hgc ca sd va Trung hgc phd thdng thap hon so vdi ty trgng cua lao dgng nu toan huypn Nguyen nhdn cua van de xuat phat tu quan nipm cdn n^ng ne d nhdm dan tgc thieu so Id "trgng nam" Nhiing doi tugng tham gia hpc den Trung hgc phd thong, theo thdng ke cua phdng gido dye huypn chu yeu la ddi tugng chinh sdch \a hgc d trudng ndi tni chiem 65,77% tdng sd hgc sinh tdt nghiep Trung hpc co sd va hpc len Trung hpc phd thdng, mpt sd lupng it hpc d tnrdng Trung hpc phd thdng quoc lgp khdc Trinh dg chuyen mon ky thugt: Trong tdng so lyc lugng lao dgng nft d khu vyc ndng thdn la 17.655 ngudi, thi lao dgng nft la dan tgc thieu so chiim 72%, cdn lgi lao dgng nu la ddn tgc Kinh chiem 28% Vdi sd lugng ddng ddo nhu vgy, nhimg lyc lugng phdn ldn la chua qua Idp ddo tgo nghe chiem 95,67% Lugng lao dgng nft la ngudi dan tdc thieu so qua ddo tao nghi chiem ty trgng rdt nhd (2,06%) Trong do, lugng lao ddng nft Id ngudi dan tpc Kinh tham gia dao tao nghe chiem ty le 7,55% tong so lao dpng nft dan tdc Kinh d khu vyc ndng thdn Qua ddy ta thay cd sy khdc biet rdt ro vl ca eSu trinh dp gifta lao dgng nu la ngudi dan tgc thilu so vdi lao dgng nir Id ngudi Kinh (neu so vdi lao ddng Id nam thi sy chenh Ipch cdn cao han Ng6 Xudn Hodng vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 94(06): 153-159 g 01 Trinh dg chuyen mdn cua lao dpng nir ddn Ipc ihiiu sd cua huy^n ndm 2010 Trlnh d$ chuyen mon Ting so Chua qua dao tao Dd qua ddo tgo nghe vd luong duong Trung hpc chuyen nghipp trd len Lao dpng nQ' Id Dan t^c thilu so S6 lirpng Ty 1$ (%) ("g"-fti) 100 12714 12164 95.67 261 2,06 289 2,27 Lao d^ng nir Id Dan tpc kinh So lup'ng ("g"i>i) 4941 4213 373 355 Ty Ip (%) 100 85,27 7,55 7,18 Nguon: Nien gidm thing ke huy4n Vo Nhai ndm 2010 Vai trd chu yeu ciia lao dgng nir dan t^c thieu so phat trien kinh te hg Bdng 02 Lao dgng vi^c ldm ciia lao dpng ddn tgc thieu so a khu vuc nong thon huy4n Vo Nhai ndm 2010 Phan theo gidri Cdc chi ti£u phSn dnh DVT Tong so Nam nii' DSn s6 Irong dO tu6i lao dOng Ngu&i 12.232 5.852 6.380 DSn s6 hoat d6ng kinh ti NguW 12.715 5.975 6.740 DSn so khong ho^t d^ng kinh tk Ngu6i 2.908 1.493 1.415 0,93 92,18 0,92 0,935 91,25 93,11 7,76 8,75 6,89 4, Ty 1? tham gia lyc lupng LDBQ Ty lc ngucri c6 viec {km BQ Ty 1? that nghiep BQ % % % Nguon Phong lao dgng vd TBXH Vo Nhai / Lao dgng, viec ldm cua lao dgng nir ddn lgc thieu so: Xet tren todn huyen, tdng sd lao dpng dp tuoi cd vipc ldm d khu vyc nong thon Id 33.725 ngudi chiim 97,6%, cdn lai ty le thdt nghiep chiem 2,4% Xet rieng lao dong dan tpc thieu sd cho thay: Tdng sd lupng lao dpng ddn tdc thieu sd khu vyc ndng tiidn dp tudi hogt dgng kinh te la 12.232 ngudi, lao ddng nft chiim 0.52% Tdng sd lao dpng tham gia hoat dgng kinh tl Id 12.715, chia lao ddng nft la 0.53%, cdn lgi 47% lao dpng nam Tdng sd lao dpng khdng hogt dpng kinh tl la 2.908, chia lao ddng nft la 49%, wn lgi 51% lao ddng nam Nhu vgy, ty lp nhimg ngudi khdng