TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM VoThiMy yPHU NU^ CHAM TRONG QUA TRINH H Q I NHAP VO THj M?' TOM T A T Ngudi Chdm sinh song ldu ddi d Viet Nam Trong ddi song xa hgi ciia ngirdi Chdm, phu nu cd vi tri quan trong viec gin giir truyin thdng ddn toe Trong vdn hda td chirc ddi sdng cgng dong vd cd nhdn, ngicdi Chdm thi hien dam net truyin thdng chi mdu he Hien nay, qua trinh hgi nhgp, phu nir Chdm ciing cd nhung ddng gop khdng nhd viic phdt trien ve moi mat ciia cdng ddng vd xa hgi Tit khda: Van hda Cham, ngudi Cham, phu nii Cham ABSTRACT Cham women in the integration process Cham people is a long - standing ethnic in Vietnam In the social life of Cham people, women play an important role in maintaining ethnic traditions In organizationa culture from community life to personal life, Cham people has expressed profound matriarchal tradition Today, in the integration process Cham women have also contributed their abilities to both community and society development Keywords: Cham culture, Cham people, Cham women I Gioi thieu Ngudi Cham sinh sdng lau ddi tren dat nudc Viet Nam Vdi dac diem cu tni va ban sac van hda mang tinh dia phuang, ngudi Cham dugc phan ba nhdm cdng ddng; Cham Hroi (cu tni tCr Phii Yen trd ra), Cham Panduranga (cu tru d Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan) va Cham Nam Bd (cu tni thugc cac tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Phude, Tay Ninh, An Giang; Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) Ngudi Cham d Viet Nam cu tni t£ip trung d cac tinh Binh Djnh, Phii Yen, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thu^n, Binh Phude, Binh Duong, Ddng Nai, Ba Rja Vung Tau, Tay Ninh, An Giang va Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh Ngoai ra, ngudi Cham edn sinh sdng d cac tinh Tay Nguyen va mdt sd dja phuang khac nhung vdi sd dan khdng ddng Ngudi Cham cu tni tap trung d ddng bang Song, sinh sdng gan trien Ddng day mil Trudng San nen hg sdm biet khai thac cac tiem nang ciia vimg niii nhu khai thac tram huong, tan dung nhiing san vat cua thien nhien bira an hang Trong ddi sdng xa hdi ciia ngudi Cham, hg cd vi tri quan trgng vi^c tri va phat trien truyen thdng dan tgc Ngudi Cham xem trgng mau he, va tir dd vai trd cua ngudi me, ngudi vg, ngudi eon gai ludn dugc de cao Bai viet vdi mong mudn lam ro han vai trd cua phu nii Cham hire tranh van hda ciia ngudi Cham, mgt cgng ddng tgc ngudi sinh sdng lau ddi d nudc ta, cd nhieu quan he van hda vdi cac dan tdc d Viet Nam va khu vyc Trong qua trinh ' NCS, TruP-ng Bai hpc KHXH&NV, DHQG TPHCM; Email vothimy875@gmail com 173 Tu lieu tham khao phat trien, phu nii Cham da luu giir nhiing net dac sac ve van hda Cham ben canh nhiing tac ddng ciia cac nhan td xa hgi Phu nii Cham cung da van dung nhiing gia tri truyen thdng ciia dan tdc, kit hgp vdi giao luu, tiep xiic, va tir dd, tai moi vung eu tni ciia ngudi Cham da hinh nhCmg sac thai van hda dac thu Dan tdc Cham ludn ty hao vdi nhiing di san van hda Champa va khdng ngimg phat huy cac gia tri van hda dd ddi sdng van hda ciia dan tdc minh Vai trd va dau v§t mau he Cham T h ^ truyen thdng dan tdc, phu nii Cham gan vdi yeu td van hda mau he Mau he la danh tir dich chtr matriarcat ciia Phap hay matriarchy ciia Anh Matriarchy Id kieu xa hdi dd phu nir dimg ddu cdc gia dinh, sd huu tdi sdn vd nam phdn l&n cdc quyin lire [6, tr.l075] Tren thyc te, cac nha xa hgi hgc deu hieu rang ehe mau he chi la mdt ehe gia dinh, ma