HOC THUYDT CUA C.MAC Vt HJNH THAI KINH T^ XA HOI DU'6'1 ANH SANG THOI DAI NGAY NAY NGUYEN c m DUNG Tom tit: Hpc thuyit cua C.Mac vl hinh thai kinh tl - xa hoi ma dilm clt loi eua no la quy luat ve su phu hpp cua quan he san xudt vdi tinh chdt va ttinh dp phat ttien ciia luc lupng san xuat C.Mac da van dung quy luat dl phan tich ve su van dpng va phat trien cua hinh thai kinh tl - xa hpi tu ban chu nghia; dong thdi chi xu hudng phat trien tat yeu ciia hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi xa hpi chu nghia (giai doan dau cua hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi cong san chu nghia) Bai viet tiep can va phan tich van de co ban nhat ttong hpc thuyet cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi ttong thdi dai TU khoa: C.Mac; hpc thuyet hinh thai kinh te xa hpi; quy luat phat trien; chu nghia xa hpi Md dau Ra ddi tft gifta thd ky XIX, ddn nay, gan hai thd ky da trdi qua, hpc thuydt C.Mac da dupe thu nghifm ttdn thyc td Nhimg danh gia vd C.Mac, xem ra, edn rdt khac nhau, tham chi trai ngupc nhau: cd ngudi cho hpc thuyet C.Mac da ldi thdi va chu nghia xa hdi (CNXH) la mdt sai ldm eua Ijch su Cd ngudi eho hpe thuyit C.Mae dung, chi cd van dung nd la sai Cd nhtmg ngudi cho hpe thuyit C.Mac -vua cd hat nhan dung, vfta ed nhtmg luan dilm da bj thdi dai bd qua Danh gia hpc thuydt C.Mac nhu thi nao, rd rang la mpt vdn dd khdng don gian Bdi le, hpc thuyit C.Mac la mdt he thdng ly lujn hoan chinh dupe xay dung ttfn CO sd kf thua cd phf phan nhftng tyu khoa hpc ldn ma loai ngudi da tao dfn thdi dai eua dng, nhu: Triet hpc CO difn Dftc, Kinh tl Chinh tri hpc cua Anh va Chu nghia xa hdi khdng tudng cua Phap cimg cac tyu khac cua khoa hpe ty nhifn Chinh vi vay, ttong bai vilt nay, tdi khdng xem xet hpc thuyet C.Mae vdi tdt ca he thdng nhflng quy M t , pham trft cua nd, ma ehi dd cap ddn hpc thuydt C.Mac vf hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi Tinh khoa hpc va han che hoc thuyet C.Mae vl hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi Nhu mpi ngudi diu bilt, mdt nhtmg phat kien Idn eua C.Mac chinh la vifc dng da ap dung chu nghia vat bifn chung dd xem xet ljch sft phat triin eua xa hdi loai ngudi va chi rang: ljch su phat ttifn ay chang qua la ljch su cua nhflng su thay thi ndi tidp eua nhflng phuong thftc san xudt Cdn ngudn gdc thay ddi cua phuang thftc san xuat '*' Pho giao su, tien sT, Vifn xa hgi hpc, Hpc vifn Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh Nghifn cihi dupe QuJ phat trien Khoa hpc va Cong nghf quoc gia (Nafosted) tai trp de tai ma so 11.1-2012.08 33 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xdhgi ViitNam, sd 2(87) -2015 su mdt di eua hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi va su ddi eua hinh thai kinh te xa hpi khac ehinh la mau thuan gifta lyc lupng san xuat (ylu td ddng) va quan hf san xuat (yeu td tuong ddi tinh) quylt djnh, dd, lyc lupng san xuat la ydu td quan ttpng, quyet djnh xu hudng va sy thay ddi Phan tich sau sac nhflng ydu td cau luc lupng san xuat, C.Mac chi rang, chat cua cdng cu san xuat la cai quan trpng nhat, quy djnh chat cua quan hf san xuat Vdi y nghia dd, nd cang la cai quan ttpng nhdt, quy dinh chat cua phucmg thftc san xuat hay mdt hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi xac dinh ljch su Din nay, ljch sft nhan loai da ttai qua nhieu hinh thai kinh te xa hpi: cdng san nguydn thuy, chidm