tham gia lao dgng ciia nam cao hon nft gidi Trong sd ndy, phdn ldn 'a nhftng ngudi gia, ngudi 6m dau bpnh tdt D^ chinh la sd lupng ngudi "an theo", dieu cung dnh hudng tdi kinh tl cua cdc hp gia duih cung nhu dnh hudng tdi qud trinh phat trien kinh te xa hpi ciia huypn Ty lp lao dgng n& CO vipc lam cao hon lao dgng nam Sd dT "^^ vgy, Id vi lao ddng nft cd the lam nhihig cong vipc gia dinh, lam vipc phu (dan, lat, then thiia ), cdn lao ddng nam thudng tham gia ede cong viec ddi hdi sue lyc hon, mgnh me va nang nhgc han Dieu dd dan tdi ty le that nghiep cua lao dgng nft dan tpc thieu sd thap hon so vdi lao dgng nam Sy tham gia cua lao dgng nir ddn tgc thiiu so cdc ngdnh sdn xudt: Do ddc diem rieng cua ngudi phu nu vay rat thich hgp vdi cac nganh nghe nhu trdng trgt, chdn nudi, budn ban chiim 52,64% Nhu vdy lao dgng ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd cd vai trd quan trpng hoat dpng sdn xuat ndng ldm nghiep Mudn ndng cao hieu qud sdn xudt cua ngdnh nay, cdn quan tam giai quyet vdn de lien quan den lyc lugng lao dpng la ngudi dan tdc thieu sd ndi chung, lao dpng nft dan tde thieu so ndi rieng Dd la cdc van dl: ndng cao nang lyc san xudt cung nhu qudn ly hp gia dinh Nlu xet lyc lupng lao dgng theo ca cdu ngdnh thi tdng s6 lao dpng nam cdc hogt dgng Imh vyc nong lam ngu nghipp chiem ty trpng cao nhat, chiim 56,95% tiep din la ITnh vyc thuang mai vd dich vu chiem 27,53% va cudi cimg Id lao dgng hong linh vyc cdng 155 Ngfl Xudn Hodng vd Dig Tgp chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE nghipp vd xay dyng chicm 1,52% Dieu ndy phan anh net d$c ilui ciia mgt huypn co cau GDP chii yeu dya vdo sdn xuiil ndng lam nghipp Nhu vgy, nhftng ndm tdi de nang cao long thu nhgp cho todn huypn can chuyen djch co cau kinh tl ndng lam nghipp theo hudng ben vftng vd dau tu cho chat lugng nguon lao dpng d khu vyc ndng thon Doi vdi lao dgng nft Id ddn tgc thieu so, lugng lao dgng hogt dgng ITnh vyc sdn xuat nong-lam nghipp chiem gan 90% tong so lao dgng nft dan tpc thieu so (cao ban gan 4% ca cau so vdi m§t bdng chung ciia huypn) Trong ITnh vyc ndy cong vipc tgo thu nhgp chinh eho gia dinh Id trgt, chdn nudi dgi gia sue tieu gia siic vd gia cam Trong nhdm dan tgc thieu so thi ngudi Niing, H Mdng, San Chay cd ty lp tham gia vdo hogt dpng ndng nghipp cao hon dan tpc khac Rieng nhftng lao dpng tham gia vdo ITnh vyc djch vy thuang mai chu ylu tap trung vdo nhftng hp gia dinh cd dilu kien thugn lgi ve dudng giao thdng, gdn dudng, gdn trung tdm Lao dgng nir ddn tgc thiiu so tham gia qudn ly hg vd dieu hdnh sdn xudt: Phy nu ngodi thien chuc lam me, hp cdn cd vai trd hit sftc quan trpng ddi vdi cac hogt dgng ldn nhd cua hg De xem xet vai trd cua nft qudn ly hg vd vipc cdc quyet djnh sdn xudt chung tdi phan chia cdc tieu chi ddnh gid theo mftc dg kinh tl eiia cac hg dan tpc thieu so d vimg sinh thdi Ket qud dupc tong hgp bang 03 cho thdy ty lp nft dan tpc thieu