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T?p chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN, Kmh te va Kinh doanh, Tgp 29, So (2013) 1-9 NGHIEN Ct/U Phat trien kinh te ho gia dinh a Viet Nam Mai Thi Thanh Xuan ' , Dang Thj Thu Hien Trudng Dgi hoc Kinh te - Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cdu Gidy Hd Ndi, Viet Nam ^Trudng Dgi hgc Lam nghiep, Xudn Mai, Hd Ndi, Viet Nam Nhan 04 thang 01 nam 2013 Chinh siia ngky 29 thang nam 2013; chip nhan dang 12 thdng 10 nam 2013 Tom tat: Kinh tg ho gia dinh la mot bg phan quan nrong cua n6n kinh ik ViSt Nam Ke tir dirge thira nhan \k dan vi kinh t6 ty chii (nSm 1988), sif phat tiiSn kinh t^ ho gia dinh nong thon da c6 sit chuyen bien ti'ch cue ca ve quy mo, toe dp vk ca cau Den nay, nhi£u h6 gia dinh da diing vOng duoc nen kinh te thj truong, cd tac dgng idn den sy nghiep xoa ddi giam ngheo ciia dja phucmg cung nhu ca nude Tuy vay, dudi gdc nhin phat trien ben viing, sir phat trien ciia kinh te hp van cdn nhieu han che BM viet diia vho cac so lien thii dp, chii yeu Ik s6 lieu Tong dieu tra nong thon, nong nghiep vk thiiy sim tren ph^m vi ca nude v^o cac nam 2001, 2006 va 2011, tSp trung phan u'ch, ddnh gid nhOng tuu co ban va chi m6t so han chS, bSt cap phdt triln ben vQng cua kinh tS hg vk nguyen nh§n ciia no, tir de xuat giai phap khdc phuc nham thiic dky kinh tl hg khu virc ndng thon phat trien theo hudng hieu qua, ben vttng Tirldida: Kinh ik hg, nong thon, phat trien bSn vOng N h ^ n dien kinh te ho gia dinh K I tir Bp Chi'nh tri ban hanh Nghi quyel s6 10/NQ-TW ngky 05/4/1988 v l "D6i mdi quan ly kinh ti ndng nghiep", vdi muc dich giai phong siic san xual ndng nghiep, nong thon chuyin giao dat dai va cac lu lieu san xuat khac cho hp nong dan quan I^ va sir dung lau d ^ , thi cac hp ndng dan da trd nhiiiig dan vj tir chu sSn xu4t ndng nghiep, tiic \k thira nhan ho gia dinh 1^ don vi kinh le co sd (gpi la kinh t l hp gia dinh) Tir do, cac ho gia • Tdc gia hen he DT; 84-915868907 Email xuaninit@vnu.edu dinh duac tu chii san xual kinh doanh, duac toan quyen dieu hanh san xuat, su dung lao dpng, mua sam vSt tu ky ihuSt, hop tac san xuat va tieu thii san pham hp lam Nhu vay, cd the hieu kinh te hg gia dinh Id mgt td chiec kinh doanh thugc sd him ciia hg gia dinh, cdc titdnh vien cd tdi sdn chung, ciing ddng gdp cdng sire de hoat ddng kinh te chung sdn xudt ndng, 1dm, ngu nghiep hoac mgt sd linh vuc sdn xudt, kinh doanh khdc phdp luat quy dinh Sy ton tai cua kinh te hp chii yeu dua vao lao dpng gia dinh de khai thac dat dai va tai nguyen khac nham ph^l trien san xual, thoAt ngheo ben viJng va vuon Ign lam giau chfnh dang ^,r T Xmn, DTT Hien I Tap dti Khoa hoc DHQGHK Kmh leva Kmh doanh Tap 29 Soi (2013) 1- Cd Ihl nhan dien kinh te hd gia ffinh qua cac dac diem chti yeu sau; - Kinh te hp gia dinh dupe hinh theo mpt each thuc to chuc rieng pham vi gia dinh Cac vien hp ciing cd chung sd hOu cac lai san cOng nhu ket qua kinh doanh cua hp - Kinh tl hp gia dinh tdn tai chti ylu d nong thon, hoat dpng Iinh vuc nong, lam, diuy san Mpt bp phan khac cd boat dpng phi ndng nghiep d muc dp khac Trong kinh te hp gia dinh, chu ho la ngudi sd hiJu nhung cdng la ngucri lao dpng true tilp Tuy dieu kien cu the, hp cd thue mudn th£m lao dpng - Quy mo san xuat ciia kinh te ho gia ^nh thudng nho, v6n dSu tu it San xuat cua kinh te hp mang nSng tinh tu cung tu cap, hudng tdi myc dfch dap dug nhu c^u tiiu diing tryc tilp ciia hp la chti yeu - Qua trinh san xual chit yeu dua vao siic lao dpng thii cong va cong cu truydn thong, dd nang suit lao dpng thap Do vay, tich lijy cua hp chil yeu chi dira vao lao dpng gia dinh la chinh - Tnnh