hflu nd If, phong kien, tu ban va dang ed gang thidt lap hinh thai cpng san chu nghia d hinh thai cdng san nguydn thuy, vdi vifc hai lupm va san bat, cay gay chpc hoe va chiec eung tdn da san sinh chd dp quan cu, ban dau la mau quydn va sau la phu quyen vdi cac hinh thftc thj tdc, bp lac Trong dau ttanh vdi thu va thidn nhidn, chinh sy qua thd so cua cdng cu lao ddng, trinh dp thap kem cua luc lupng san xuat da quy djnh tinh chat "cdng xa, cpng ddng" cua chd dp xa hpi dau tien cua loai ngydi Xa hdi cang phat ttiln, cai cudc xuat hifn cdng vdi sy hop sue cd td chftc cua lao ddng nd If da tao dupe nang suat lao ddng cao hem, da cd cua cai du thfta Xa hdi xuat hifn mdt tdng ldp chidm hftu dupe sd eua cai thua - tang ldp chu nd Xa hdi chidm hftu nd Id xuat hifn vdi vide phan chia loai ngudi hai 34 giai cap chu ydu la nd Id va ehu nd Xa hpi chiem hflu nd Id da van ddng quanh true giai cdp khoang thdi gian khdng ngdn Ddn chide cay xuat hidn, nhd su dung cdng cu lao ddng mdi nay, nang suat lao ddng cung vdi mdt sd tidn bp ttong linh -vyc khac da pha bung chi dp chidm hflu nd Id, lam san sinh chd dp phong kien Xa hpi phan chia chu yeu ehua ddt va ndng dan ty Td bao co ban cua xa hdi chinh la gia dinh - noi ngudi ndng dan ed thd tu minh nhan dat canh tac va ndp td eho dja chu, thul cho nha nude phong kiln Cu nhu vay, xa hdi phat ttiln ldn Va ddn may hoi nude ddi, cudc each mang vT dai ttong ljch sft phat trien eua cdng cu san xuat bat dau May hoi nude phat triin, nhidu trung tam cdng nghiep xuat hifn, phd va nhflng thuang trudng sam uat nhanh chdng mpc Ifn Nhftng gidi ban chat hep eua lanh dja phong kidn bj pha tung eung vdi nhimg Id thdi lac hau cua nd bj xda bd Xa hdi tu ban dupe thiet lap trdn ndn tang cua hai giai cap tu san va vd san vdi tdt ca hf thdng quan hf kinh td, chinh tti, van hda va tu tudng eua nd Vdi lap luan nhu vjy, C.Mac da hoan toan dung phan tich va chi id ljch sft su phat ttifn ty nhidn cua xa hdi loai ngudi Ong vilt: "Nhftng thdi dai kinh td khac khdng phai d chd chung san xuat eai gi, ma la d chd chung san xuat bang each nao, vdi nhftng tu lifu lao ddng nao"*'' '" CMac (1973), Tubdn, q.l, t.l, Nxb Suthat, HaNoi,tr.388 Hoc thuyit ciia C.Mdc vi hinh thdi kinh ti - xd hdi Nhung C.Mac van dung ly luan ttdn vao vifc phan tich xa hdi tu ban dd nit nhiing kdt luan eho sy ddi eua chd dp xa hdi mdi - cdng san chu nghia thi van dl can phai ban Trudc hdt, ndi ve chu nghia tu ban (CNTB) Trong toan bd cac tac pham dd so cua minh, bao gid C.Mac cflng gan sy sinh, phat tridn va dift vong cua chd dp xa hdi vdi sy ddi, phat triin tiln bd cua ndn cdng nghidp, nhat la dai cdng nghifp co khi, ma md dau la sy xuat hifn cua may hoi nude va sau dd la hf thdng may cdng tac C.Mac vidt: "Hai nude va may mdc da dan din cudc each memg san xuat cdng nghifp DEII cdng nghidp hidn dai thay chd cdng trudng thu cdng, tang ldp kinh doanh cdng nghifp bac trung, cae chu cdng trudng thu cdng nhudng chd cho eac nha cdng nghifp ttidu phu, cho nhflng ngudi chi huy nhflng dao quan cdng nghidp that sy, cho giai cap tu san hidn dai"'^' Nhu vay la, cdng cy san xuat dae ttimg eua xa hdi tu ban khdng gi khac hem la nfn dai cdng nghifp co khi, san xudt bdng may mdc cd nang suat cao Nhung ddn luan chftng cho sy ddi va phat triin cua ehu nghia cpng san, mdt hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi cao hon ehu nghia hi ban, thi C.Mac cung khdng di xa