N G H I E N C O O THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHlEM NHCTNG K H O K H A N CUA L A O DONG NlT VIET NAM d CAC DOANH NGHIEP TRONG QUA TRINH HOI NHAP Doan Phirtnig Thuy Tom tdt: Trong nhihig ndm qua, cung v&i su phdt tnen kinh ti - xd hdi co cdu kinh ti Viit Nam phdt trien theo huong cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, so lao ddng nir dang Idm viic a cdc doanh nghiep cdng nghiip ngdy cdng tdng Tinh din thdng 12/2016 cd nu&c cd 325 khu cdng nghiep dugc thdnh lap v&i 2.989.613 lao ddng, 1.188 291 lao ddng nir (chiem 63%), mdt sd nganh nhu da gidy, dit may, chi biin thuy sdn cd doanh nghiip ty le nir chiem t&i 80 - 90% Tuy nhien, bdi cdnh hdi nhdp lao ddng vd viic Idm, d&i sdng ciia dai bd phgn lao dgng nd vdn cdn nhiiu khd khdn (cdng viec khdng dn dinh ty le that nghiip cao, tien luang vd thu nhdp thdp, bdt binh ddng tiep cdn an sinh xd hdi ) Bdi viet phdn tich nhimg khd khdn cua lao ddng nd Viit Nam dang lam viic a cdc doanh nghiep qud trinh hgi nhdp, qua dd niu lin mdt sd vdn di hdm y chinh sdch cho vdn di lao ddng nd & Viet Nam Tir khda: Lao ddng nir; doanh nghiip: hdi nhdp; viic lam; thu nhdp Mo* dau Lao dgng, viec lam la mgt van de kinh te - xa hgi thu hiit nhieu su quan tam ciia hien d nude ta Qua trinh doi mdi kinh te da tao nhieu co hgi dl tang dau tu cho phat trien san xuat bang nhieu nguon von va ngoai nude Nhieu loai hinh doanh nghiep tit von nude ngoai, lien doanh, von tu nhan da phat tnen nhanh chong Trong boi canh CO cau kinh te, ca cau nganh nghe da cd thay ddi quan trgng tao co hdi cho viec thu hiit lao dgng, tao su phan cong lao ddng xa hgi radi Tinh den thdi diem Oh 1/4/2019, quy mo dan so Viet Nara da dat 96,2 trieu ngudi, ty le tang dan sd binh quan uong 10 nara la 1,14%/nam Vdi tic tang dan sd hang nam nhu vay, Viet Nam dang co them hang uieu ngudi den tuoi lao dgng cd nhu chi vl viec lam Ty le that nghiep mdi lao dgng cua Viet Nara la 2,19%; so ngudi that nghiep dai ban (12 thang trd len) chiera 34,93% tong so ngudi that nghiep So ngudi co nhu can tim viec lam la 14,4 nghin ngucri, Uong do, lao dgng nu co nhu cau tim viec la 6,8 nghin ngudi (47,0%), tang 4,6 nghin ngudi, gap lan so vdi quy nam 2018 (Bg Lao dgng - Thuang bmh va Xa bdi va Tong cue Thong ke, 2018) Ben canh do, qua trinh sap xep, canh tranh CO che thi trudng ciing da loai bo hoac khong chap nhan mgt sd lugng dang ke lao dgng khong cd kha nang thich iing, dap ung vdi nhu cau ciia thi trudng lao dgng boi canh ciia nin kinh tl chuyen ddi hien Su thay ddi co chi kinh tl CO tien bg, nhung cham chap va dat nhilu van de can giai quyet, la van dl viec lara va nhiing dieu kien lao dgng, lam viec ciia ngudi lao dgng, dac biet la nhdm lao ddng nii Uong cac doanh nghiep qua trinh hgi nhap Bang ngudn sd lieu tit kit qua Dilu Ua Lao dgng - Viec lam nam 2016 ciia Ting eye Thing ke; dilu Ua ciia Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hdi (1998-1999) va Tdng lien doan Lao dgng Viet Nam (tir 2012 din 2017), bai viet se phan tich nhung kho khan ciia lao dgng nii Viet Nam cac doanh nghiep hien P H A T T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S (12/2019) Doan Phinmg Thuy Mgt vai net ve thuc trang lao dgng nu hien Lao dong nii ludn la luc lugng quan trgng tham gia vao thj trudng lao ddng va gop phSn thiic dSy su phat trien cua xa hgi Hien nay, lao dgng nii chilm gan 50% tdng so luc luong lao ddng ciia ca nude (Tdng eye Thing ke, 2017) Lao dgng nir Viet Nam tham gia hau het cac ITnh vuc cua nen kinh te qudc dan, dac biet, d mgt sd nganh, mgt sd linh vuc, mang tinh chat dac thu, sd lao dgng nii chiem ty le "ap dao" so vdi nam gidi Lao dgng nii chiem tren 70% luc lugng lao dgng ciia cac ngimh xuat khau chinh nhu: det may, da giay, dien tir; 64% lao dgng Uong cac khu cdng nghiep Cd khoang 7,8 trieu lao ddng nii dang lam viec khu vuc phi chinh thirc vdi dieu kien lao dgng khong dam bao Ty