dp quan ly va chuyen mon nghiep vu ciia chu hp rat ban che, chii yeu la theo kinh nghiem tir ddi trudc truyen lai cho ddi sau Vi vgy, nhgn thuc ctia chu hp ve luat phap, ve kinh doanh, cung nhu ve kinh te thi trudng rat han che T^i Viii Nam, kinh te hp chii yeu la kinh te ciia cac hp gia dinh nong dan tai Ichu virc nong thon Xel theo ca cau nganh nghe, kmh tl hp duoc phan chia cac lo?i: hp thuan nong (hoat dpng linh virc ndng nghiep, lam nghiep va ngu nghiep); hp kiem nghe (vira lam nong nghiep, vira ho^t dpng tieu thii cdng nghiep); hp chuyen nghe (boat dpng cac linh vuc nganh nghe va djch vy); va hd kinh doanh Idng hpp (boat dpng ca Iinh vuc nong nghiep, cdng n ^ e p va djch vy) Din nay, kinh tl hp gia finh da ird mpt bp i^an quan trpng nen kinh te nhilu ih&nh phan o nude ta Danh gia thuc trang phdt triln kinh te hp gia dinh hi£n 2.1 Nhung thdnh nru ndi bdt Sau 25 nam dupe thiia nhan \k dan vi kinh tl tu chu, su phat irien kinh te hp gia dinh da dat duac nhieu tuu d ^ g ghi nhan, noi bat la: TM nhdt, s6 lircmg bp gia dinh kinh doanh ck thi tai khu vuc nong thon tang nhanh, dd tdc dp tang cua giai doan sau (2006-2011) cao hon giai doan kl trudc (2001-2005), tuong ung 11,5% so vdi 5,38% Dieu dang noi la, giai doan nam sau, sy gia tang cac hp kinh doanh diln kha ddng diu tren pham vi ca nude, dd: tang cao nhSt la vung Dong Nam Bp (+26,74%); thip nhit la viing BSe Trung Bp va Duyfin hai Nam Tmng Bp (+8,31%) Thu imi, ca cau hp da c6 su chuyen djch theo hudng hien dgi Dieu dupe thi hi^n d su giam xudng Idia nhanh ca ve so lupng vk ty trpng ciia nhdm hd ndng, ISm nghiep, thtiy san (NN, LN, TS) \k su tSng l£n ciia nhdm hp cdng nghiep-xay dyng (CN-XD) \k djch vy (DV) {Bang I) Trong npi bp nganh NN-LN-TS, sy chuyen dich CO cau ho ciing diln theo chilu hudng tieh eye So sanh nam 2011 vdi nam 2001, s6 hO thuin nong giam 2,6% ve ty trpng va 6,2% ve so hp; tuang trng hp lam nghiep tang 0,3% va 10,5%; hp thuy san tang 2,3% va 38,8% Thu ba, ITnh vyc hoat dpng cua cic hp nong thon cang da dang, nhd dd ca cau thu nhap cua hp cung co sy thay doi theo hudng ben vung hem Ngoai nhiJng nganh nghe tmyen thong nhu Ida va cac logi cay an Ufii, cSy cong nghiep, chan nuoi gia sue, gia cam , c^c hp da chu dpng ehuyen doi nganh nghi, ehuyen ddi CO cau cay vSt nuoi di tao nguon thu nhap cao va on dinh hon Kit qua la nhieu hO nong dan dgt doanh Ihu/nam len tdi so hang ty dong, loi nhu^n/nam tren ty ddng, tham chi CO hp dat 5,6 ty ddng [1] M.T.r XiiSn, D.T.T Hien I Tap chi Khm hgc DHQGHN, Kmh teva Kmh doanh Tap 29, So (2013) Bang I: Co cau ho gia dinh khu vuc ndng thon phan theo nganh nghe Don vi tmh; hO, ^ 2001 sa lirang 2006 Tyle S6 lucmg 2011 Tyl? S6lupng Tj'll T6ng hO 13.065.756 100 376 472 100 15.347.921 100 H6 NN-LN-TS 10.573 756 80,9 9.783.644 71,1 9.515.835 62,1 H6 CN-XD HoDV Hokhjc 752,204 5,8 1.401.943 10,2 2.260.870 14,7 1.381.121 10,6 2.054.193 14,9 2.828.203 18,4 358.704 2,7 528.692 3,8 742.993 4,8 Ngudn: Tong hop so lifiuTong diSu tra nong thon, nong nghiep, thuy san 2001, 2006 va 2011 Theo dd, CO cSu thu nhSp ciia hp cung cd sy chuyen dich theo hudng tien bp Cy the, xel theo nguon thu nhap, sau 10 nam ty trpng hp cd nguon thu chii yeu tir nong nghiep long thu nhap giam va ty trpng hp cd nguon thu chii yeu tir cic boat dpng phi nong nghiep tang (Bang 2) Dieu ndi len rang, cac hp gia dinh dang din thoit khoi sy le thupe vao ty nhien, dd giam bdt dupe nhUng nii ro san xuat va dai sdng TViir tu vin ticb luy binh quan/hp d khu vuc nong thon cii sau nam lgi tang ban gap doi, ke ca d nhiing viing khdng cd dilu kiln ty nhien thuan Ipi cho phat trien kinh tl nhu Trung du va Miln nui phia Bac, Bac Tmng