hon dupe bao nhifu so vdi thdi dai cua dng ttong vide phan tich, luan chftng cai chdt ma luc lupng san xuat mdi phai cd N I U nhu vf mat quan hf san xua,t, dng cho rdng, xa hdi mdi dya trdn chd dp sd hflu cdng cpng vf tu lifu san xudt, mpi ngudi ddu binh ddng ttong lao dpng va ttong hudng thy, thi vd mat lyc lupng san xuat, dac bift la cdng cy san xuat, dng chua bao gid chi ro d trinh dp phat trien nao, vdi loai may mdc nao hoac cdng cu lao ddng hifn dai nao ttong chd dp xa hdi cdng san ehu nghia se dupe xay dung Hdu nhu tieu chi ca ban ma dng xac djnh van chi la: ndn dai cdng nghidp CO d trinh dp phat tridn cao, san pham lam ddi dao dd xa hdi ed thi ghi ldn la cd eua minh khdu hifu: "Lam theo nang lye, hudng theo nhu cau" c a sau nay, V.I.Ldnin va Dang Bdnsdvie Nga tien hanh cupc Cach mang xa hdi chu nghia thang Mudi va tuydn bd xay dyng nha nude xa hdi chu nghia dau tien ttdn the gidi, thi nhflng vSn dd ly luan vd sy khac bift ve chat cua trinh dp phat ttidn cua luc lupng san xuat dudi chu nghia xa hdi va chu nghia cdng san cflng chua dupe giai quydt ro rang hon hdi C.Mac bao nhidu Trong hau hdt cac tac pham cua minh, V.I.Ldnin cung chi xac djnh co sd vat chat ky thuat cua chu nghia xa hdi khdng khac gi hon la ndn dai cdng nghifp ea cd trinh dp phat ttiln cao Hdu nhu la nha nghifn eiiu vd CNXH cung khd qudn cau ndi ndi tidng cua V.I.Ldnin vl vdn dl nay: "Chu nghia xa hdi la chinh quyen Xd Vidt cdng vdi difn hda toan qudc" Nhung difn hda cua CNXH khac gi vdi difn hda cua CNTB thi V.I.Ldnin cflng ehua bao gid cd dilu kidn ehi Tu day, neu chung ta ttd ngupc lai vdi ly luan ve hinh thai kinh tf - xa hdi cua °' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1980), Tuyin tap, t.l, Nxb Sy thjt Ha Npi, tr.542 35 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viil Nam, sd 2(87) - 2015 C.Mae se thay xuat hidn mau thuan: trdn cflng mdt trinh dp phat ttidn cua luc lupng san xuat, xa hdi loai ngudi da lam xuat hifn hai hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi khac bidt: tu ban chu nghia va cpng san chu nghia Dilu gi da xay d day? Ndu ca hai hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi deu ddi nhu mdt tdt ydu, song song tdn tai, thi ly luan mac xit vd hinh thai kinh td - xa hpi khdng dung Cdn ndu ly lu$n cua C.Mac la dung, thi mdt hai hinh thai da dupe xay dyng, se khdng ed eo sd de tdn tai Phai chang day chinh la ylu td then chdt, co ban, quyet djnh tinh khoa hpc va mdt sd ban ehl ed tinh thdi dai ttong hpc thuydt C.Mac vd hinh thai kinh td - xa hpi? Van dung hpe thuyet C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh t l - xa hpi the ky XX va mpt so luan diem can bo sung, phat trien Nhu mpi ngudi ddu bidt, chu nghia tu ban ddi la kit qua tdt ydu cua qua ttinh phat tridn tu nhidn eua xa hdi Sd dl nd thay thf cho chd dp phong kidn vi nd tao mdt kidu td chuc xa hdi ma dd nang suat lao ddng cao ban nhidu so vdi nang suat lao dpng cua cac xa hdi trudc Nhu C.Mac da tung ndi: "Gia re cua nhflng san phdm cua giai cap ay la ttpng phao bdn thiing tdt ca nhflng Van ly trudng va budc nhiing ngudi da man bai ngoai mdt each ngoan cudng nhat cung phai hang phuc Nd budc tat ca cac dan toe phai thue hanh phuong thftc san xudt tu ban, ndu khdng se bj tidu dift Nd budc tdt ca cac dan tpc phai du nhap cai gpi la van minh, nghia la phai trd tu ban Ndi 36 tdm lai, nd tao mpt thi gidi theo hinh anh eua nd"''' Chu nghia tu