le lao dgng nii Uong khu virc phi chinh thiic phai lara cong viee dl bi tin thuang len tdi 59,6%, cao hon nhilu so vdi muc 31,8% cua lao dgng nara Uong khu vuc Lao dgng nu dang d vj the thap han nam ca cau viec lam Phu nii chi chiera 26,1% cac vi tri lanh dao, nhung lai ddng gop tdi 52,1% nhdm lao dgng gian don va 66,6% lao dgng gia dinh Dieu dd cho thay van cdn rat nhieu rao can doi vdi phu nu viec tiep can cac ca hgi phat trien nghe nghiep so vdi nam gidi (Mnet, 2018) Theo CO can lao dgng that nghiep giira lao dgng nam va lao dgng nii, thi ty le lao dgng nii thit nghiep cd thap hon nara chiit it, ty le la 44,9% Tuy nhien, theo trinh dugc dao tao thi lao dgng nil CO tdi 57,3% sd ngudi that nghiep d nhom lao dong "chua qua dao tao" va 50,2% Uong nhom "da dugc dao tao nghe/chuyen nghiep" Dac biet, ty trgng lao dgng nu nhom that nghiep cd trinh dai hgc len tdi 55,4% Dieu cho thay kha Nhirng kho khan cua lao dpng na nang tiep can viec lam doi vdi lao ddng nii kho khan ban nam d hau het mgi nhom trinh do, dac biet d nhom thap nhat va nhdm cao nhat Lao dgng nir ciing phai lam viec Uong dieu kien tdi te han lao dgng nam Ngoai ra, khu vuc doanh nghiep dau tu nude ngoai, lao dgng nam cd ty le ky hgp ddng lao ddng khdng xac dinh thdi han len tdi 73,91% vdi lao dgng nii chi la 67,67% (Mnet, 2018) Dii CO cung trinh do, vi Ui cdng viec nhu nara gidi, thu nhap ciia lao dong ntr Viet Nam luon thap hon Thu nhap thap chinh la mgt nguyen nhan quan trgng khien phy nii phai lua chgn nhirng cdng viec CO dieu kien lam viec tdi te hon, thdi gian lara viec dai han de nang cao thu nhap Tnmg binh, thu nhap ciia lao dgng nij thap han nam gidi 10,7%, nhung su chenh lech cang d cac nhdm trinh cao han thi ty le cang cao hon Nam 2016, thu nhap ciia lao ddng nii chua qua dao tao chi thap hem nam cimg trinh la 8,1% nhung chenh lech len tdi 19,7% d nhdm Uinh dai hgc tia len (Tong eye Thong ke, 2017) Trong bdi canh dat nude cdn ngheo, ty le lao dgng ndi chung va lao dgng nii noi rieng qua dao tao chinh quy rat han che, chua theo kip dugc su phat trien ciia khoa hgc cong nghe cita khu vuc ciing nhu cua the gidi Ty Ugng lao dgng co viec lam chua bao gid di hgc chiem 3,4% uong ting sd nguiri CO viec lam, nii chiem ty le cao hgn nam (61,4%) Gan mgt phan ba so lao dgng uong nen kinh te da tot nghiep trung hgc co sd (29,5%) Sd lieu cho thay, d cac trmb hgc vin thip (tir chua bao gid di hgc cho den tdt nghiep tieu hgc) thi nii chiera sd ddng hem nam, my nhien cang d cac trinh cao thi nam lai chiera so dong ban nii (Tdng cue Thing ke, 2017) Bang I: CO CAU LAO DQNG CO VIEC LAM THEO TRINH DO HOC VAN (%) Trinh dO hoc van T6ng sd Chua di hoc Chua tot nghiep Tieu hpc Tot nghiep Tieu hoc Tot nghiep Trung hoc co sa Tot nghiep Trung hoc thong Co trinh dp chuyen mon ky thuat Tong so 100,0 3,4 10,4 23,1 29,9 12,7 20,6 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke (2017) PHAT TRltN B£N VU'NG VONG QUVeN 9, SO (12/2019) Nam 100,0 2,6 9,4 22,8 29,5 12,7 23,0 Nir 100,0 4,3 11,3 23,4 30,3 12,7 18,0 %Nir 48,5 61,4 53,1 49,2 49,2 48,5 42,4 NGHIEN CLfU THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM Bilu 1: CHENH LECH THU NHAP CUA LAO DONG N f THEO N H O M TRINH DO (%) aiUU Chua qua dao tao Day nghe Trang cap chuyen nghiep Cao d5ng Dai hoc trd len Chung Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke (2017) Khdng chi tham gia vao thi trudng lao dgng vdi t u each la ngudi lao dgng, lao dgng nii tham gia vao cong tac quan ly, lanh dao Mac dii chi sd Phat trien gidi ciia Viet Nara cho thay, Viet Nam dat dugc tien trien thu hep khoang each bat binh dang gidi, nhung linh vuc tham gia va lanh dao ciia phu nii nii, ty le lanh dao nu khu vuc nha nude cdn thap Ve tham gia ciia phu nu Quoc hgi, ty le nii dai bieu Qudc hgi hien thap nhat ke tir nam 1997 (UNDP, 2012) Viet Nam hien da phe chuan va ky ket tat ca cac cong udc va chuong trinh qudc te, keu ggi