Lợi ích kinh tế của tri thức dân gian người Dao trong phát triển kinh tế hộ gia đình và xóa đói giảm nghèo.pdf

Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so - 2014 VLgn iCH KINH TE CUA TRI THlTC DAN GIAN NGlTCfl DAO TRONG PHAT TRIEN KINH TE HO GIA DINH VA XOA DOI GIAJVI NGHEO TRAN HONG THU' Sdd^u Tri thuc ddn gian (cdn dugc ggi Id tri thijc dia phuang, tri thuc tdc ngudi, tri thuc bdn dia) Id cdc kiln thirc vl sdn xudt vd sinh hoat CLia cdc cdng ddng tdc ngudi, cd tinh thich ijrng cao vdi dieu kien mdi trudng tu nhien, kinh tl, xd h^i vd vdn hda ciia dia phuong vd tirng tdc ngudi Cdc kiln thirc ndy dugc hinh thdnh, tich luy vd hodn thien tir qud trinh lao dgng sdn xuat ciia toan cgng ddng vd dugc truyln tir thi he qua the he khac (Hoang Xuan Ty vd cdng sir, 1998; Trdn Hong Hanh, 2005) Mdt sd nghien cdu chi ring, mde dii cdn mdt sd han che nhu tinh dia phuong cao, khd phd cap rdng rai, hoac mdt sd tri thirc da khdng cdn phii hgp vdi hodn cdnh xd hdi va dieu kien mdi trudng hien dai, nhung cdc tri thuc dan gian cd gid tri cao viec xay dung cdc md hinh phdt trien ndng thdn bin viing cd hieu qua cao, phii hgp vdi dja phuang va phu hgp vdi vdn hda tdc ngudi (Hoang Xuan Ty vacdngsu, 1998) Cung nhu nhilu t0c ngudi sinh sdng d viing cao mi§n niii, dan tdc Dao tich luy ' Nghien ciJru n&y du^c t^I trg bai QuJ Phat trien khoa h^c va cong ngh? quoc gia (NAFOSTED) de tai maso I V5.3-2011.05 dugc nhieu kinh nghiem san xuat phii hgp vdi dilu kien khac nghiet ciia viing vd nhiing kinh nghiem da cd nhieu ddng gdp vao viec phdt trien kinh te hg gia dinh, dam bdo an ninh luong thuc vd xda ddi giam ngheo (Trin Hdng Hanh, 2006, 2009) Tuy nhien, dilu kien ddc thu ciia vung cao la dja hinh phdc tap, hau khac nghiet, giao thdng di lai khd khdn nen kinh te hd gia dinh cua ngudi Dao van cdn gap nhieu khd khan, ty le ddi ngheo eon cao Mac dii da cd nhilu chuang trinh phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi dugc dp dung viing, nhung chua cd su chu y den su dung cac tri thirc ddn gian ciia ngudi Dao cac chuong trinh nen cdc chuang trinh ndy vdn chua dat dugc kit qua nhu mong mudn (Tran Hdng Hanh, 2006, 2009) Nghien ciru dugc thuc hien tai cac nhdm Dao Dd, Dao Tien, Dao Thanh Y d cac tinh Tuyen Quang, Bdc Kan, Cao Bdng va Quang Ninh^ nham nghien cuu " Dja diem nghien ciiu cu the nhu sau: - Xa Phuc Scm, huyen Chiem Hoa, linh Tuyen Quang: nhom Dao Do - Xa Ha Hieu, huyen Ba Be, tinh Bac Kan: nhom Dao Tien - X3 Hoa Tham, huyen Nguyen Binh, tinh Cao Bing: nhom Dao Tien - Xa Thai Hoc huyen Nguyen Binh, tinh Cao Bing: nhom Dao Do - Xa Bang Ca, huyen Hoanh Bo, tinh Quang Ninh: nhom Dao Thanh Y 30 nhung Igi ich ciia tri thirc ddn gian cua cdc nhdm Dao ddi vdi kinh tl hd gia dinh, gdp phin xda ddi giam ngheo, tir dd dua nhirng kiln nghj, giai phap vl su dung vdn tri thuc dan gian vdo phdt trien kinh te xa hdi d cac nhdm Dao ndi rieng, cua viing ndi chung Trdn Hong Thu nhan hd ngheo dugc binh xet tai cdc dia phucmg dugc nghien ciru Tren thuc te, ty le ddi ngheo theo su tu danh gid ctia chinh ngudi dan cdn cao hon nhilu so vdi ty IS dugc binh xet (xem So dd 1) Kit qud So dd cho thdy, ty le tu ddnh gid ngheo cao nhat d nhdm Dao Tien (76,4%) va thap nhdt d nhdm Dao Thanh Y Thuc trang doi ngheo d ngudi Dao (20,4%) Dac biet, vdn cdn mgt ty le hd gia Kit qua khdo sdt giiia ndm 2014 d cac dinh ddi, cao nhit la d nhdm Dao Dd Ty le viing Dao dugc lira chgn nghien cuu cho hd gia dinh thilu luoiig thuc nam 2014 thdy, ty 18 hd ddi ngheo cdng ddng Dao la 50,9%; dd, nhdm Dao Dd cd ty le cdn rit cao Trong tdng sd 599 hd ngudi Dao thilu luong thuc cao nhat (60,4%), tilp den dugc dieu tra, cd den 46,1% h0 gia dinh cd la nhdm Dao Tiln (55,8%) vd thip nhit Id d giiy chirng nhan hd ngheo; dd, ty 1^ hd nhdm Dao Thanh Y (27,6%) Sd thang thilu ngheo cao xuat hiSn d nhdm Dao Tien vd luong thuc cua cac nhdm Dao dao ddng tir nhdm Dao Dd (ty IS tuong irng vdi hai nhdm den 11 thdng/ndm, nhung biln Id thilu ndy la 58,3% vd 57,8%) vd ty le ndy kha luong thuc khoang thdng thip d nhdm Dao Thanh Y (ehi chiem Mdt sd nguyen nhdn,chinh dan din 8,8%) Nguyen nhdn