ban tft ddi din da tdn tai ban ba thi ky Trong long nd cdn ehfta chap nhidu mau thuan, ttong dd, cd ca nhflng mau thudn ddi khang, nhung xem ra, vao nhflng thap ky cudi the ky XX va tham chi ca dau thd ky XXI, nd vdn chua budc hdn vio giai doan tdt cung cua nd Cudc each mang khoa hpc - ky thuat lan thft hai didn tft gifta thf ky XX da mang ddn eho nd nhiing sinh luc mdi Chinh nhflng nude tu ban chft khdng phai d dau khac, each mang sinh hpc, hda hpc va tin hpc da didn va nhflng qua cua chung mang lai da nhanh chdng dupe ap dung vao thyc tf san xudt xa hdi Vi the nang sudt lao dpng ttong nhidu nude tu ban chu nghia cao hon nhidu so vdi cac nude xa hdi chu nghia Nhung dd la tidu chi ma theo C.Mac - la eai eo ban nhdt df xem xet sy tidn bp co tinh quylt djnh eua bdt ky hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi nao Ngupc lai, chd dp xa hdi chu nghia tft duoc tuydn bd lap din da hon 80 nam, nhung nhflng gi nd dat dupe ttfn thyc tf so vdi nhflng gi ma muc dich can dat tdi cdn la mdt khoang each xa Vd mat lyc lupng san xudt, cac hf thdng may mdc dupe dung cac nude xa hpi ehu nghTa nhu Lifn Xd va Ddng Au, nhin chung, dang lac hau hon kha nhidu so vdi hf thdng tu ban ehu nghia Thap ky 80 va 90 cua thd ky P' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1980), Tuyin tap t NxbSythat, HaN$i,tr.540 ' ' ' ' Hgc thuyit cua C.Mdc ve hinh thai kinh ti - xd hgi XX, neu nude Nga va Ddng Au mdi ehi dung may tinh difn tu thi he thft 3, thi Tay Au, Bdc My va Nhat Ban, da chuyen sang dflng lo?i may thi hf thft 5, thft Mfte sdng binh quan tinh theo dau ngudi d eac nude xa hpi ehu nghia, vi thi, thap hon so vdi d eac nude tu ban chu nghia Nghjch ly eua CNXH la d chd Hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi tien bd hon, dang le phai xay dyng trdn CO sd san xuat ky thuat hifn dai han (tham chi ban hdn vd chat) dl dam bao nang suat lao ddng cao hon va cua cai ddi dao ban hdn cac xa hdi cfl, thi tren thyc tl dang edn thdp hon Sy khung hoang cua md hinh xay dung CNXH thd gidi vao cudi nhung nam 80, dau nhflng nam 90 the ky XX, ddn nay, vi the, la dilu da CO ban duoc cat nghia Chinh d day, m^t cau hdi ldn dupe dat la: CNXH - giai doan ddu eua hinh thai kinh tf - xa hpi cdng san chu nghia da la mpt tdt ylu khach quan chua? v a dd trd tdt ydu, nd cdn nhflng didu kifn kinh td - xa hdi nao? Tra ldi nhftng cau hdi qua that khdng don gian Didu trudc tifn la phai quay vf vdi nhflng ly luan mac xit vd hinh thai kinh tf - xa hdi Trong ljch sft loai ngudi chua bao gid va chua d dau mdt hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi ndu chua phat huy hit vai ttd cua nd, thi chdng cd cd the bupc nd lui vao ljch su Didu dy cd nghTa la nlu quan he san xuat cua mdt hinh thai kinh tf - xa hpi chua thue sy ttd spi day trdi budc su phat ttiln cua luc luong san xuat tifn tifn dang hinh long nd, thi nd vin eft tdn tai, bat chap y mudn chu quan eua bat ky lyc lupng xa hdi nao Ngupc lai, mdt xa hdi mdi, chi cd thd ddi nd da cd du nhftng tien dd kinh td, xa hdi eho chinh ban than nd Tidn dd ay chinh la co sd vat chdt ky thuat mdi eai ddi hdi phai cd mdt kidu td chftc kinh te - xa hdi mdi dam bao eho nang suat lao dpng xa hdi vupt cao ban nhilu so vdi nang suat lao ddng cua xa hpi cfl Tft nhflng luan diem mang tinh ly luan nay, chung ta ed thd xem xet lai va eat nghia mdt sd nhirng sy kidn va hidn tupng ljch sft ttong chang dudng phat triin