dd ngudi dan ba cd quyen ddi vdi gia dinh Ve ngudn gdc ehe mau he, Mdu he Chdm eiia Nguyen Khac Ngii cd xet den bdn nguyen nhan chinh la Hch su, chinh tri, kinh te va tinh cam Tiiy timg dia phuang, tiiy timg dan tdc ma quyen hanh cua ngudi phu nil xa hdi mau he dugc ap dung mdt each khac Quyen cd chi the hien d viec lay hg me dat eho cai ggi la mau tinh hoac bat ngudi dan dng phai d nha vg ggi la mau cu Danh tir mau he theo Nguyen Khac Ngii cd nghia tdng quat, khdng ddi hdi quyen hanh ciia ngudi dan ba vugt qua gidi han gia dinh nhu cd ngudi nhan djnh rang ehe mau he la ehe ma 174 S61(66) nam 2015 ngudi dan ba cd dii mgi quyen hanh chinh, tdn giao ciing nhu dieu khien gia dinh [5, tr.3-4] Dac dilm chinh ylu ciia ehe miu he la quan hi huyit thdng vd quan hi thica ki deu dugc tinh theo ddng me: Con eai sinh deu mac nhien trd thanh vien eiia thi tgc, ddng doi cua ngudi me, va tai san ma ehung thira ke ehi cd the la tai san ciia ngudi me chii khdng phai cua ngudi cha Ngudi phu nii ldn tudi nhat thugc the he cao nhat dugc coi la chii gia dinh, cd trach nhiem ve ddi sdng tinh than va ddi sdng hang ddl vdi timg vien gia dinh Ngudi phu nil lim chii ciia cai vat chat gia dinh nhu nha ciia, rudng dat, tien bae, dd dung trau cau va dd trang siic dii tren thyc te, ngudi chdng la lao dgng chinh t^o thu nhap, Ciia cai vat chat va nudi nang vg Ngudi phu nii chju trach nhi^m chinh viee nudi d^y cai Du:a tre sinh dugc thira kl v§t chit, tinh thin va he thdng tap tuc miu he ngudi me truyen thu Nhung cdng ddng, xir li ndi vu gia dinh, hiu hit khdng thugc quyen ciia ngudi cha ma la thude ve anh trai vg, cha vg, hay cao han la ngudi dan dng thugc ddng hg rudt thjt theo huyet thdng ben vg Khi lap gia dinh, ngudi chdng phai sang cu tni d nha vg Ngudi dan dng din vdi ddng hg vg chi dugc coi nhu ngudi ngoai (urang parat) m^c dii hg la ngudi chju trach nhiem chinh viec t£io cua cai vat chit eho gia dinh Ngudi chdng dugc quyln tham dy va gdp y kiln ddi vdi nhimg cdng viec he trgng gia dinh, ddng hg ben vg, nhung quyln TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM quyet djnh thugc vl ngudi dan dng cd huylt thdng ddng hg ben vg Sy phat trien cua gia dinh ngudi Cham ludn gan liln vdi miic dg phat triln ciia cac quan he xa hdi va van hda tdc ngudi Gia dinh ciia ngudi Cham d nhiing nhdm tin ngudng, tdn giao khac cd nhilu net dac thii, bieu hien ca ciu tnic lan nghi ll sinh hoat ciia gia dinh Vai trd ciia ngudi ba, ngudi me, ngudi vg ddi vdi nhirng lo toan, vit va ciia cugc sdng gia dinh cugc muu sinh hang Vai trd ciia ngudi phu nir cung the hi?n vi tri ciia hg tin nguong, tdn giao, sinh hoat ciia cgng ddng va xa hdi Phu nii Cham la ngudi cd trach nhiem chinh viec truyen d^y, thira ke van hda vat chat va van hda tinh than ciia cdng ddng Do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, mdt bd phan ngudi Cham da di cu den vilng dat Nam Bg Dai da sd ngudi Cham d Nam Bd theo tdn giao Islam (Hdi giao) "//o/ gido deu thdng nhdt dua mdt sic phdn cdng lao ddng theo gidi rdt ro rdng: Nam gidi ldm viec ngodi xd hgi giu cdc trgng trdch bo mdy nhd nudc, cdn phu nit, ngodi viec sinh de phdi qudn xuyin, ldm viic gia dinh, phuc vu chdng vd cdc thdnh vien khdc" [4, tr.340] Nghien cuii thyc tl cdng ddng ngudi Cham Nam Bg cho thay ngudi dan dng Cham lam chu va cd quyen quyet djnh cac cdng viec ciia gia dinh, kl ca viec dyng vg ga chdng cho cai Trong gia dinh, trai trudng cd quyln thay cha tiep khach khdng cd cha me, hay