Bp va Duyen hai miln Trung Cu thi, nam 2001, von tich lily binh quan/hd mdi dai hem 3,2 trieu ddng, thi nam 2006 dat hon 6,65 tripu ddng (tang 2,1 Ian) va nam 2011 la 16,84 trieu ddng (gip 2,5 lin nam 2006) (Bang 3) Dgc bi$t, cic hp thuan nong ciing da dat dupe mpt lupng v6n tich IQy dang ke; nam 2006 dat mirc 4,784 trieu d6ng/hp (tang 1,9 lan so vdi 2001); nam 2011 dgt 12,504 tneu d6ng/h^ (tang 2,6 lin so vdi 2006) Thu ndm, tinh chat \k quy mo ciia nen san xuit hang hda Idn ngSy c&ng the hien ro net khu vyc kmh te hp Nhieu hp gia dinh cd quy mo san xu§.t kha Idn, vdi lupng von kinh doanh len tdi hang tram uieu ddng, tham chi hang chuc ty dong, dd mpt bp phgn dang ke hp nong din da thinh lap cac doanh nghiep nho hoac vira, mpt bp phSn khac Ik sang lap vien ciia cic to hpp tac va hpp tac xa Sy uen kit, md rpng quy mo, tang hieu qua san xuit, kinh doanh cua cac ho da the hien xu hudng phat tnen cda nen san xuat hang hoa theo hudng Men dgi Neu so vdi giai doan 2002-2007, s6 hp dgt miic thu nhap trSn 200 trieu dong/nam giai dogn 2007-2011 da tang gap lan, va so hd cd miic thu nhgp tren ty ding/nam tang ISn [2] Nhd do, ty suSt nong san hang hda mpt sd san phim dgt miic kha cao, dd hat dieu dat tren 90%, cao su tren 85%, chfe tren 60%, Ida ggo tren 50%, ca phe 45% [3] Thd sau, cang xuat Men nMeu hp nong dan khing dinh dupe vi tri nen kinh te iM trudng va c6 tac dpng Idn den sy ngMep xda ddi giam nghfeo bin vung tai dia phuang, dupe phong danh Ik "HO san xuat kinh doanh gidi" Rieng nam 2011, so hp nong dan dat danh Men la 4,24 trieu, cMlm 27,7% tdng so hp [2] Dieu dang Idu'ch le la, nhiSng hp san xuat kinh doanh gidi khong cM lam giau cho ban than, ma giiip nMlu hp khac thoat ngheo thong qua viec ti'ch cue hudtig din, bien kinh ngMem san xual, ap dyng din bp Idioa hpc ky thuat, tao them viec lam M.T.T Xuan, D.T T HKH I Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Kmh teva Kmh doanh Tap 29, So (2013) 1-9 mdi va tham gia dao lao nghe cho hp Tmh nam (2007-2011), cae ho ndng dan san xuai kinh doanh gidi da tgo hon 10,5 trieu viec lam cbo lao ddng tgi dia phuong, irong dd: iren 3 trieu lao dpng cd viec lam ihuong xuyen; ban trieu lao dpng cd viec lam theo miia vu hoac khau cdng viec, giup da von, p o n g cay, va kinh nghiem san xuit cho ban 7,1 trieu lupl hd nong dan; giup ban 150 ngan hp thoat duac ngheo va dang vuon len lam an kha gia Ngoai ra, cac hp san xuit kinh doanh gidi giiip dd cai du?n nhk d va \6n san xuit cho hon I uieu hp thupe dien cM'nh sach va hp ngheo cd hoan canh dac bipt khd khan [2] Bang 2: Co cau hg gia dinh phan iheo ngudn thu iih|.p chi'nh Ca nuoc DB Song Hong TDMN phia Bac BTB v& DHMT Don vi tinh; % tong Dong Tay Neuyen Nam Bg ho DB S6ng Cuu Long Nam 2001 87.7 80.7 92.3 63,5 79.2 Thu nhap chi'nh ni NN-LN-TS 78.5 73.7 Tbu nhap chmh tir CN-XD 6.0 8.8 2.4 4.5 1.3 12,6 5,0 Thu nhap chinh tii DV U.4 11.5 7,6 9,2 5.2 20.2 13,7 Thu nhap chinh tii nguon khac 4,0 6,0 2.3 5.6 3,7 2,0 1.1 Nam 2006 Thu nhap chinh tir NN-LN-TS 52.8 89.0 54,1 67.9 83,1 70,2 72.7 Thu nhap chinh til CN-XD 11.3 19,5 4,1 8,7 2,1 19,2 8,5 Thu nhap chinh ni DV 15,2 17,9 9,5 13.3 7,6 23,2 16,4 Thu nhap chinh tii nguon k h ^ 5.6 9,8 3,3 7,8 1.3 3,5 2,4 Nam 2011 Thu nh3p chinh lii NN-LN-TS 57.8 38,3 76,1 60.8 86,3 39,0 65,3 Thu nh?ip chfnh tii CN-XD 16.7 27,7 8.6 12.7 2,5 29,0 12.3 Thu nhap chinh tir DV 19.3 23,5 11.9 17,6 9.6 28,6 19.8 Thu nhap chinh tii n^uon khac 6.2 10.5 3.4 8.8 1.5 3,3 2.6 Ngudn: Tonghgp so li?u Tdng dieu tra nong thon, nong nghiep, thtiy sancac ndm 2001, 2006,2011 Bang 3: Vdn tich liiy binh quan/ho khu vuc ndng thon Don vi tfnh: 1.000 d6ng 2001 2006 2011 Ca nuoc 3.231,2 