cac qudc gia nang cao so lugng lanh dao nii Cac van kien quoc gia da dat rayc tieu, xac dinh trach nhiem va cung cap ngan sach Day la cac bien phap phii hgp vdi cac cdng udc va thuc tien quoc te Tuy nhien, phan tich khung phap ly cho thay, mdt sd ehi tieu chua ludng dugc va cac bien phap dam bao thuc thi chinh sach cdn han che Viec khong dat dugc chi Ueu ciia chinh phii la ket qua ciia mdt sd cac nhan td the che va thai do, nhu cac quy dinh chua phii hgp, thieu cac bien phap thuc thi cac chinh saeh hien tai va anh hudng cua cac nhan to van hoa, su bat binh dang gidi, cung nhu cdn co tinh trang de cao vai tro doi vdi nam gidi Ben canh do, phu nii' khu vuc nha nude phai doi mat vdi cac thach thirc lien quan den quy dinh tuoi tham gia tap huan, boi dudng va tudi huu sdra ban nam nam so vdi nara gidi Trong Dang Cong san Viet Nam, ty le dang vien nii tang cham va mdi dat 3 % vao nam 2010 Ty le dai bieu nii cao b a n d cap dia phuang, nhien it c6 tien trien giiia cac nhiem ky va chi tieu % dai dien nii vao nam 2011 chua dat dugc, mac dii boi canh chinh phii Viet Nam da ap dung nhieu chinh sach, chien luge va chuang hinh tiln bg ve su tham gia va lanh dao cua phu nu (UNDP, 2012) cac doanh nghiep true tiep san xuat kinh doanh phy nii da nam dugc vi tri lanh dao chu chdt Theo nghien ciiu mdi nhat ve "Phu nii kinh doanh" Grant Thomton thuc hien, ty le cac doanh nghiep tren toan cSu co it nhit mot phu ntr tham gia dgi ngu lanh dao dat mirc 87%, tang 12% so vdi nam 2018 Tai khu vuc chau A, ty le phy nii tham gia ban lanh dao cip cao ciia cac doanh nghiep thugc nhom kha cao tren t h i gidi Viet Nam CO ty le nii lanh dao c4p cao diing thir hai chau A vdi ty le khoang 36% (diing sau Philippines vdi 37,46%) Theo nghien ciiu g^n day ciia mgt t l chiic quoc t l tai Viet Nara,thi b i n vi tri hang d i u thudng duac phu nii dam nhan doanh nghiep la Giam d i e tai chinh (36%); Giam d i e dilu hanh (30%); Giam doc nhan sir va Giam d i e marketing la % ( T I chtic Grant Thorton quIc tl, 2017) P H A T T R I E N B S N V O N G V O N G QUVeN 9, SO (12/2019) Nhftng kho khan cua lao d$ng nir fioan Phiiimg Thiiy Nhirng so tren day cho thay, so lao ddng nii lara can bg lanh dao chua nhieu so vdi nam gidi, nhung cang co nhiing gia tang va neu so vdi nhieu nude khu vuc va Uen the gidi, ty le ciing khdng phai la nhd Trong giai doan cdng nghiep hda, hien dai boa hien d Viet Nam ciing vdi su phat trien ciia nen kinh te thi trudng va cac chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nude da tao cho lao dgng nii cang cd nhieu ca hdi hon de tu khang dinh minh Uong thi trudng lao dgng va hgi nhap Nhihig kho khan cua lao d^ng nir d cac doanh nghiSp thcri ky hdi nh^p 1.2 Mgt so vdn de vi dai sdng vd Idm viec cua lao dgng nir & cdc doanh nghiep 1.2.1 Viec lam vd thu nhap Trong nhiing nara qua, cimg vdi su phat Uien kinh te - xa hgi cua dat nude, ca cau kinh te phat trien theo hudng cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda, so lao dgng dang lam viec cac doanh nghiep cong nghiep cang tang Theo s6 lieu thong ke, tinh den thang 12/2016 ca nude co 325 khu eong nghiep (KCN) dugc lap vdi 2.989.613 lao dgng, dd 1.188.291 lao dgng nii (63,0%), mgt sl nganh nhu da giay, det may, che bien thuy san cd doanh nghiep ty le nii chiem tdi 80% den 90% (Van kien Dai hdi Dang Cong san Viet Nam lln thir XII) (16,8%); 21 -25 nam (13,3%) va Uen 25 nam chiem 5,5% (Ban Nu cong Tdng Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam, 2017) Tiln luang cua ngudi lao dgng cac doanh nghiep thip, miic luong tdi thieu chua dap img dugc rairc sdng tdi thieu ctia ngudi lao dgng, nara 2015 mdi chi dat rir 78-83% (Vu Quang Thg va Nguyin Manh Thang, 2013) Ciing theo ket qua khao sat ciia Vien Cdng nhan va Cdng doan nam 2017, tiln lucmg co ban trung binh (lam viec dii gid theo quy dinh) cua ngudi lao dgng la 4.480.000 ddng/thang; thu nhap trung binh (khong ke