cd the dyng vg ga chdng cho cac em Quyen han ciia eon VoThiMy gai gia dinh nhu bi thu hep lai ma gia dinh van cdn cd cha va cac anh, em trai da trudng Hg cung khdng dugc "ty do"' tiep xiic vdi nhirng ngudi la hoac ngudi khac phai khdng cimg huyet thdng (ciing cha me sinh ra) Ngudi Cham d Nam Bd chiu sy chi phdi ciia giao luat Islam, nhung phu nii Cham khu vyc Nam Bg van cdn giii vai trd quan trgng ddi sdng gia dinh: Ngudi phu nii nam giii tai chinh (ngudi dan dng chii ddng viec kiem tiln nhung thudng giao tien cho ngudi phu nii (vg) quan li) cua gia dinh Trong viec chi tieu, mua sam dd diing nha cd thi tham khao y kiln ciia ngudi dan dng, nhung da phan ngudi phu nii lo lieu Trong hdn nhan, mac du bj chi phdi bdi yeu td phu he Islam, cac cd gai ngudi Cham khdng cdn hdi cudi cac chang trai nhu truyen thdng cua cdng ddng ngudi Cham d Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan, nhung d Nam Bd van cdn tdn tai mdt sd bieu hien mau he cua tap tuc cd truyen nhu tuc dua re, tuc 'cu trii ben vg sau hdn nhan, nghi le chinh dam cudi dugc td chiic ben nha gai Vai trd ciia ngudi phu ntr da trd nhirng yeu td co ban khien cho hg cd dugc dia vj quan trgng gia dinh, ddng hg va xa hdi ngudi Cham Day cung la nguyen nhan giup ehe mau he tdn tai kha lau xa hdi ngudi Cham Phu nu* Cham doi sdng xa hoi hien Sau thi ki XIX, xa hdi d viing ngudi Cham da cd nhiing thay ddi ve td chiic hanh chinh, kinh te va van hda qua trinh giao luu, tiep bien vdi cac viing 175 Tu li§u tham khao van hda, cac dan tdc khac Thyc hien cdng cugc Ddi mdi chinh sach ve kinh te - xa hdi cua Dang, Nha nudc ciing vdi sy quan tam giiip dd ciia chinh quyln, mat tran va cac doan the ve mgi mat nhu chu truong xda ddi giam ngheo, vay vdn phat trien kinh te gia dinh, trg cap khd khan, phong trao phu nii giup lam kinh te, xay dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu Til do, kinh te gia dinh ciia ddng bao Cham cang phat trien, trinh tri thiic va hgc van cua ngudi Cham dugc nang cao, nhan thiirc ve vai trd cua phu ntr Cham cung cang tien bd Trudc day, viec hgc phd thdng nha trudng ddi vdi phu nii Cham la rat ban ehe Vdi hg, kien thiic la each ddi nhan xu the, nghe nghiep truyen thdng nhu det, gdm dugc truyen day tir ba va me Cdn hien nay, phu nii Cham dugc di hgc cang nhieu, khdng chi dimg lai d cap phd thdng ma cdn tiep tuc hgc len trung hgc, cao dang, dai hgc Va nhu vay, phu nil Cham khdng chi dam nhiem cdng viec nudi day va giao due cai nhu xua ma edn ty nang cao trinh hgc van, hda nhap vao cac cdng ddng xung quanh de hgc hdi va trao ddi kinh nghiem, ti'ch luy kien thiic cho cudc sdng tuang lai va la hinh anh tdt dep cho chau noi theo Hien tai, Irong cdng ddng ngudi Cham, ngudi vg gia dinh cung ngoai lam viec de cd them ngudn thu nhap Ben canh nhtmg cdng viec ndi trg, phu nii Cham cdn lam nhilu viec khac (d ben ngoai) nhu: giao vien, y ta, vien chiic, cdng nhan Tai dja ban cu tni, phu nii Cham ciing thudng md tiem budn ban 176 5^ 1(66) ndm 2015 tap hda, quin ao, giay dep, quan an de vira trdng coi nha cua vira cd the cai thien kinh tl Nghi det, nghe gdm khdng chi ddng vai trd quan trgng viec tao thu nhap cho cugc sdng hang ma cdn chilm mdt vai trd quan trgng ddi sdng tinh than Nhtmg nghe thudng me truyin cho con, tir ddi qua ddi khac Nhd sy can cii, nhan nai va kheo leo ciia ngudi phu nu:, cac mat hang lam kha sac va mang lai gia tri vSn hda Trudc day, phu nii Cham thudng ngai giao tiep vdi ngudi ngoai cgng ddng, khac dan