6.655.2 16.843.7 Dong bang S6n| Hong 3.189.5 7.604.9 21.639,8 Trung du va Mien niii phia Bdc 3.602,0 7.204.2 9.110,7 Bac TniDg Bp va Duyfio hai mien Trang 6.555,7 11 707,9 12.855.2 Tay Nguyen 2.479.4 5.137.4 15.851,3 Dong Nam Bg 4.271.2 24.163,4 9.354,6 Dona bdng Song Cuu Long 3.856,3 7,723,4 20.584.2 Nguon Tong hop tif ket qua Tong dieu tra nong thon, nong nghifip, thijy san 2001, 2006, 2011 2.2 Nhihig han chi bdt cap tmng phdi triin bin ung cua hnh te hQ gia ttnh va ngwsin nhan 2.2.1 Nhiing han chj, bSt cap Thu nhdt, quy mo san xuat nhin chung cdn manh mun, nho le Hien ca nuac cd hon '^ nieu ho gia (finh „e,„g ^ j.,„_„ y ^ j ^ ^ ^ „5„ han uieu *^' ™ " nsWep, dirac chia ta khoang 70 trieu thira Tinh ra, moi ho cM duac 0,6 nhung phai cay c i y irgn 4-5 thira mong Di?n tieh u- > • * , , , , -• m p n g nho, lai dan xen gnra cac hp kmen viec M r.T Xuan, D.T.T Hicn I Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN, Kmh leva Kinh doanh Tap 29, SS3 (2013) 1-9 ap dung tiln bO khoa hpc ky thuat v^o ddng m p n g h i t siic khd kb5n cong nghiep va dich vu'" Dd \k chua ke den Tinh Wnh cua cac hp kinh doanh ck the pM nong nghiep ciing khong kha quan ban Mat bing kinh doanh ciia cac hp chi khoang 120m"/hp (trong chu y l u la dit dai sKn ed ciia hp), vdi so von kinh doanh binh quan/hp ciing cW khoang 80 trieu d i n g , lao d^ng sir dyng binh quan 2,1 ngirai/hp (trong dd % s6 hp SIT dung dudi lao dpng va 56% sd hp chi sii dung lao dpng) [7] ndng nghiep rat d i gap phai Vay nen, chimg San xuat manh mun cd the ndi la bit cap loTi nhat tren duang dua ndng ngMpp, nong thdn len san xuat Mpn dai, b i n vung Dd la vi, moi hd san xuat nho, rifeng le se rit kho cd dugc luong von du Idn de dau tu doi mdi cong nghp, hoac neu co dii iupng von IM ciing khong dii khong gian de c6 the thyc hien ca gidi hda Them vao dd, loi canh tac co tmyen, nang suat lao dpng thap chat lupng san phSm k6m da lam cho san pham ciia cac hp gia dinh khdng dSp can dupe cac sieu thi Idn hay tham nhap thj imdng the gidi Thir hai, co cau nganh nghe lac hau So lieu tdng dieu tra nong thon, nong nghiep va thuy san nam 2011 cho thay Men ca nude % long so ho gia dinh nong thon van sinh song bing nghe nong; va ndng, lam nghiep, thuy san van la nguon thu nhSp chii yeu ctia 57,8% long s6 hp, 12 tinh co ty le trSn 80% \k tinh tren 90% (gdm Ha Giang: 93,7%; Son La: 91,7%; DiSn Bi6n va Lai Ch§u: 91,5%) Ngay nhu Ha Npi - mpt hai tmng lam kinh te Idn ciia ca nude, thi ty le van cdn tdi 27,4% [5] Tuy so hp kinh doanh nong, lam nghiep, thuy san chiem ty trpng cao nhu vgy, nhung sd hd cd nguon thu nhap Idn nhat tir hogt dpng lai chi chiem mpt ty trpng thip han so vdi cac hp kinh doanh iihiing ton that, nii ro ma hogt ddng kinh doanh nao cac boat dpng kinh te ciia nong dan cdn phy thupe Idn vao nong nghiep thi chiing dd cupe song cua hp van bap benh, va hp van phai doi mat llu dai vdi sy ngh^o ddi'^' Thif ba, thi tnrang tiSu thu san pham hgn hep va bi dpng Tir nhieu nam nay, cac hp gia dinh nong dan phai ddi mat vdi mot thuc te la san pham lam khd tieu thy, dac biet vao thdi diem mtia vu Theo danh gia ciia Nguyin Dinh Dual va cpng sy (2009), ty 1^ ndng san hang hda dupe lieu thy thong qua hinh thirc hpp dong mdi chi dat til 6-10% san lupng [10] Dd la chua k l den hien tuong ep gia thu mua ndng san, hoac toan chgm da gay khd khSn khong nho cho c^c hp gia dinh qua trinh tai san xuat Nhieu doanh nghiSp icy hpp dong vdi h§ nhimg khong chiu dau tu v^o nguon nguygn lieu nhu da k^ ket, thgm chi cd doanh nghi$p Ipi dung chinh sich khuyen khi'ch hd trp dau tu cho nong nghiep ciia Chi'nh phii de muu Ipi rieng Dieu lam cho hogt dpng tieu thy cua hp gia dinh