an ca) la 5.453.000 dong/thang (Ban nii cdng Ting Lien doan Lao dgng Viet Nam, 2012) Tien lucmg hang thang ciia ngudi lao dgng lam viec Uong cac khu cong nghiep thudng chiem khoang tii 70 - 74% Uong tong thu nhap (tiiy tirng nhdm lao dgng), so lai, 26 -30% la cac khoan thu nhap khac ngoai tien luong nhu: tien hd trg nha d, tien an ca, tien di lai, tien chuyen can, tien thudng thang, tien hd trg nuoi dudi 36 thang tudi Ve chi tieu thudng xuyen ciia lao dgng di cu luon d miic cao hon so vdi chi tieu ciia lao dgng dia phuang Hg phai chi tien kha nhieu tien cho cac nhu can thue nha d, di lai, cham soc y te va ma chay hieu by, sinh nhat va khdng it ngudi phai tiet kiem tien giri ve que hd trg gia dinh Chi cd khoang 16%i cong nhan lao dgng cho biet co kha nang tich luy tir tien lucmg, thu nhap 1.2.2 Diiu kien lao ddng vd cdc chinh sdch an Nhieu nganh nghe cac doanh nghiep d sinh xa hdi ddi vai lao ddng nir KCN nhu det - raay, chi biln luong thuc-thuc Cac ket qua nghien cim gan day tai cac doanh pham, lip rap Hnh kien dien tu thucmg co xu nghiep ciing cho thay, cac quy dinh ve chinh sach hudng sit dung lao dgng gian dan, tay nghe thap, dac thii ddi vdi lao dgng nii; co ban dugc tuan thit, chua qua dao tao Day la ca hgi cho ngudi lao miic ap dung co khac tiiy thugc vao dgng, dac biet lit lao dgng nii di cu tir cac viing dilu kien thuc te cua moi dia phuang, doanh nong thdn tdi de tim kiera viec lam Nhung thirc nghiep Trong thda udc lao dgng tap the ciia mgt trang chi tuyen dyng lao dgng d mgt tuoi nhat so doanh nghiep da cd nhiing quy dinh co lgi hem dinh va sa thai lao dgng sau mdt thdi gian lam viec cho lao ddng nii so vdi quy dinh phap luat hien nhat dinh da va dang la van de nhiic nhdi hien banh nhu hd tro phu nir mang thai, nudi nhd Tinh chung ca nude, tuoi binh quan ciia dudi 36 thang tudi; lap dat phong vat trii sua cho cdng nhan tre, dudi 25 tudi (43,4%), tir 26-35 tuoi lao dgng nii nudi nhd; ho trg nhiing dip le, tet, (34,7%),rir36^5 mdi (14,0%) Tuli nghi dudi tham hdi dm dau, thai san Tuy nhien, ty le thoa nam (6,9%); tir 1-5 nam (30,6%); tir 6-10 nam (16,4%); tir 11-15 nam (10,5%); 16-20 nam udc lao dgng tap the co quy dinh cd lgi ban cho lao dgng nii so vdi quy dinh ciia phap luat thap PHAT TRieN BEN VONG VONG QUVeN 9, SO (12/2019) NGHIEN CU'U THU'C NGHlEM-KINH NGHI$M (Ban Nii cong Tong Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam, 2012) Tinh Uang ng dgng Bao hiim xa hgi, Bao hiem y te keo dai gay anh hudng den viec chi tra cac che 6m dau, thai san, chot sd bao hiem xa hgi cho ngudi lao dgng (Ban Tuyen giao Tong Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam, 2014) CJ nhiing doanh nghiep nhieu lao dgng nii, khoan 2% bao hiem xa hoi de lai theo quy dmh de chi che ngan han cho ngudi lao dgng khong du chi cho lao dgng nii d doanh nghiep Cac chinh sach doi vdi lao dgng nii va chinh sach uu dai doi vdi doanh nghiep sii dung nhieu lao dgng nii chua dugc thuc hien nghiem tiic Mgt so doanh nghiep chua nhan thiic ro trach nhiem ciia minh, chua quan tam cham lo den ddi sdng ctia cong nhan lao dgng, nhat la lao dgng nii; chua ho trg chi phi gtri tre, mau giao eho lao dgng nii co tuoi giri Ue, mau giao (Ban Nii cong Tong Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam, 2016) Theo mgt khao sat nam 2017 eua to chirc Oxfara ddi vdi nganh lap rap dien tit tai tinh Bac Ninh, not phu nii chiem tdi 90% lyc lugng lao dgng, CO tdi 71,8% ngudi lao dgng phai lam them ban 30 gid/thang va 54,5% dang lara them ban 45 gid/thang Thu nhap tir lam thera gid chiem tdi 32% tong thu nhap va hem 50% luong ca ban trung binh cua lao dgng Uong nganh dien tir Nhu vay, neu khdng lam them gid, lao dgng nii khong the trang trai cac lihu can sinh hoat thiet yeu Hg phai lara them rat nhieu, co len tdi 115 gid/thang hoac phai lam them mgt cdng viec phu, tham ehi sg khdng dam mang thai Vdi nhiing phu nii da c6 gia dinh va