vfta qua cua CNXH Trudc hit, ndi vd Cach mang thang Mudi Nga Day la cudc each m ^ g mang tdn CNXH ddu tien ttdn thi gidi nd va gianh duoc chinh quydn eho giai cdp cdng nhan mdt nude tu ban cd ttinh dp phat triin chua cao, co sd vat chat ky thuat cdn lac hau, nang suat lao ddng cdn thap, tan du cua che dd ndng nd d nhidu -vung ndng thdn cdn ntog nl NghTa la each mang xa hdi chu nghTa da nd khdng phai d noi ma C.Mac dy doan - cae nude tu ban phat ttiln tidn tiln nhdt, van minh nhdt Vi v|iy, sau gianh lay chinh quydn, nhifm vu chu yeu cua each mjing la gift chinh quyfn va sft dyng chinh quydn dy df ia.0 cho minh co sd vat chat ky thuat tidn tiln hifn d§ii cua CNXH Nhung luc luong san xudt dy la gi? Nhftng cdng cu lao ddng nao, hf thdng may mdc nao va kilu td chftc san xudt nao ? Nhftng van df chua lam ro duoc, kf ca V.I.Ldnin, Vi vay, cai gpi la cdng nghifp hda xa hpi chu nghTa, xSy dung cap tdc ndn cdng nghifp n|ng dudi 37 Tgp chi Khoa hoc xd hdi Viet Nam, sd2(87)-2015 thdi Stalin, ve thuc chat la hoan ndt nhidm vy ma each mang tu san chua hoan flic la xay dyng ca sd vat chdt eua chinh chu nghTa tu ban chft chua phai la cua CNXH nhu ngudi ta van tudng Sau Chidn ttanh Thi gidi thft 2, hang loat nude tuydn bd di theo dudng xa hdi ehu nghTa Nhung tide thay, cung vln chi la nhftng nude cd trinh phat tridn tu ban chu nghTa trung binh, tham chi nhilu nude Chau A edn dang ttong tinh ttsing nfta phong kidn, lac hau Dd tao ca sd vat chat ky thuat cho CNXH d nhftng nude nay, khdng cd each gi khac hon, la tao trudc hit mdt quyIn lyc chinh trj du manh de tien hanh nhftng cupc eai tao each mang xa hpi chu nghia ttiet dl; thu tidu mpi hinh thftc tdn tai cua chd dp sd hfln tu nhan tu ban chu nghTa, thiet lap chd dp sd hiru cdng cdng vd tu lifu san xuat dudi hai hinh thftc: toan dan va tap thd Bang each ay, ngudi ta nghT rang, cd thd dung tac ddng cd y thuc eua kien tnic thupng tang mdi - xa hdi chu nghTa, va sftc manh cua quan hf san xuat mdi keo vupt dupe lyc lupng san xuat dang cdn thap kem ldn Nhung thyc td lai cho cau tra ldi khac Tat ca nhiing cudc cai tao quan hf san xudt, xda bd sd hftu tu nhan tu lifu san xuat, ddng thdi lai xda bd ludn ca ddng lye ca nhan eua ngudi lao ddng Tat ca ddu la cua chung, nhtmg tat ca lai chang la cua ai? Lang phi, tham d, bien thu cua cdng va tat ca nhftng gi la thdi quen xau cua ngudi tieu tu san trdi day tan pha chinh ban than nhiing gi la co sd vat chdt ky thuat 38 mdi cdn rdt non ylu ma thdi ky trude dd lai Quan hf san xudt mdi chdng nhung khdng thuc ddy su phat trien nhanh chdng cua luc lupng san xuat nhu ngudi ta tudng, ma ngupc lai, nd kim ham ehinh su phat ttiln eua nhirng lyc lupng san xuat ay Va mdi lyc lupng san xuat tu tim ldi di theo nhflng quy luat ty nhidn chi phdi nd, thi chung ta lai rung chudng bao ddng vl su phuc hdi va tham chi phyc thfl cua CNTB That ra, ca nude Nga Xd Vilt cflng nhu d nhidu nude tuydn bd xay dung CNXH khac, thd ky XX, co sd vat chdt ky thuat cho CNXH, vd ca ban, hau nhu van chua cd Ngay ca nen tang vat chat ky thuat cua chinh CNTB (ndn dai cdng nghidp co khi) cflng chua day du Vi thi, mdi nude va trdn pham vi toan thi gidi, mdt cudc ddu ttanh gay gat da didn gifta CNTB chua het thdi va CNXH edn non ylu Cudc dau ttanh da lam eho nhilu xung dot ttdn khdp hanh tinh, mdt thdi gian dai mang dam mau sdc y thftc hf Dinh cao cua cudc dau ttanh dy la vide phan chia thd gidi hai he