cang kho khan Vi vay, cSc h^ gia dinh van phai tim din cha Iang, hoac bdn cho thuang lai vdi ' ^' nam 2006, tong so ho khu vijc nong th6n, so ho thu^ nong chiem tai 71.1% nhung so ho c6 nguon thu nhap Ion nhat tir hoat dgng n^y lai kh6ng ttrcmg xiing chi CO 67.9%; d6 so ho cong nghi?p - xSy dung chi chiem 10.2% nhimg lai c6 den ]],3% so hp co nguon thu nhap chfnh tii hogt dpng d6; so lieu cua Z&Q ho dich vu Ian iiUrt m 14.9% va 15.2% D^n nSm 20] cSc s6 lJ6u mong ling la hp thuan ndng 62% v^ 57,8%, ho c6ng nghiep 14.7% va 16.7% ho dich vu 18.4% vii 19.3% [5] '^' Theo s6 iieu dieu tra eua IPSARD tgi 12 tinh thSnh ti£n ca nude ve doi soog cua 3.000 h$ nong dan tir nam 2006-2012 CO den mot DiJa s5 dd dang phai chiu nhihig tic dpng tieu cue anh huong den Ihu nhap ciia hp (htlp./fthutuong.chinhphu vn/Home/Can-tiep- suc-cho-hogia-dinh-nongthon/20136/18898,vgp#sthash.uKi72f8Y.dpuf) M.r.T- Xuan, D.T.T Hien I Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN, Kmh /f ™ Kmh doanh Tap 29, So (2013) 1-9 gia thip Dd la mot nhiing lao can Idn ddi vdi sy phat trien bin vimg cua kinh tl ho 2.2.2 Nguyen nhan Pinh trang tren xuat phat tir nhieu nguyen nhan, dd mpt sd nguyen nhan chii yeu la: TTiii- nhdt, lao dpng gia ifinh ph5n Idn cd dp tuoi cao va trinh dp lay nghe thap Do xu hudng eang tang cua tinh trgng nhung ngudi tre, khde muon thoat ly ndng nghiep, rdi que phd de lim viec lam khac cd thu nhap cao ban, nen tai ndng thon hiu nhu chi cdn lai ngudi gia, phu nii va tre em Day la bp phan lao dpng yeu kem ca ve the chit Ian trinh dp nen kha nang dep thu khoa hpc va cong ngh? rat han che Theo so lieu ctia Tdng cue Thdng ke, nam 2010 cd din 90,1% lye lupng lao dpng a khu vyc nong thon chua qua dao tgo, cao htm 1,3 Ian so vdi thi, vung Dong bang Song Cihi Long len din 91,2% Trong so 9,9% lao dpng qua dao tao tbi trinh dp so cap nghe va tmng cap nghe chiem gan mot nira, cao ding nghe rat it, chi cd 0,2% [4], Tinh trgng da lam tang them nhiing kho khan vdn cd ciia cac ho gia dinh san xuat kinh doanh Thu hai kien thirc va nang luc tiep can tbi tmdng ciia chii hp thip Hi?n nay, viec tiep can thi truang cua cac ho gia dinh rat han che thieu nhung kien thuc can ban ve kinh te tiii tmdng, do san pham cua cac hp san xuat dii chua nhilu ma van khong lieu thu dupe So lieu dilu tra sau tinh hinh ho gia tfinh nong thon ciia CEM va IPSARD tai 12tinhcho diiy, cd din 51% s6 hp nong dan vin ty san, ty tieu la chi'nh Vi vay ddi ngheo va nguy ca lai ngheo vin luon rinh rgp hp, bat chip mpi no iyc de ihoat ngheo ciia ban than cac hp gia dinh va xa bpi (nhdm chilm tren 20% s6 hp ngheo nhit) [6] Tlur ba, san xuat kinh doanh ciia eac hp phu thupe nang vao viee khai thac ty nhien, nen nguy ca can kiet tai nguyen va o nhiem mdi truimg cao San xual mang nang tinh ty nhien la dac diem pbd bien va la nguyen nhan quan trpng dan din tinh trang kem bin viing boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh cua idnh te hp gia i£nh bien Tai nhieu viing, nhat la cac tinh mien Tmng va mien nui phia Bac dieu kien Ihdi till hau rat kMc nghiet da lam giam mua vy va nang suat ca) vat nuoi Cu the tai cac dia pbuong dd hien chi cd 16,4% dien tich dit mpng chii dpng duoc nude tudi nhieu dien rich dit lua thieu nude nen chi san xuit duoc mpt vu [ 11 ] Cd the thiy, loi canh tac lac hau la nguy£n nhan cua mpi nguyen nhan din den dnh trang treiL Chi'nh nhiing ban che Irong ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat nhit la cong nghe hien dai vao san xuat da lam cho cac ho bi le thupe vao ty nhien do de igo dupe sy phat trien bin v&ng phat trien la rat khd Cho den nay, van cdn rat nhieu nong dan tien hanh san xuat bing