cai, thu nhap qua thap khien hg khong dii tien trang trai cac nhu eau thiet yeu, cd chi phi giao dye va y te cho cac Ket qua cac cudc dieu Ua di cu cho thay, nii gidi chiera ty le di cu cang cao (hien tuong "nu hoa" di cu) Dieu tra di eu ngi dia quoc gia nam 2015 ciia Tong cue Thdng ke cho thay, nii gidi chiem 52,4% tong sd ngudi di cu ndi dia Khao sat "Rao can phap luat va thuc tien ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng di cu tiep can an sinh xa bgi" ciia Oxfam Viet Nara nara 2015 ciing cho thay, cd tdi 60% lao dgng nii cac khu cong nghiep la lao dgng di cu nhung cd tdi 90% phu nii di cu gap khd khan viec tiep can cac dich vu an sinh xa hdi va chinh sach cdng tai nai den Hau het phy nu di cu va cai hg gap kho khan Uong tiep can cac dich vy an sinh xa hgi co ban Cd tdi 71% ngudi lao dgng di cu khong tiep can dugc tdi dich vy y te cdng tai nai din va 21,2%i Ue dg tudi tu 14 mdi theo cha me ngudi lao dgng di cu smh song tai nai den khdng di hgc Dac biet, lao dgng nii thugc khu vyc phi chinh thirc tbi nhiing rao can Idn ban nhieu Theo so lieu chua day du, hien Viet Nam cd khoang 7,8 trieu lao dgng nu dang lam viec Uong khu vuc phi chinh thiic vdi dilu kien lao dgng khdng bao dam Ty le lao dgng nii Uong khu vuc phi chinh thuc phai lam cong viec de bi ton thuang len ttii 59,6%, cao ban nhieu so vdi rairc 31,8%o cua lao dgng nam khu vyc phi chinh thiic (Oxfam, 2015) Lao dgng nii tai Viet Nam chiem 48,4% tdng luc lugng lao dgng Tuy nhien, cac khao sat cho thay, lao ddng nii dang gap rat nhieu kho khan khdng chi viec lam va thu nhap, ma viee tiep can cac chinh sach an sinh xa hgi nhu bao hiem xa hgi, bao hiem y te Co den 70,6% lao dgng phi chinh thtic chi mdi biet den ten chinh sach lao dgng viec lam Doi vdi ehinh sach bao hiera xa hgi bat bugc, co 37,4% mdi nghe ten chinh sach; 45,5% da biet so qua ve cac che Doi vdi bao hiera y te, cd 60,2% biet so qua ve che do; 19,7% biet ro ve thii tyc, ddi tugng, mice dong hudng Ben canh do, hieu biet va tiep can thong tin ve bao hiem xa hgi tu nguyen ciia lao dgng phi chinh thiic rat han che Cd tdi 41,1% chua bao gid nghe noi; 20,6% mdi biet ten chinh sach; 25% biet sa qua Chi cd 13,2% biet rd thii tyc, dii tugng, miie dong va miic budng (To chtic lao dgng QuIc te va Vien Khoa hgc Lao ddng va Xa hgi, 2017) Ket qua khao sat ngudi lao dgng nghien Cliu "Thu nhap va dieu kien sdng eiia lao dgng nii di cu lam viec Uong cac doanh nghiep FDI" cua Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi cho thay: 57,3% lao dgng nii that nghiep thugc nhdm lao dgng "chua qua dao tao" va 50,2% Uong nhom "da dugc dao tao nghe/chuyen nghiep" Dac biet, ty Ugng lao dgng nii nhdm that nghiep cd trinh dai hgc len tdi 55,4% Dilu cho thiy kha P H A T T R | £ N B £ N V O N G V U N G Q O Y E N 9, S (12/2019) Boan Phironng Thuy nang tiep can viec lam doi vdi lao dgng nii kho khan hem nam d hau bet mgi nhdra trinh Lao dgng nii ciing phai lara viec dilu kien tdi te han lao dgng nam Chi cd 49,8% lao dgng nii nhdra lao dgng lam cdng an luong cd ky kit hgp dong lao ddng vdi ngudi sir dyng lao dgng, Uong dd ty le ky hgp ddng lao dgng ciia nam la 58,8% Van de tiep can nha d va cac vin dl vl giao due cai, cham sdc sire khoe y tl cua lao dgng nii cac doanh nghiep ciing cd nhieu han che Tinh trang khd khan viec tiep can vtii trudng hgc, nha tre cua lao dgng nii Uong cac doanh nghiep FDI la 69,1%, ddi vdi nhom lao ddng nii di cu ngoai FDI la 3,7%o va lao ddng nii dia phuang la 1,1% Nguyen nhan cua viec lao dgng nii di cu khd tiep can vdi giao due la kho khan ve kinh te, khd khan ve thu tuc hanh chinh, xa not cu tru va lara viec (Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi, 2014) 1.3 Tdc dgng cda hgi nhgp tdi lao dgng nir cdc doanh nghiep Budc sang the ky XXI, Viet Nam dang chiing kien qua trinh toan cau hda nhu mgt xu the khach quan, la qua trinh ma cac quan he kinh te vugt khdi bien gidi