sd lam chii hp d cd viing deu chiem ty le nhd so vdi nam gidi, ty lp cd sy phan hod gifta cac nhdm hp cd mftc thu nhgp khdc d cdc viing, ty lp nft tham gia qudn ly hg vd dieu hanh sdn xuat chiem ty lp cao d cac hg khd, thap nhap d cdc hg ngh^o Qua day, cho ta nhdn x^t, cd sy dnh hudng cua mftc song tdi vai trd cua lao dpng nft ddn tpc thieu so, cd sy bdt binh dang viec gia quyet dinh hp, gifta nam vd nft Sd lipu bdng 03 chi rd cdc vung khdc nhau, noi sinh song cua cdc dan tgc thilu sd, vdi cdc phong tyc, tap qudn rieng pha trgn vdi vdn hda ngudi Kinh da ldm nen sy khdc bipt Than Sa, nai tap trung cac dan tpc nhu Dao, Sdn Chay, H'Mdng cd ty lp nft Idm chu hg rdt thdp (gan bdng 1/2 cac vung khac), cdn 156 94(06): 153-159 d vimg khdc nhu Phu Thugng ddy la noi tap trung dan tgc Tdy, Nung sdng xen ke vdi ngudi Kinh nen cd sy dong diu vd cdng b ^ g hon ve vai trd quan ly hg, dieu hdnh sdn xuat, Lao dgng nir ddn lgc thiiu so viic quyei dfnh phdn cong lao dgng hg: Trong xd nghien cftu thi lao dgng nam Ihudng ldm nhftng cdng viec ndng nhu cdy bfta, chgt tre, lay gd cdn lac dgng nft ngoai cdc cdng vipc chdm sdc gia dinh nhu nau com, gi^t giii, lay nudc, lay cui hg cdn tham gia vdo cdc hogt dpng sdn xuat nhu gieo hgt, chdm sdc, thu hogch vd ban cdc san pham Doi vdi cdc cdng vipc chan nudi gia sue ngudi phy nu ddm nhgn cdng vipc nhu chpn giong, chdm sdc Sy binh ddng cdng vipc gia dinh ciing nhu cac hogt dpng sdn xuat cd the thay rat rd qua cac cdng vipc md ngudi phy nir vd ngudi dan dng ddm nhgn NIU xet ve hoat dgng trpt thi lao dgng nft d cdc hg cd dieu kipn tham gia vao cdng vipc khau lam dat chiem 13,07% cdn phy nft d cdc hg khdng cd dieu kien tham gia vao cdng vipc khau ldm dat chiem 16,65% Trong cdc cdng viec khac ciing vay deu cd sy chenh lech ve muc dg tham gia vdo cac cdng vipc cua lao dpng nft hai nhdm hp Tgi xa Trang Xd thi phan ldn bd dan tpc cd mftc thu nhgp thap, cdng vipc chinh la trdng trpt, chdn nudi, trinh dg vdn hoa thap ddn den vipc sft dyng lao dpng vao cdc cdng vipc khdng phu hgp Giua nam vd nft cd su bat cong cdng vipc tham gia cdc hoat dgng xd hgi Tren 50%t nam gidi dugc tham gia cac budi hgp, dieu cang Idm them khoang cdch hilu biet giuB nam va nu Dieu tra d vung nghien ciJu thi hau het deu nhdn dugc cdc y kien cho rdng lao dgng nft da bj sft dyng vdo nhftng cdng viec vat va, khdng phii hgp Xa Trang Xd la noi ma lao dgng nft it dugc hpc hdnh, cdng viec chu yeu la lam ndng nghipp vgy muc dp vdt va cua ngudi phy nft cao nhat (chiem 51,73%); d cdc vung khdc thap hon nhu xa Thdn Sa (chiim 39,83%), xa Phii Thugng (chiem 38,24%) Qua sd lieu ta thdy sy bdt binh ddng gifta lao dgng nam vd nft phan cdng cdc cdng vipc cua nong hg Ngodi thdi gian tham gia lao dpng sdn xuat, phu nft cdn ban rpn vdi bilt bao cdng viec nhu cdng viec ndi trp (8,3%); cdng vipc ldy cui (6,7%); cham sdc cai (4,2%); cdng tac xahpi (1,7%) 6 Xuan Ho^g va Dtg Tap chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 94(06): 153-159 Bdng 03 Ty 1$ nir ddn lgc thieu so lam chii Ap va tham gia quan ly ho X9 T h k Sa Kki X9 Phu Thupng TB nghio KhiS TB 15,57 11,65 26,42 33,25 16,36 38,38 11,23 6,75 24,35 26,34 14,66 34,37 Xa T r i n g Xi nghfeo Kh^ 21,13 19,32 24,77 18,73 13,92 36,83 28,31 35,29 31,40 25,12 12,19 9,43 23,42 11,79 8,25 29,41 20,19 33,28 27,45 16,32 TB ngheo l.HODTkinhOeShO) +Ty 1^ nu lim chii hp 17,22 +Ty le n& tham gia ^j ^^ quan 1^ dieu hinh SX HO DT thieu s6 (255 h?) +Ty IS na lim chii hp 13.65 +Ty le nS tham gia ^^ ,^ qu^ ly difiu hinh SX Ngudn: Tong hgp id-phieu dieu tra J Lao dgng nii ddn tgc thiiu so hogt dgng dip cdn khoa hgc ky thugt vd kiin thuc i^in ndng: Qua thyc tl chung tdi thdy lao dpng nft tiep nhgn cdc thdng tin tft cdn bp ky thuat khuyen ndng va tft hoi ndng dan cdn it, chii ylu lao ddng nft ndng thdn nhan thong tin tft ngudi chdng (57%), cfta hang vat tu ndng nghiep (57,67%), qua chg (47,33%) hay qua kinh nghiem bdn than (42,67%) Viec tham gia cac Idp tap hudn khuyin ndng ve ky thugt san xudt ndng nghiep, phan ldn lao ddng nft khong dugc tham dy (chiem 54,14%) Cdc lop tap hudn ve trdng trgt (chiim 57,67%), lop chan nudi ( chiem 36,67%), Idp tap hudn vl lam vudn ty le phu nft tham gia ldn Qua van de nit nhan xet ve hipu qua cfta cong tac truyln thdng Cdc thdng tin can tniyen dgt ve kien thue ky thuat chua den dirpc ngudi tryc tiep san xuat, nhdt Id phy nft Mirc kinh li ciia cdc ho ddn tgc thieu so khu vuc nong thon huyen Vo Nhai: Qua ket qua nghien ciru da hien dugc phdn nao vai trd ho ciia phy nft cdc quylt djnh vl hoat d$ng san xudt mdc du ngudi phy nft khdng cd vai trd quylt dinh ldn, da so hg cd quyen tham gia ddng gdp y kiln, thdo luan, ban bgc ciing chdng, nhimg quyet dinh cudi cung van tiiuftng la ngudi chdng Tuy vgy ngudi qudn ly ngdn sach gia dinh thudng thugc ve nft gioi Ndm 2010, todn huypn cd 14.193 hp, khu vyc ndng thdn vdi 12.107 hd chiim 85% Trong sd ndy neu cdn cu theo mftc thu nhap thi d§n tpc Kinh vdi 4.638 hg chiim 38%, ty I? hp cd mftc thu nhgp kha trd len chiim 15,07%, hp ngheo chiim 14,23% Ddi vdi cae hp Id ddn tgc thieu so (chiem 62% tdng sd hg), cd sy chenh Ipch ddng ke ve mftc sdng Phdn ldn sd hd ddn tpc thieu sd cd mftc sdng trung binh (binh quan 71,76%)), cdn hp ngheo chiem 15,53% Xet rieng nhftng hp la dan tdc thieu sd, chung ta thay cac hd ddn tpc Tay, Niing cd ty le hd ngheo thap hon cac dan tdc thilu sd khac Theo ddnh gia ban ddu khao sdt, cho thay nguyen nhan cd sy chenh lech ndy phan ldn su khdc ve sd him cdc tu lieu sdn xuat, cac dieu kien ty nhien, kinh tl xd hpi khac nhu: giao thdng, vj tri gdn trung tam, gdn chg Trong cac nhdm hg la dan tpc thilu sd cd mftc sdng tft khd trd len chu ylu tap trung vao cac hd cd nhieu dat canh tac, ddt ldm nghiep, tham gia cdng tac chinh quyen dja phuong Cac nhan to tac dong tdi vai tro lao ddng nu dan tdc thilu s6 phdt trien kinh te hp Muc dg