f^uong phap thii cdng, tir khau lam dat gieo ma, cay, gat, den van chuyen va che bien Dieu dd Hiong chi anh hirdng tdi tinh tbdi vy ma lam tang ty le thit thoat sau thu hoach lam cho san luang da thip cang thip ban Ciing dac diem san xuat nho, gin chat vdt ty nhien nen de tang th&n san lupng, hiu bit cac hp gia dinh diu dya vatf viec t)dc lot tai nguyen din can kiet sii dung qua nhiai cac loai phan bdn hda bpc, thuoc trir sau ^ lam cho mdi trudng bi huy hoai nhanh va cang tiam Dpng Dieu dd khong chi anh hudng din siic khde va ihu nhap cua the he hien lai ma cdn anh huang lau dai din ca cac tbi he mai sau Mot so giai phap cha yeu thuc diy kitih te hp gia dinh phat trien theo hiidi^ bin >inig Trudc het, da\ nhanh qua trinh rich tu va tap trung mpng dat di doi vdi tang circmg cac M.r.r XuSn, D.T.T Hien I Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHK Kmh tei-a Kinh doanh Tap 29 SffB (2013) 1-9 boat dpng liSn doanh, hen ket giiia cac h0 va gi&a hp vdi doanh nghiep De khac phuc ban che ve quy mo san xual manh mun, nang cao hieu qua kinh doanh ciia kinh te hp theo hudng b i n vtriig, doi hoi phai day mgnh ti'ch ty va tap tmng ropng dat Viec tich ty mpng dat si tao dilu kien d l dua may moc vao dong mpng, ciing nhu ap dyng cac bien ph^p tham canh n h i m tang nang suit, chit luong va hi?u qua san xuat nong nghiep Mudn vay, mpt mgt cac dia phuong c i n tang cudng cong t i e tuyen tmyen, van dpng cac hp thuc hien chii t m a n g "don dien doi thira", nhan rpng md hinh "canh ddng mau Idn"; mat khdc, Chinh phii phai sua ddi chinh sach giao quyen sir dung dat cho nong dSn de khac phyc linh trgng nhieu hp gia dinh cd nhSn lye va nhu cau md rpng san xuat tW khong cd dat, nhiing hp khdc cd dat lgi bo hoang hoac cho ngudi khac thue mudn vi thieu lao dpng Cimg vdi viec tSng quy mo mpng dat cho hp, vipc tang cuong moi quan he lien ket giira cac hp vdi va giira cac ho vdi doanh nghiep cGng la dieu kien quan trpng de phat Irien kinh te hp theo hudng ben viriig Thuc te da chiing minh, boat dpng ciia timg hp gia dinh don le, dil d trinh dp nao, v i n vap phai nhiing gidi han ma ty ban thSn hp khong the vupt qua, nhu vi^c giai quylt cac nhu cau ve gidng, vat tu nong nghiep, bao ve thuc vat, dua ky thuat mdi v^o dong mpng, dgc bi?t la che b i l n va tieu thy san pham Nhu vay, su lien ket giiia cac ho va giiia hp vdi doanh nghiep khong chi la doi hdi khach quan ciia qua trinh phai trien san xuit, ma la nhu cau cua ban than cae hp Thii hai, day mgnh va nang cao hieu qua hoat dpng dao Igo nghe cho nong dan Dao tgo nghe cho nong dan la bien phap vira cd ti'nh cap thiet tmdc m i l , viia mang tinh c a ban, ISu dki De nSng cao hieu qua d i o tao nghi, can doi mdi hogt dpng theo cac hudng chii yeu sau: - Hogt dpng dgy nghe phai xuat phat tu nhu cau xa hpi Niu nhu cau ngudi hpc la da d^ng Ihl cac phuang thtre va noi dung dao tao nghe cdng phai da dgng Cy the la, phai thay the vipc td chiic cac Idp hpc tap tmng, vdi thdi gian dai gay khd khan cho ngudi theo hpc bing viec to chire eac Idp hpc ngan ngiy, phi tap trung, chu trpng hinh thirc dao tgo tgi cho; thay CO che chinh quyen dja phuang cii ngudi di hpc theo chi tieu so lupng va nganh nghe dupe phan bo tir tren xudng bing ca che de cho ndng dan tu lya chpn nganh hpc va khoa hpc"'; vk thay vi viec gidi hgn moi ngudi chi dupe hpc mpt nghe bang viec giup cho nong dan dupe hpc nhieu nghe theo yfiu cau boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh ciia hp, nhit la cdc hp san xuat kinh doanh long hop nhieu nghe - Chuong trinh dgy nghe phai luon dupe cap nhat de trang bj kien thiic day dii va hien dai cbo ngudi hpc Tiic la, khong chi day cho nong