qudc gia va khu vuc Do la, su phat trien manh me ciia lire luong san xuat vdi trinh cong nghe cao, su phan cdng lao dgng quoc te cang di vao chieu sau dan xen mat thiet vdi va thugc lan Toan cau hda dugc coi nhu la co hdi Idn, nhung cung dugc xem nhu la thach thiic khong nhd doi vdi nhieu qudc gia, dac biet la cac nude dang phat trien c6 Viet Nam Ve CO hgi, cd the ndi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam duoc tiep can vdi thi trutmg rgng Idn Uong khu vuc va the gidi Nhiing mat hang ma Viet Nam chiem uu the se co nhieu ca hgi thara nhap thi truong mgt sd nude, nhd dd tao ca hgi cho mgt sd nganh nghe phat trien thong qua ciing se tao ranhieu viec lara radi cho ngudi lao dgng thdi ky hgi nhap, se la dieu kien de dera lai nhieu lgi ich cho lao ddng nu thong qua viec tang nang suat lao dgng, rir dd tang miic thu nhap Ddng thdi thdi hdi nhap, lao dgng nu Viet Nam ciing cd co hot tiep Nhu-ng kh6 khan cua lao d^ng nir can vdi khoa hgc va cdng nghe cao, qua dd tiing budc nang cao trinh chuyen mdn, ky thuat Tuy nhien, toan can hoa va hgi nhap ciing dat nhiing thach thirc Idn doi vdi kinh te, xa hdi, ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep va ngudi lao dgng Hien nay, so lugng lao dgng nii qua dao tao cdn han che, day la radt van de xa hgi rat dang dugc quan tam va can CO chien luge de cat thien, nham giup lao dgng nii bat kip vdi xu hudng thdi dai Trong so 54,4 trieu ngudi rir 15 tudi Ud len thugc luc lugng lao dgng ca nude chi co khoang 11,3 trieu ngudi da dugc dao tao (chiem 20,9% lire lugng lao dgng) Dac biet ty le lao ddng nii chua qua dao tao d thi chiem 57,0% va khu vuc ndng thdn la 88,0% Su khac biet giiia cac viing kinh te, xa hgi ciing la nguyen nhan gay khoang each trinh ciia lao dgng nii Hien tai, nhom lao dgng chua qua dao tao tit 15 mdi trd len d hai vung co ty le cao nhat la Tay Nguyen chiem 73,8% va Ddng bang song Cira Long chiem 80,0% (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2017) Sir chenh lech ve dao tao giiia nara va nii cang rad rgng, thuc Uang dat nhieu th ach thuc Viet Nam thuc hien chien luge qudc gia ve "Binh dang gidi giai doan 2011-2020" Trong chien luge xac dinh ro: "Ty le lao dgng nu ndng thdn dudi 45 moi dugc dao tao nghg va chuyen mon ky thuat dat 25% vao nam 2015 va 50% vao nam 2020" the nhung thuc te cho thay, nam 2015 ty le mdi chi dat va nam 2016 dat 15% (Thu tudng Chinh phu, 2010) Lao dgng nii tham gia vao thi trudng lao ddng thudng gap khd khan viec su dung, van hanh nhiing phuong tien ky thuat, cdng nghe Ben eanh do, cac ky nang mem cua lao dOng nii chua dugc dao tao ky cang, cac ky nang dugc Uang bi chua phii hgp vdi doi hoi cua thi trudng lao dgng Ty le nii tiep can vdi cong nghe va ky thuat so Cling thap hon dang ke so vdi nam gidi Vai trd ciia gidi nii cang nang cao, nhung lao dgng nu van thudng lara viec nhirng nganh tham dyng lao ddng, d cac vi tri gian dan, trinh chuyen mdn ban che, chat lugng viec lam cdn chua dn dinh va thieu ben viing, nen lao dgng nii rit dl bi mat viec lam boi canh toan cau hoa va hgi P H A T T R l f N B E N VCTNG VUNG QUY^N 9, S (12/2019) N G H I E N COU T H Q C NGHIEM •- KINH NGHlEM nhap Dac biet, tinh trang ban che su dung lao dgng nii tir 35 tudi Ud len dang la van de noi len thi trucmg lao dgng, khien lao dgng nii phai ddi mat vdi nguy co sut giara thu nhap, tham chi mat ngudn thu nhap Thu nhap mat di, chua ke viec tiep can cac dich vy, thu hudng van hoa, vui chai giai tri ciia lao dgng nir rat han che, se lam anh hudng den cai, gia dinh, chat lugng cugc sdng ciia hg Td chiic Lao dgng qudc te (ILO) cd du bao 10 nam tdi, 70% so viec lam co nii ro cao (hay dugc hieu la nhiing cdng viec eo the bi thay the bang cae he thong, may moc tu dgng boa); 18% CO nii ro trung binh va 12% c6 nil ro thap Td chirc Lao dgng Quoc te ciing du bao 86% lao ddng ngimh det may va da giay d Viet Nam se bi mat viec Uong vong 15 