kinh li: Qua kit qua nghi6n ciiu thu nhgp cua cdc hg, nlu dp dung theo chuan ngheo giai dogn 2006-2010 thi ty lp nghto cua huypn se cdn rat cao (200 nghin ddng/ngudi/thang) Cy thi sd lieu cho thdy, chenh lech vl thu nhdp binh qudn/ ngudi/ndm cua hp ngheo dan tdc Kinh cao gdp 1,23 ldn so vdi hp ngheo dan tpc thieu sd, cdn ddi vdi tieu diing cung vay, tieu dung ciia hg ngudi Kinh cao gdp 1,05 ldn so vdi hp dan tpc thieu sd Chenh lech vl thu nhdp giua ho gidu vdi hp ngheo Id dan tpc thilu sd tdi 2,3 lan (23%), chenh lech gifta hp khd, trung binh so vdi hg ngheo dan tgc thilu sd la 1,84 ldn (18,4%) Tuong ty nhu vay, xet khodng cdch vl tieu dung d cdc nhdm hp cung cd sy khac 157 Ngo Xuan Hodng vd Dtg Tgp chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ ldn: chenh Ipch gii'ra nhom hp giau vd ngiieo la 2,3 lan (23%), giua hp khd, trung binh vdi hg ngh6o la 16,8% Nhu vgy cd sy bat binh ddng thu nhgp cung nhu tieu dimg ciia cac nhdm hg huypn, d(ic bipt la sy b;ii binh ddng gifta nhdm dan lgc thieu so vd dan Ipc Kinh, Phong luc tgp ipidn- Phan ldn ciic dan tgc nhu, H Mdng, Niing, Dao, Cao Lan, van cdn gift nhftng tgp tyc tu xua Chdng hgn nhu: Ngudi 11 Mdng co tgp qudn du canh, du cu tft lau ddi, hogt dpng sdn xuat phy thugc vdo dieu kipn ty nhicn sdn cd, dan tdi ddi song kinh lc thudng bap benh, mirc song thap, cdi ll CO diC'u kipn chdm sdc sftc khoe vd giao dye, nhat la phy nft cdn chju nhilu thipt thdi, chill vat vd gia dinh Phdn cong lao dgng gia dinh, gifta ngudi H'Mdng vd Dao gdn nhu tuong dong, khdng c6 nhieu sy khdc biet Trong mdi gia dinh ngudi H'Mdng va Dao, nam gidi ddm nhan loan bg cdng vipc phat ray, cudc cay nuong, chat cdy, ldm nha cdn ngudi phy nft lam nhiem vy tra hat, ldm cd, chan nudi vd kiem cui Guong mdy lao ddng gia dinh kha chdt che Trinh vdn hod khoa hgc ky thugt: Nhu da phan tich d phdn tren, lao dgng ngudi dan lgc thieu sd ndi chung va lao dgng nft dan tgc thieu sd ndi rieng cd trinh dg hpc van va trinh dp chuyen mdn thdp hem so vdi lao dpng ngudi Kinh Dilu anh hudng tdi sy quyet djnh san xual, qudn ly hp, tham gia cdc cdng lac chinh tri, dodn the cua ca nhdm ddng bdo dan tgc 4- Nhdn to khdc: Ve Kinh te: Trong nhihig ndm qua, hipu qua cua cac chucmg trinh 135 134 da dugc the hipn thdng qua: sy dn djnh san xuat ciia ngudi dan, khdc phye hipn tugng du canh, du cu, ngudi dan chuyen hudng thdm canh, dp dyng khoa hgc ky thugt mdi vdo sdn xudt, thu nhgp cua hg gia dinh dugc ndng cao, chdt lugng cugc sdng dugc nang cao dan Ty lp nft dugc di hgc phd thdng khong ngftng nang cao, lao dpng nft gidm sy vdt va vd cd nhieu Ihdi gian danh cho bdn thdn Vc Y te: Cdi thien trang bj co sd vat chat cho vimg dan tgc thieu sd, tdng cudng ddi ngu can bd; kham chfta benh mien phi; Thyc hipn 158 94(06): 153-159 cdc Chuong trinh myc tieu quoc^ gia; chdm sdc sftc khoe sinh sdn, thyc hi^n ke hoach hoa gia dinh Giao due: Cdi thipn trang bj, ca sd vgt chat (trudng, Idp ), tang cudng dgi ngu gido vien; chinh sach cu tuyin, mien hpc phi, cap phdt giay vd cho hpc sinh ; Thyc hipn cdc Chuong trinh myc tiSu qudc gia ve giao dye Ket qud Id so hgc sinh dan tpc thilu so dugc di hgc ngdy cang tdng, ty lp hpc sinh nft bj bd hpc da gidm rd rpt KET LUAN Ket qua nghien cftu vai trd ciia lao dgng nu dan tpc thilu so phdt trien kinh te hp tai huypn Vo Nhai tinh Thai Nguyen cho thay: Ty lp lao dpng nu d khu vyc ndng thdn chiem mpt ty lp cao (tren 94%) Co cau lao dpng giifa nam va nft cd sy chenh Ipch, lao dgng nft chiem tren 50,3% Lao dpng nft dan tpc thieu s6 chiem 65,27% tdng so lao dpng nft d khu vyc ndng thdn Trong sd tap trung chu ylu tren 70% Id dan tpc Tay vd Nung Lyc lugng lao dgng nft dan tgc thieu sd cd dp tudi tre, tap trung chii yeu d dp tudi 15 den 44 Ty lp that hgc vd bd hgc d phu nft la dan tpc thieu sd cao ban nhieu so vdi dan tgc Kinh Cac dan tpc nhu Hmdng Dao dia ban sdng xa trung tam nen ty lp cao nhat Cd sy khdc biet giua cac vung huyen \e trinh dp, mftc sdng, sy cdng bdng, val trd cua lao dpng nu Id ddn tgc thieu sd Lao dgng nft thugc tieu viing cd vai trd cao hon cac tieu \iing vd (thap nhat la tieu viing I, noi cd nhieu ngudi ddn tgc H'Mdng va Dao sinh song) Trinh dp vdn hod va chuyen mdn cua lao dpng nft dan tpc thieu sd cdn thap (tren 68% tdt nghipp Tieu hgc va THCS tren 90% chua qua ddo tgo nghe), kha chenh Ipch so vdi lao dpng ddn tpc Kinh Cd sy khac npi bp nhdm dan tgc thieu so, Dan tgc Tay cd trinh dp vdn hod va chuyen mdn cao nhdt Ty lp phu nft tham gia quan ly hg va dilu hdnh san xuat dgt gan 30% Ty le lao dpng nu tham gia vao cdc cap chinh quyen dodn thi nhirng ndm qua cd tang nhung so vdi nam cdn thap hon nhieu (binh quan dudi 14,3% cdc chftc danh) Lao dgng nft dan tgc thilu sd tham gia chu yeu vdo cac hoat ddng san xudt ndng lam nghiep (tren 87,7%) Lao ddng nft Ng6 Xudn Hodng vd Dig Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE CO vai trd rat quan trgng vipc tgo thu nhgp cho hd gia dinh Thu nhgp vd tieu dimg binh quan tren thdng cua lao dgng nft dan tpc thilu sd thdp hem so vdi nam gidi (bdng 0,67% nam gidi) Con nhilu khoang cdch chenh Ipch gifta cac nhom hd kha, giau vd ngheo Mftc chenh lech khoang 20% Cd sy bat cdng cdng tdc quan ly va kiem sodt cdc nguon lyc nhu dat dai, ngudn thdng tin ky thugt, y te djch vy von Thong thudng nft gidi it ca hgi dupc tilp can vdi cac ngudn lyc so vdi nam vi CO nhieu nguyen nhan nhu phong tyc tdp qudn, quan niem trpng nam kliinh nu vdn cdn ton lai cdc td chuc d dia phuong va ca gia dinh Cdn rat nhieu ylu to anh hudng den vai ftd cua phu nft dan tpc thilu so phat trien kinh tl hd nhu: tliilu chinh sach cho phat trien phu nft, tdn tai nhung quan niem lac hgu, trinh dg hgc van cua phy nft thdp, ap lyc tir quan niem xa hdi, thieu sy chia se cua cdng d6ng,dieu kien kinh te - xa hgi khdng thuan lgi, phu nft it tham gia vao cac hogt dgng cua xa hpi, sd tren mgt phu nft