thdng xa hdi ddi lap: xa hdi chu nghTa va tu ban chu nghTa Trong hf thdng xa hdi chu nghTa, vi chua cd CO sd vat chdt ky thuat cho chinh sy tdn tai cua nd, ndn ngudi ta da dya vao hf thdng chinh tri dupe dung ldn vdi tat ca sftc manh chuydn ehinh eua nd dl ngan can khuynh hudng phat tridn tu ban chu nghTa va cd gdng thidt lap quan hf mdi xa hdi ehu nghTa Luc ddu chinh sftc manh eua hf tu tudng, long nhiet tinh each mang va chu nghTa Hgc thuyit cita C.Mdc vi hinh thdi kinh te - xa hdi ydu nude da giup cho CNXH diing vftng trudc nhieu thu thach khd khan nhu chidn ttanh, su bao vay cua CNTB, sy ydu kem vl kinh td Nhung khdng the xay dyng CNXH mai mai bang nhift tinh each mang Nhftng quy luat kinh td phai thay thd cho long nhiet tinh Den ay, xa hdi ddi tra nd vd vdi nhimg quy luat phat tridn tu nhidn Ljch su tdn tai gan mdt thd ky qua cua CNXH da chiing kidn bidt bao nhftng sy kidn phan anh qua ttinh Ndu chi tinh tft sau Chidn tranh Thi gidi thu den nay, cd thi kl ddn sy kifn Berlin d Due; d Hungary; d Tidp Khac; d Ba Lan; d Trung Qudc va dac bift d Lien Xd gifta nhflng nam 1980 ddn ddn sy tan eua Nha nude Xd Vidt va keo theo nd la md hinh xa hdi chu nghTa thd gidi Tuy nhflng su kifn didn d nhflng khoang thdi gian khac nhau, quy md to, nhd va anh hudng khac nhau, nhung tyu tinng diu ddi trd lai vdi nhflng quy luat phat tridn tu nhien cua xa hpi Dd la kinh tl thj ttudng, tu san xudt, luu thdng va nhflng dam bao cho the chd dan chu Mpt vdn dd khac gay nhuc nhdi khdng it cho nhung ngudi cpng san chan chinh la: CNXH theo ban chdt la xa hdi nhan dao nhdt, dan chu nhat va nhidu ty nhdt cho ngudi Nhung ed luc lai chua giuong cao dupe ngpn cd dan chu ty Ddn nay, sau nhirng dd vd cua CNXH, nhilu su kifn dupe ngudi ta bift dfn khiln chung ta khdng khdi khdng suy nghT ve mdt sd su vifc da didn d Lifn Xd (dudi thdi Stalin), d Trung Qudc dudi thdi Mao Trach Ddng va d nhieu nai khac nfla Phai chang, each mang xa hdi chu nghTa da nd la chua d dau chuan bj nhiing dilu kifn kinh td, xa hdi day du cho nd Do dd, nd phai dua vao bao lyc de thidt lap quydn lye chinh tri cua minh va sau dflng quydn lye ay dd xay dung eo sd kinh td - xa hdi cho chinh nd - cai ma nhflng cudc each mang trudc nd hoan loan khdng phai lam Thdi gian cua cudc each mang keo dai, chua bilt thdi gian ket thuc Ngay ca d Lien Xd (cfl), cd thdi ngudi ta tuydn bd da tidn vao giai doan CNXH phat ttien Nhung thyc nd van ehua khdi thdi ky qua dp, thdi ky xay dyng co sd - vat chat ky thuat cho chinh minh; ma thdng thudng, bat ky cudc each mang nao keo dai cflng phai dd'•nhidu mau, md hdi va nude mat Vi cd dam chac rang, ttong thdi ky each mang khdng cd hanh dpng cua bdn hay bdn Hon thd nfta, ddi thu cua CNXH la CNTB lai chua that da ldi thdi Vi vay, phan img cua nd cang thdm quylt lift Dd la nhftng gi ed the cdt nghIa dupe cho nhieu su biln khd hieu da xay dudi md hinh xay dyng xa hpi xa hdi ehu nghTa ttong thd ky XX, xa hpi ma vl ban chdt, theo C.Mac khdng thi cd nhftng sy bien nhu thd Day la mdt sd vdn dd ly luan va thue tifn ed thf nit tft thuc tl xay dung CNXH ttong thd ky XX, cdn cd nhftng nghidn ciiu va luan giai tiep tuc V^n dung va phat trien hpc thuyet C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi thdi dai Nhu vay, hpc thuyet C.Mac vd hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi da dupe thuc tidn 39 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi VietNam, s62(87)-2015 khdc nghift kilm nghidm Sy sup dd eua md hinh CNXH d Lien Xd va Ddng Au cung nhftng thilu sdt nghidm trpng vd mpi mat cua eac nude tuydn bd theo dudng xa hpi chu nghTa cflng khdng the coi la bang chirng bac bd tinh khoa hpe eua hpc thuyit C.Mac Tdt ca nhirng gi da didn chi chftng td rang, chua cd d dau tren trai ddt cd du nhftng didu kidn cdn thiet cho su ddi cua xa hdi mdi - xa hdi ehu nghTa va cpng san ehu nghTa Nhimg ly tudng cao dep cua ehu nghTa cdng san: dan ehu, ty do, binh dang, bac ai, khdng ed ap bftc bdc lot, thd gidi dai ddng vdn la nhimg mo udc ngan nam va vdn la mue dich dau tranh cua thd gidi vSn minh Vdi nhung y nghTa do, cd thi ndi rang, khdng phai thdi dai chiing ta da bd qua hpc thuyet C.Mae ma chinh hpc thuydt C.Mac da vupt qua ca thdi dai chung ta Dieu dd khdng cd nghia la mpi luan dilm ma hpc thuyet C.Mae ndu diu dung Ndu ehi xet hpc thuydt C.Mac ttong pham tin hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi ta da thay rang: cho ddn chua ed thi phu nhan sy phan tich mac xit vd tidn ttinh ljch su Nhung nhflng ban che thdi dai cua minh, C.Mac va nhflng nha kinh didn cua chu nghTa Mac chua bao gid luan chftng dupe rd rang, eu thi luc lupng san xuat ma xa hdi mdi - xa hdi xa hdi chu nghTa va cdng san chu nghTa cdn phai thilt lap Vdi nhflng loai cdng cy san xudt nao? May mdc va hf thdng may mdc nao? Kilu td chuc san xudt xa hdi mdi vl chdt nao se dupe xay dung Ifn? Ddy vdn la cau hdi ldn dat trudc loai ngudi chung ta 40 Phai chang, vifc phan tich nghidm tuc xa hdi tu ban hifn dai se giup chung ta md kha nang giai quydt tftng budc van de nay? Nhu mpi ngudi ddu bidt, tft gifta nhiing nam 50 eua thd ky XX, the gidi da budc vao giai doan phat tridn mdi Vdi cudc each mang khoa hpe ky thuat va cdng nghd ldn thft hai, lyc lupng san xudt da tiln nhftng budc dai Con ngudi khdng chi di ngoai khoang khdng vu try tim hieu thd gidi vT md, ma edn tien sau tim hidu thd gidi vi md, kham pha nhiing bi mat cua nhiing vat chat cd xung quanh chung ta dd tao nhftng chat mdi Nhftng phat kiln ldn da didn ly hpc, sinh hpe, hda hpc va nhat la ITnh vyc tin hpc da tao cho ngudi nhftng kha nang chua tftng cd ljch sft phat trien cua minh Nang suat lao ddng xa hpi tang khdng ngimg Vifc co hda, didn hda, hda hpc hda, ty ddng hda va each mang xanh da that su giai phdng ngudi dan dan thoat khdi lao dpng nang nhpc, ddc hai Gid lam vide va lam vifc tuan eua lao ddng nhidu nude cung dang dupe giam xudng Thdi gian ty sau lao ddng cua ngudi cang tang ldn mdt sd nude tidn tidn hifn nay, sd ngudi lao ddng eac khu vyc djch vy xa hdi lai nhieu hon ca sd ngudi lam vide ttong nhflng khu vuc san xudt vat chat Nhieu chuydn gia dy doan rdng, ndn san xuat cua xa hdi tuong lai, cae robot se ddng vai trd quan trpng Khoa hpc ky thuat cang trd lyc lupng san xudt tryc tilp Va ngudi chi cdn ddng vai trd nhac trudng Hgc thuyit ciia C.Mdc vi hinh thai kinh ti - xa hdi dan hpp xudng dai san xuat Ddn Iftc ay, vai trd cua van hda, khoa hpc cang tang ldn Ai chidm hiru va sft dyng dupe nhilu chdt xam, ngudi dd se nam gift chia khda md vao thi gidi tuong lai Sy giao luu qudc td vf mpi mat se dupe tang cudng va tidp tuc md rdng hon nfta eho mpi qudc gia, dan tdc trdn thd gidi Bdn canh nhiing sac thai dan tdc ddc dao, the gidi se hinh mdt nIn van minh cdng ddng Va ndu qua trinh qua that la nhu vEiy, thi each mang va su ddi dau gifta luc lupng tidn bd va