nam tdi Hien d Viet Nam, nganh det may dang tao viec lam cho 2,3 Uieu ngudi (78% la lao dgng nii, 17% c6 trinh tieu hgc); nganh da giay dang tao viec lam cho 1,0 Uieu ngudi bao gom 74% la lao dong nii va 26% co trinh tieu hge (ILO va Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xahgi, 2017) Cling theo ILO, bat binh dang gidi Uong viec lam van ton tai dii the gidi cd budc vao cudc each mang cdng nghiep lan thir tu (CM 4.0) Ddi vdi cae nude phat uien, su chenh lech ty le that nghiep giira phu nii va nam gidi la tuong doi nho, dd tai eac nude chua phat Uien nhiing dinh kien xa hgi tiep tuc can Ud phu nii tham gia vao nhiing cong viec dugc tra luong, nen ty le that nghiep cua lao dgng nu van se cao han nam gidi Mat khac, hien doanh nghiep mudn tdn lai va phat trien se phai chiu nhieu ap luc ve vdn, ngudn nhan luc, kinh nghiem quan ly, su hieu biet ve phap luat, dac biet yeu cau ve tieu chuan lao ddng va tieu chuan xa hgi (dieu kien lao dgng, nguon goc nguyen, vat lieu, bao ve raoi trudng, ) de cd the san xuat, cung ung cac san phara dat chat lugng theo yeu cau cua thdi hdi nhap Trong do, sai phara bien va tap trung ciia cac doanh nghiep lit d cac ngi dung hgp dong lao dgng, tien lucmg, trinh tu ky ket va ngi dung mdi ciia Thda udc lao dgng tap the, thdi gian lara viec, nghi ngai, cac quy dinh ve an toan, ve sinh lao dgng Nhicu doanh nghiep hien coi lgi nhuan la tren het, xa rdi yeu cau ket hgp giira muc tieu vi su phat triln cua dat nude va myc tieu lgi nhuan, nen tim each khdng thuc hien dong bao hiem xa hgi, ng bao hiim xa hgi , dac biet gan day la hien tugng tim each loai bo nhiing ngudi lao dgng tir 35 moi Ud len bang each dimg cac khoan hd trg de khuyin khich ngudi lao dgng Idn tudi khdi doanh nghiep Dieu dang gay kho khan khong nho cho ngudi lao ddng, nhat la lao dgng nii Nhiing van de neu tren cho thay toan cau hoa va hdi nhap co tac ddng ca tich cue va tieu cue tdi lao dgng Viet Nam Do do, can phai nhan thirc dugc ca hai mat tich cue va tieu cue de cd chien luge doi vdi nhiing thach thirc, tan dung mgi Ihdi CO nham ban che den miic thap nhat nhiing tac dgng tieu cue doi vdi ngudi lao dgng Ket luSn va kien nghi chinh sach Trong qua Uinh hgi nhap, nen kinh te Viet Nara budc vao van hanh theo co che thj trucmg, da tac dgng Idn tdi ddng dao ngudi lao dgng xa hgi, dac biet la lao dgng nii Trong qua trinh to chuc lai san xuat, phu nii chiem so ddng lao dgng bi tinh giara bien che trinh tay nghe, chuyen raon ky thuat thap, han che ve siic khoe khien cho ddi song ciia nhieu lao ddng nii gap nhieu khd khan De giam thieu nhiing tac dgng tieu cue den ngudi lao ddng, bao dara an sinh xa hdi cho ngudi lao dgng, dac biet la lao dgng nii, can phai nang cao trinh chuyen raon ky thuat tay nghi va thi luc cho ngudi ho Phy ntr vin phai ddi raat vdi nhieu thach thiic chinh sach an sinh xa hgi va cac dich vy cong chua phan anh diing nhu cau cua ho Ngoai nhirng nii ro ma nam gidi cung gap phai nhu benh tat, that nghiep va ylu duoi tudi gia, phy nii phai ddi mat vdi viec sinh de va cong viec cham soc khong dugc tra lucmg, can trd nhiing nl luc ciia lao dong nii tham gia thj trudng lao dgng Ben eanh dd, can hoan thien mdi tnrdng phap ly nham bao ve cd hieu qua quyin Igi ciia ngucri lao dgng, Uong dd cd lao dgng nii Viet Nara vin tiep tyc Ui d nhdm quoc gia co nhilu tiln bg PHAT TRI^N B E N V Q N G V O N G Q U Y ^ N 9, SO (12/2019) Doan Phuxmg Thiiy Uong thuc hien binh dang gidi va hoan sdm Muc tieu thien men ky ve tang cudng binh ding gidi va nang cao vi the cho phu nu Tuy nhien, mgt so quy dinh phap luat danh rieng cho nii, dua Uen quan niem bao v? lao dgng nii nhung vd hinh trung dang lam mat ca hgi viee lam cua lao dgng nii, Chang ban, Uong Bg luat Lao ddng can siia doi dien hinh la viec mgt so quy djnh vl bao ve ngudi lao dgng chua dugc nhan thiic diy dii, dimg din dl ap dung cho ca nam va nii, mgt so khai niem quan