dan vl mat k j thuat san xuat vk quan 1;^ kinh te, ma phai tmyen thy cho hp nhihig kien thiic ve phap lugt, thi iru'dng vk hpi nhap quoc te Khi ed dupe nhutig ky nang va kien thirc do, ngudi ndng dan si cd dii tu tin de tham gia vao thi tmdng lao dpng rpng Idn, nhanh chdng lim dupe viec lam cd thu nhap eao ban, tii' dd thiic day dich chuyfen cac hogt dpng kinh doanh ciia hp theo hudng san xuat hang hda Idn, hien dgi - Nang cap he thong trang thiet bi lai cac ca sd day nghe sat vdi yen ciu thuc tien theo phuang cham "hpc di ddi vdi hanh" de nSng cao chat lupng dao tao Cd nhu vay, nhiing kien Ihiic ma nong d i n linh hpi dupe di hpc nghe '^' Theo ba Phgm Thi Thu Binh {Phd Chii tjch H6i Nong dan tinh Hai Duong), nam 2004, Hnh Hai Duong to chiic dao tao nghe thuy san, cd xa cir toSn cdn bp di hoc, c5c cdn bp khong cd ao nuoi thiiy san (http //dangcongsan vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.as px?co_id=30703&cn_id=481896) M.T.T Xuan, D.T.T Hien I Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN, Kmh teva Kinh doanh Tap 29, So (2(n3) 1-9 mdi cd y nghTa thiet thyc, mdi giup bp tiep can dirpc vdi nen san xuit Idn, lua chpn dupe nhihig cay va nganh nghi kinh doanh ihich hop, dam bao cd Ipi nhuan cao va bin vung TTiii- ba, giiip cac ho chuyen ddi ca cau nganh nghe theo hudng hieu qua va ben vung D I tgo sy phai Irien b i n vimg viec chuyen dich CO cau lao dpng va nganh nghe cita cac ho tu nong nghiep sang phi nong nghiep la tat yeu Dd vira 11 dieu kien vira la co hpi de hp gia dinh cd the tgo thu nhap Idn va Q'ch liiy cao Tuy nhien, de tgo dupe budc chuyen dd lai khong d l , bdi vi lam ly va tap quan san xuat nho da an sau vio tiem thiic ciia ngudi nong dSn, va vi nong dan thieu kien thiic, ky nang ve kinh doanh nen kinh te thi tmcmg hien dai Vay nen, de giai quyet nhung hgn che nay, giup noog dan cd du dieu kien chuyen doi nganh nghe kinh doanh tbeo hudng phat trien bin viing, doi hot phai cd su quan tam dgc biet ciia chinh quyen vk cac id chtie xa hoi lai dia phuang Ve nguyen tic, chuyen dich co cau san xuat ciia ho la chuyen tir kinh doanh thuan nong sang kinh doanh tong hc^ hoac kinh doanh chuyen nganh nghe, song viec lua chpn nganh nghe cu the nao lgi phai can c u vao nhu cau thi tmdng (dgc bipl 11 nhu can dai hgn), ed linh den Ipi the ciia tiing dia ban 7Vi«- tu, irang bi kien thiic v l kinh te va kinh doanh nen kinh te rhi tmdng cho nong dan E)e cac hp thoat ngheo bin vihig, tiln idi lam ^ a u chmh dang, can phai nang cao Oinh dp hiiu biel cho hp ve cac ITnh \'yc kinh le va quan tri kinh doanh, \ e hpi nhap kinh t l qudc tl va ca nhung kien ihiic vi jAong chdng thien tai, dich benh Dd la bien phap can ban giup hp ed dupe ky nang tiep can dii truong va diich iing Tuy nhien, de lam lot dieu n l \ ngoai viec trang bi kien ihiic eho chu bp, eon phai tang cuong vai tro ho trp cua Nha nude viec cung cap d i y du va kip thai thong tin cbo ho ve nhfing bien dpng ciia tlu mrtmg Thyc te da chiing minh, neu cd diroc nhiing kien thirc co ban ve kinh te tbi tmcmg thi ngtrcri nong dan se biet tinh loan vk lya ebon cong viec nao can lanL san phim nao can san xuit, va thj tnrdng nao can dua hang hda tdi de dat duoc Ipi nhuan eao nhat; neu co dupe nhihig kien thuc co ban ve phong chong thien tai, dich benh thi bp se ed the giam nhp dirpc nbiing ton thit, dd !am tang dang ke nguon thu nhap ciia minh Tai Uen t h a m k h a o n ) Van TboDg, "700 bp nong dan Gia Lai tbu nhap lir 500 trieu dong", htq)://www.vietaainp!us.vn/HMn e/700-ho-nong-dan-Gia-Lai-diu-iiha|>-tu-500trieu-dong/20I24/137S28.vnplus [21 Hpi Nong dan Viet Nam, Bao cao Tong k ^ i^Kng Uao nong dan thi dua saa