lac hau nhu nhflng cupc each mang xa hdi trudc day se cd thd la khdng can thilt nfla Xa hdi mdi van minh - nhu mong udc ngan ddi cua loai ngudi se ddi sy hda hpp gifla eae giai tang xa hdi va cac dan tdc Kinh te tri thftc va toan cau hda dang dat CO sd kinh t l ky thuat eho xa hdi loai ngudi phat ttiln theo xu hudng tat ylu d tftng nude, timg khu vyc, can eft vao trinh dp phat ttiln cua lyc lupng san xuat ma xac djnh Id trinh, kl hoach va nhflng bifn phap can thyc hifn nhdm xay dung xa hdi mdi - xa hdi xa hdi ehu nghTa trdn tdt ea eac phuang difn: kinh td, ehinh trj, van hda, tu tudng sy phu hpp vdi nhftng didu kidn va hoan canh cua minh Chu nghTa Mac, rd rang, khdng mdt di tinh khoa hpc cua nd, nhung ap dyng nd nhu thi nao, vao thdi didm nao, d dau, vdi nhflng budc di nao cdn la van dd edn phai tilp tyc nghidn eftu tten co sd phan tich that su nghidm tuc tifn trinh hifn cua sy phat triin lyc luong san xuat cua xa hdi loai ngudi Tai lieu tham khao C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tap, t.4,I3,19,Nxb Chi'nh tri quoc gia Ha Noi V.I.Lenin (1976), Todn tap, t.33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, Nxb Tien bg, Matxcova Chu Van Clp (2009), De tai trgng dilm cap Hgc vifn: "Nhan thuc gia tri itinh dien Mac Lenin", Ha Ngi Nguyen Trgng Chuan va cgng sy (1997), Nhiing quan diem ciia C.Mdc, PhAngghen, V.I.Lenin ve chu nghia xd hgi vd thdi ky qud do, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Ngi Nguyen Nggc Long (2009), Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin vdi van mfnh vd tuang lai cua chit nghia xd hdi hien thyc, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia Ha Ngi TrSn Nham (2010), Chu nghta Mdc Lenin, hgc thuyit vi sir phdt triin sdng tgo khong ngimg, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Ngi Nguyin QuIc PhSm, D6 Thi Thach (2010), Mgt sd khia cgnh nhgn thiic mat vi chit nghta xd hgi vd xdy dung chu nghta xd hdi d Vift Nam, Nxb Ly luan - Hanh chinh Ha Ngi To Huy Riia, Hoang Chi Bao (2009), Qud trinh ddi mai tu ly ludn cua Ddng tic ndm 1986 din nay, Nxb Chinh trj quQc gia Ha Ngi Le Huu TSng (2000), DS tai KX 01.08: "Chii nghta xa hgi tir Iy luan den thuc tifn, nhimg bai hgc kinh nghiem chu yfu" Ha Ngi 10 Trjnh QuIc Tudn va cgng sir (1998), Ho Chi Minh vi chit nghia Mac - Lenin, chit nghia xd hdi vd dudng di len chu nghia xd hdi a Vift Nam, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Ngi 11 Hgc vifn Chinh trj - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ha Chi Minh (2009), Ky ylu Hgi thao khoa hgc quoc te; "Ly lu|n mac xit va thyc tien the giiii nay", thang 2, Ha Ngi 12 Hgc vifn Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quIc gia Ho Chi Minh (2012), Ky yfu Hgi thao khoa hgc qu6c te: "Cac trudng phai mac xit phucmg Tay duong dai", thang 4, Ha Ngi 41 ... xuat cdng nghifp DEII cdng nghidp hidn dai thay chd cdng trudng thu cdng, tang ldp kinh doanh cdng nghifp bac trung, cae chu cdng trudng thu cdng nhudng chd cho eac nha cdng nghifp ttidu phu, cho... thd so cua cdng cu lao ddng, trinh dp thap kem cua luc lupng san xuat da quy djnh tinh chat "cdng xa, cpng ddng" cua chd dp xa hpi dau tien cua loai ngydi Xa hdi cang phat ttiln, cai cudc xuat... khac bift ve chat cua trinh dp phat ttidn cua luc lupng san xuat dudi chu nghia xa hdi va chu nghia cdng san cflng chua dupe giai quydt ro rang hon hdi C. Mac bao nhidu Trong hau hdt cac tac pham