khiln t^' le ddi ngheo d tinh tr^ng ddi ngheo cua cac nhdm Dao dugc nhdm Dao Thanh Y thap hon so vdi cdc nghien ciru cd the kl din nhu sau: nhdm Dao khde la ngudi Dao Thanh Y cd - Su khdng thuan lgi cua dieu kiSn dia ngudn thu nhap phu tir ldm cdng nhdn cho hinh: Nhdm Dao Dd va Dao Tiln eu trii d md than tai dia phuong hode mdt than trSn viing thung lung hep thugc khu vuc nui cao, bdi thdi ciia md Neu so sdnh vdi ty 16 ddi dia hinh ddc, khdng cd nhilu dieu ki^n thuan ngheo chung cua viing, x30%-50% >50% MiJc t h u nhSp tir riFng t r o n g tong t h u nhap ciia ho gia dinh Ngudn: Ket qua dieu tralhirc dia nam 2013-2014 sinh hoat nhu ndng cao ngudn thu nhdp tir ndng nghiep nhu la thu nhap chinh ciia hd gia dinh va tim kiem ngudn thu nhdp phu td khai thac cac sdn phim tu nhien, ddc biet la cac sdn pham rimg (go vd cdc san phim phi gd) Ro rdng, nhieu tri thuc ddn gian cua ngudi Dao van cdn gia trj cho den nay, gdp phin quan trgng cdi thien kinh tl hd vd xda ddi gidm ngheo d dia phuong Tuy nhien, qua trinh sinh tdn va phdt triln cua cac cdng ddng Dao, da xuit hien mdt sd yeu td gay nen su can kiet ngudn tai nguyen va tdc dgng tieu cue din kinh te hd gia dinh Trong phat triln kinh tl hg gia dinh va xda ddi gidm ngheo d ngudi Dao, chinh quyen dja phuong cin td chdc va thuc hien tdt cdc chuong trinh, chinh sach ciia Ddng va Nha nude danh cho viing miln nui vd viing dan tdc thilu sd Trong do, chii trgng thu hiit su tham gia cua cdng ddng ngudi dan qud trinh lap kl hoach, thyc hien, gidm sat va danh gia cdc chuong trinh, du dn dugc thuc hien tai cOng ddng Ddng thdi, cin khuyin khich ngudi dan kit hgp giiia kj thuat hien dai vd tri thuc dan gian dl d?t hi6u qud cao sdn xuat cung nhu khai thdc va su dung tai nguyen hudng din bao ton vd phat triln bin viing Kem theo dd, can cd cac giai phdp ho trg ngudi ddn bdo tdn va phat huy cdc Igi Ich kinh tl ciia tri thdc t6c ngudi nhu phdt trien cac loai cay liy go cd gia trj kinh te cao, xay dung cac vudn-dugc lieu tren dien tich ddt rdng va vudn nha dugc giao cho cdc hg gia dinh; qudng bd va cd chinh sdch bdo hg doi vdi cdc bdi thuoc qu:^ cua ngudi Dao Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so'6 - 2014 Tai lieu tham kbao Trin Hdng Hanh (2005), "Tri thdc dja phuang - sir tilp can ly thuyet", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc, Sd 1, tr 29-33 Trdn Hdng Hanh (2006), Local Knowledge and Food Security Among Red Yao Ethnic Group in Vietnam (A case study in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province, Vietnam), Luan dn tiln sT, Dai hgc FU Beriin, Berlin Trdn Hdng Hanh (2009), Local Knowledge and Food Security- Among Red Yao Ethnic Group in Vietnam (A case study in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province Vietnam), Spektrum 95, Berlin Series on Society, Economy and Politics in Developing countries, The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, LIT Verlag, Berlin Hoang Xuan Ty, Le Trgng Cue vd nnk (1998), Kien thirc bdn dia ciia ddng bdo vung cao nong nghiep vd qudn ly tdi nguyin thien nhien, Nxb Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi Ket qud dieu tra soat hg ngheo, hg can ngheo ndm 2013 ban hdnh theo Quyet dinh sd 529/QD-LDTBXH thang ndm 2014 ciia Bd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hgi Cd thi xem tai trang web: http://ubdt.gov.vn/wps/wcm/upIoads/DuthaoV BPL/quyet dinh529_bldtbxh.pdf Ddnh bat cd cua ngudi Dao Dd d thdn Ting, xa Phiic Son, huyen Chiem Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang ... ciia tri thirc ddn gian cua cdc nhdm Dao ddi vdi kinh tl hd gia dinh, gdp phin xda ddi giam ngheo, tir dd dua nhirng kiln nghj, giai phap vl su dung vdn tri thuc dan gian vdo phdt trien kinh. .. Dao Phuang Anh t^i cOng dong Dao Tiln a huyen Ba Bfi, tinh BSc Kan nam 2013 trien kinh tl ciia hd gia dinh la cao hon so vdi nhdm Dao Dd va Dao Thanh Y Kit qud dieu tra chi ring, cdc hd khd gia. .. rdng, nhieu tri thuc ddn gian cua ngudi Dao van cdn gia trj cho den nay, gdp phin quan trgng cdi thien kinh tl hd vd xda ddi gidm ngheo d dia phuong Tuy nhien, qua trinh sinh tdn va phdt triln cua