tdc sdng khep kin khudn vien iang Hien nay, xu hudng thich giao tiep dang cang md rgng hon, khdng chi "ndi" cdng ddng ma cdn vdi ca ben ngoai (dan tdc Cham) Viec giao luu, ket ban giiia ngudi Cham va ngudi dan tdc khac; giiia lang va lang khac, viing khac cang phd bien Tinh khep kin, quan he hudng ndi cd xu hudng giam din de nhudng budc cho sy tiep thu van hda va ngoai nudc Dd la nhiing tin hieu tdt qua trinh hdi nhap ciia ngudi Cham, ndi ehung va phu nii Cham, ndi rieng Hien tai, ngoai cdng viec gia dinh, phu nir Cham cdn dugc ngoai, di tham ba hay din nha ban be Phu nG Cham da bat dau iam quen vdi cac td chuc xa hdi, den vdi cac doan thi quin chiing, hang hai tham gia vao cac cdng viec xS hdi ciing nhiing cdng ddng dan tdc anh em sdng xung quanh Diln hinh nhu chj Mari, hien la Phd Chu tjch xa Chau Phong, An Giang; chj Phi Ah, hien cdng tac tai Phdng Truyin Xa Chau Giang, An Giang, da timg dat giai nhit TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM cude thi am thuc tai Ll hgi dan tdc Cham tinh An Giang nam 2012; cd Dang Thj My Huong - Hieu trudng Trudng THPT Dan tgc Ndi tni tinh Ninh Thuan; Hamina (Tay Ninh) Phd Chii tich Hdi lien hiep phu nii Tay Ninh Nhieu cd gai Cham tham gia vao cac ddl van nghe, tham gia sinh hoat d cac trung tam van hda nghe thuat tai dja ban cu tni Vao nhihig dip le ldn cua tinh, phd hay cua ca nude cac cd gai Cham ciing tham gia bieu dien cac tiet muc van nghe dan tdc dac sac Va ciing da cd nhiing cd gai Cham trd ca sT (Sarigiah, Saliha ), ngudi dan chuang trinh (Damila, Hanifa ) tren dai phat thanh, truyen hinh, d cac tu diem vui chai giai tri hay cac trung tam van hda tren dja ban Phy nii Cham Nam Bd cd nghia vu tdn giao (Islam) khdng khac gi nam gidi Nhung vao thdi ki kinh nguyet hoac thdi gian mang thai va cham sdc nhd (eho bii), phu ntr Cham duge tam hoan le nguy?n (sambahyang) hing hoac hoan nhin chay cd tinh bit budc (trong thang Ramadan) va dugc phep bii lai vao nhiing thuan lgi sau dd nam Phy nii Cham Islam ciing dugc tham du cac chuyin hanh huang tai Mecca Viec di hanh huang ciia phu nii Cham Islam, ngoai thii tuc xuat nhap canh cdn phai cd giiy Chiing nhan Muhrim (giiy danh cho phu nii mudn di lam Haji phai cd ngudi than thugc - ciing huyet thdng nhu: anh em rudt, chau rudt, rudt, chau ndi/ngoai rugt, chii bae rudt, dng nOi/ngoai rudt - di theo) Phu nii khdng dugc phep di mgt minh, neu khdng cd ngudi than thude thi phai lap nhdm phu nii VoThiMy tir den ngudi de lam giay Chiing nhan Muhrim, ngudi diing dau nhdm phai la ngudi ldn tudi Trong nhiing nam qua, phu nir Cham di hanh huang tai Mecca chiem gan 1/3 tren tdng sd ngudi Cham di hanh huong tai Mecca Nam 1965 cd 11 ngudi, cd phu nii; nam 1966, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh da cd ngudi di hanh huang, dd cd nii; nam 2009 cd 18 ngudi, ed 10 nii; nam 2010 cd 78 ngudi, dd cd 26 nii; nam 2011 cd 16 ngudi, dd cd nij; va nam 2012 cung cd nu sd 13 ngudi di hanh huong [1] Trong cdng ddng ngudi Cham, thdng qua hoat ddng ciia Hgi Phu nii, phu nir Cham da tham gia cac hoat ddng xa hdi mdt each tich cyc Mgt sd ngudi cdn dam nhan chirc vu Ban chap hanh Hdi phu nii d cac cap huyen, xa Vi dy: Tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, mgt sd phu nii Cham da gdp mat danh sach 100 guang phu nir dan tdc tieu biSu dugc tuyen duang tai Lien hoan guang sang phu nii dan tdc lan III nam 2010 [3] Hgi Lien hiep phu nii Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh td chiic, dd