cao, sd gid ngi trg ciia phu nu nhieu 94(06): 153- 159 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Ban chi dao dieu tra lao dpng viec Idm, Thuc Irgng lao dgng - Vi^c ldm linh Thdi Nguyen, cdc ndm 2005,2008,2009,2010 [2] Ban vl sy tiln bp ciia phy nft tinh Thdi Nguygn Bdo cdo tinh hinh hogl dgng vl su tiin bg cua phu nd- linh Thdi Nguyen, Bdo cdo thudng nien 2003, 2004, 2005 [3] Ban vl sy tiln bp phu nft huypn Vd Nhai, Bdo cdo linh hinh hogt dpng vi su tiin bp ciia phu nir huy4n Vo Nhai, cdc ndm 2003, 2004, 2005 (4] Do Thi Binh, La Ngpc LSn (1996), Phu nii ngheo nong than diiu ki^n kinh ti thi Irudng, Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia, Hd Ndi [5] DSng Cpng San Viet Nam (2001) Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thu IX, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia Ha Noi, [6] Hpc vien hanh chinh qudc gia, Doi mdi su nghiep phdt tnen ngudi, Nxb Hd Npi, 2001 [7] UBND huyen Vo Nhai, Bdo cdo linh hinh kinh lexahpi qua cdc nam 2009, 2010 [8] Dd van Vien - D6 Vdn Tiln Gido trinh kmh li hg nong ddn - Dai hoc Nong nghiep I - Ha Noi SUMMARY FEMALE ETHNIC MINORITY WORKERS IN VO NHAI DISTRICT - THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY Ngo Xuan Hoang , Nguyen Thi Van Chi College of Economics and Technology -TNU Vo Nhai is a mountainous district located in North-East of Thai Nguyen province In this district, female elhnic minority workers in rural areas acount for 65.27% of total female workers, most of whom are the Tay and Nung accounting for over 70% They are mostly young, at the age of 15 to 44 However, their educational and professional level is low; particularly, over 68% of them only recieved elementary and junior secondary degrees, over 90% have not been properly trained Female elhnic minority labors mainly participate in agriculture and forestry production (over 87.7%); the proportion of ethinic minority women engaged in governments and organizations in recent years has increased but is still much lower then that of men (average of less than 14.3% of the titles) Nonetheless, female workers have a very important role in generating income and household economic development Key words: Female ethnic minority workers, development, household economy n: 28/05/2012; Ngdy phdn bien: 06/06/2012, Ngdy duyel ddng-12/06/2012 ... tudi hogt dgng kinh te la 12.232 ngudi, lao ddng nft chiim 0.52% Tdng sd lao dpng tham gia hoat dgng kinh tl Id 12.715, chia lao ddng nft la 0.53%, cdn lgi 47% lao dpng nam Tdng sd lao dpng khdng... dpng kinh tl la 2.908, chia lao ddng nft la 49%, wn lgi 51% lao ddng nam Nhu vgy, ty lp nhimg ngudi khdng tham gia lao dgng ciia nam cao hon nft gidi Trong sd ndy, phdn ldn 'a nhftng ngudi gia, ... hudng tdi kinh tl cua cdc hp gia duih cung nhu dnh hudng tdi qud trinh phat trien kinh te xa hpi ciia huypn Ty lp lao dgng n& CO vipc lam cao hon lao dgng nam Sd dT "^^ vgy, Id vi lao ddng nft