suit, kinh doanh gioi, doan ket giiip xoa doi, giam n^ieo ^a lam giau chi'nh ding giai doan 2007- 2011, htqi V/www.hoinongdan ots.vnADdex.php/van-baD -hoi/bao-cao (3] "Kinh te ho gia dinh tioag san xuat odag ngliiq> hang boa", htqji/MKmgdnphapliiaLvii/vi/DewsA^a p-luai--liaiig-boa- ] 194 [4] Tdng cue TTidngkc, Nien ^amih6ngkc 2012 tran tat [5] Tong cue Thong ke, Tdng dieu oa noog thm, noDg ngfaiqi va ihiiy san cac nam 2001 2006 2011 [61 •5]'i s6 bp DOTg dao \hi tu san, tu tieo", b tq>://nhanrH]g.coiiL vn/51 -so-ho-nong-dan-van-tusan-tu-tieu-2-7-7956.htinl [7] Huu Oanh Ti^D Dung, " ^ d i tnrcmg kinb dowh hp gia (finh ca the: Nhieu li^ can huu binb", http://www baonioi.com/Moi-truong-kinh-doaabho-gia-dinh-ea-the-Nlii»j-luc-can-h u uhinb/45/5982300.q»L (8] IPSARD, "B^ nong ogtiiep phai t r i ^ loan diia theo hudng hien d^i b^n vung san xuat hang b ^ Idn", htq):/flp said.gov vii/iicws/ncwsdctail.asp?tar gclID=7n8 [9j T a c dpng cua qua trinh tfai boa d£n su jial trien ciia khu %vc nong tbrai giai do^n 20112020", http://www.baiHiioLeom/Tac-doDg-ciia- M.T.T Xuan DTT Hien / Tap dii Khm hoc DHQGHN, Kmh tevii Kmh doanh, Tap 29, SS3 (2013) 1-9 qua-triDh-do-thi-hoa-den-su-pbat-lrien-cua-khuvuc-nong-thon/79/6884593.epi [11] Tien Dung, "Kht5 khan a Quang Tning", http://baocaobang.vn/Kinh-te/Kho-khan-o- [101 Nguyen fUnhDuatvamngsu, "DM gia hieu qui cua chinh sSeh khuyin khich IiCu thu nong san hing h6a Ihong qua h9p djng- ht(p://www.doko.Wlu.„-van/danh-gia-h,eu-quacua-chinh-iach-khuyen-khich-tieu.thu-nong-sanhang-hoa-thong-qua-hop-dong 330837 „ „ 2l"fln"'°='.'^^i-''""';,• "^1 ^ " P ™ »»? """B " • " "8"y nay, Hpi thao khoa hpc chu de: • Buc hanh nong Ihdn, nong ' ^ ^ f f*™ "J,? "• ™»' *™ ".o^'f,"*" "^^'"' "" * » ' " • " * "pi, 27/6/2013 Developing Household Economy in Vietnam Mai Thi Thanh Xuan', Dang Thi Thu Hien^ VNU University of Economics and Business, 144 Xudn Thuy Str., Cdu Gidy Dist Hanoi, Vietnam 'Vietnam Forestry University, Hanoi, Viemam A b s t r a c t : The household economy is an important part of the Vietnamese economy Since it was recognized as a self-managed unit (1988), the household economy in the mral areas has seen the positive changes in terms of scale, speed, and stmcture So far, many households have stood firm in the market economy, making a great impact on the hunger eradication and poverty reduction locally and nationwide However, in the angle of sustainable development, there are still a lot of limitations in the household economy This paper examines the secontiary data (mainly from the Rural, Agriculture and Fisheries Census in 2001, 2006 and 2011) in order to analyze and evaluate the fundamental achievements and point out certain limitations and inadequacies in the sustainable development of the household economy and its causes so thai solutions can be suggested to overcome difficulties to boost the household economy in the mral areas in the effective and sustainable direction Keywords: Household economy, rural, sustainable development ... 29 Soi (2013) 1- Cd Ihl nhan dien kinh te hd gia ffinh qua cac dac diem chti yeu sau; - Kinh te hp gia dinh dupe hinh theo mpt each thuc to chuc rieng pham vi gia dinh Cac vien hp ciing cd chung... qua kinh doanh cua hp - Kinh tl hp gia dinh tdn tai chti ylu d nong thon, hoat dpng Iinh vuc nong, lam, diuy san Mpt bp phan khac cd boat dpng phi ndng nghiep d muc dp khac Trong kinh te hp gia. .. nhgn thuc ctia chu hp ve luat phap, ve kinh doanh, cung nhu ve kinh te thi trudng rat han che T^i Viii Nam, kinh te hp chii yeu la kinh te ciia cac hp gia dinh nong dan tai Ichu virc nong thon
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