la: Fatimah Ta Thi Tuylt Mai, Mariem Hin Di, Halymah, Safigiah, Du Thj My Hg la nhirng can bd Hgi gidi nhieu nam lien vdi cac tich nhu: Tieh cue tham gia phong trao Hgi phu nu phat ddng: Hdi thi cam hoa, niu an; tham gia xay dyng va tap hgp phu nii Cham vao sinh hoat Chi hdi phu nii Cham; tich cyc van ddng cac manh thudng quan cham lo cho phu nii dan tdc cd hoan canh khd khan; la nhirng vien ndng cdt tuyen truyen van ddng gia dinh, chj em phu nii Cham 177 Sd 1(66) niim 2015 T u lieu tham khao chip hanh tdt chii truang ciia Dang, chinh sach va phap luat ciia Nha nudc; van dgng phu nii Cham hudng ung cudc v^n dgng "Ngudi-Viet Nam uu tien diing hang Viet Nam", gdp phan neu cao tinh thin doan kit gin bd cac dan tdc, phat huy truyen thdng yeu nudc chj em phu nQ- dan tdc; tich cyc van dgng tham gia hoat ddng phdng chong te nan xa hdi, trat tu ldng le dudng, tham gia ddng gdp phong trao Ngay tiet kiem vi phu ntr ngheo, phd cap giao due xda mu chii tai khu phd Nhutig tam guang phu nii Cham dien hinh neu tren cho thay, sd lugng phu nii Cham tham gia vao cac hoat dgng phong trao chua nhieu, nhung da budc dau the hien khat vgng va kha nang hoat ddng xa hdi cua phu nii Cham ma trudc day hg cdn h^n ehe Kit lu^n Vdi nhthig rang budc vl nhieu m^t van hda truyin thdng, phy nil Cham vin tri, bao tdn cac gia trj vSn hda xa hdi eiia cgng ddng Che dg mau h? da an sau vao tam thiic ciia ngudi Cham qua bao the he, mgt yeu td cau vSn hda tdc ngudi Cham Phu nti Cham sinh hoat van hda v$t chit va van hda tinh than da hinh mdt cgng ddng cd ban sic rieng, ehi phdi manh mg each thuc td chuc gia dinh va xa hdi Vugt qua phgm vi gia dinh, phy nii Cham cung cd mat cac ITnh vyc nghe nghidp khac nhau, tham gia vao eac hoat ddng xa hdi Ngay nay, phu nii Cham van tiep tyc luu giii nhiing gia trj van hda truyin thdng, ddng thdi tiep thu nhiing gia trj vSn hda mdi, gdp phan tao nen sy thdng nhat su da dang van hda Cham TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ban Dai dien cpng ddng Hdi giao Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (2013), S6 lieu tin dd di hdnh hucmg Mecca (tai lieu danh may) Phan Xuan Bien, Phan An, Phan Van Ddp (1991), Vdn hda Chdm, Nxb Khoa hpc xS hgi Ha Ndi Hpi Lien hiep phu nii Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (2010), Danh sdeh 100 guongphyi nit ddn tdc tieu biiu tuyen duang tgi liin hoan guang sdng phy nix ddn tgc ldn HI ndm 2010 (tai U?u danh may) Nguyen Canh Khanh, Le Thi Quy (2009), Gia dinh hoc, Nxb Chinh tri - Hanh chinh, Ha Npi Nguyen Khic Ngii (1967), Mdu hi Chdm, Tix sach Khoa hpc Nhan vSn Trung tam Khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van, Vien Ngdn ngii hpc (2001), Tu diin Anh Viet, Nxb Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (Ngdy Tda soan nii$n dugc bdi 24-11-2014; ngdy phdn bi$n ddnh gid 09-12-2014; ngdy chip nhan ddng: 22-01-2015) 178 ... phu nii (vg) quan li) cua gia dinh Trong viec chi tieu, mua sam dd diing nha cd thi tham khao y kiln ciia ngudi dan dng, nhung da phan ngudi phu nii lo lieu Trong hdn nhan, mac du bj chi phdi... lam chu va cd quyen quyet djnh cac cdng viec ciia gia dinh, kl ca viec dyng vg ga chdng cho cai Trong gia dinh, trai trudng cd quyln thay cha tiep khach khdng cd cha me, hay cd the dyng vg ga... bii), phu ntr Cham duge tam hoan le nguy?n (sambahyang) hing hoac hoan nhin chay cd tinh bit budc (trong thang Ramadan) va dugc phep bii lai vao nhiing thuan lgi sau dd nam Phy nii Cham Islam ciing