trgng chua cu the, chua dam bao tinh kha thi Vi du, luat quy dinh cam phan biet ddi xir, nhung viec xac dinh the nao la phan biet doi xii, no la gi lai chua cd quy dinh rd rang Viec quy dinh nhu vay dan tdi viec 50% nguon nhan luc (lao dgng nii) dang cd dang gap nhieu rao can ve khung khd phap ly hien hanh Can phai lam cho ngudi lao ddng nhan thuc hgi nhap qudc te va khu vuc la tat yeu khach quan, se CO tac ddng ca tich cue lan tieu cue tdi su phat trien kinh te, xa hdi cua Viet Nam Vi vay, moi doanh nghiep, moi ngudi lao dgng can phai y thirc duge van de de chuan bi san sang cho hgi nhap Nang cao chat lugng lao dgng, trudc bet phai Nhirng kho khan cua lao dong nir nang cao trinh hgc van ciia ngudi lao dgng Trinh hgc vin la ca sd, nen tang de tiep thu cac kien thiic nghe nghiep, kien thirc khoa hgc cdng nghe Mat khac ngudi lao dgng ciing can y thiic dugc rang nang cao trinh nghe nghiep cho minh chinh la gdp phan nang cao gia tn siic lao dgng, lao ddng CO chat lugng cao thi de co ca hoi kiem duge viec lam, giii dugc viec lam on dinh, cd dieu kien dam bao hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh; viia mang lai lgi ich trudc mat, lgi ich lau dai, lgi ich ca nhan, lgi ich tap the va lgi ich xa hgi Trong xu the hgi nhap, khdng the Uanh khdi mgt bg phan ngudi lao dgng cd the hi mat viec lam, dac biet la lao dgng nii nguy ca lai cang cao hon De dam bao cugc song va tao ca hgi cho ngucri lao dgng noi chung va lao dgng nii noi rieng nhanh chong tim dugc viec lara bi that nghiep, Luat bao hiera that nghiep can dugc ap dyng rgng rai va di vao cudc sdng xa hgi Day chinh la CO sd phap ly de bao ve ngudi lao dgng ndi chung, lao ddng nii noi rieng Uong qua Uinh hgi nhap Tai lieu tham khao Ban nii cdng TLD (2012) Chdm soc sdc khoe sinh sdn cho lao dgng nir cdc khu cdng nghiip vd vai trd ciia Cong dodn Detai cap Bg nam 2012 Ban Nii cdng - Tdng Lien doan Lao dgng Viet Nara (2013) Chdm sdc cdngnhdn lao ddng tudi nhd tre, mdu gido tgi cdc KCN- Thuc trgng vd gidi phdp De tai cap bg nam 2013 Ban Tuyen giao, Tong lien doan LDVN (2014) Thuc trang nhu cdu d&i sdng vdn hda tinh thdn cua cdng nhdn cdc KCN hiin vd; Gido due chinh tri, tu tuang cho cdng nhdn lao ddng cdc khu Cdng nghiep, khu Chi xudt hiin De tai cap Bg nam 2014 Ban Nii cdng - Tong Lien doan LDVN (2016) Cdc gidi phdp ndng cao chdt luo-ng dai sdng hdn nhdn, gia dinh ciia cdngnhdn tgi cdc khu cdng nghiip, khu chi xudt hiin De tai cap Bg nam 2016 Ban nii cdng TLD (2017) Bdo cdo tong ket 10 ndm thuc hien Luat Binh ddng gi&i vd Bdo cdo 10 ndm triin khai thuc hiin Nghi quyet sd 11/NQ-TW ve cdng tdc phu nd thai ky day mgnh cdng nghiip hod, hien dgi hod ddt nuac Bg Lao dgng, Thuang binh - Xa hgi va Tong cue Thdng ke (2018) Bdn thdng lin cap nhdt Thi tru&ng lao ddng Viet Nam quy ndm 2018 Oxfam (2015) Bdo cdo tdm tdf Rdo cdn phdp lugt vd thuc tiin ddi voi nguai lao ddngdi cu tiip can an sinh xd hdi Nxb Hong Diic P H A T T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q O Y E N 9, SO (12/2019) NGHIEN COO THOC NGHlEM - KINH NGHlEM Truang An Qudc Bdi gidng xd hdi hgc viic lam Tap bai giang chuyen dl xa hdi hgc lao ddng Thu Urdng Chinh phu (2010) Quyit dinh sd 2351/QD-TTg ngdy 24/12/2010 Phe duyet Chiin luge Qudc gia ve Binh ddng gi&i giai dogn 2011-2020 10 Mnet (Mang ludi Hanh ddng vi lao dgng di cu) (2018) Bdo cdo tong quan vi lao ddng nir tgi Viit Nam Phu nir, viec lam vd tiin luang 11 Vii Quang Tho va Nguyin Manh Thing (2013) Bdo cdo chuyin di: Nhung vdn di buc xiic, cdp bach doi v&i giai cdp cdng nhdn sau ndm triin khai thuc hien nghi quyit 20/NQ-TW Tdng Lien doan lao dgng Viet Nam 12 T I chirc Gran Thorton qudc tl (2017) Phu im kinh doanh: Quan diim m&i vi rui ro vd khen thu&ng 13 T6 chiic Lao dong QuIc tl (ILO) va Vien Khoa hgc Lao dong va Xahgi (2017) Hgi thao: Mgt sd vdn de ve viec idm vd tiep cdn chinh sdch liin quan den lao ddng phi chinh thirc a Viit Nam Ha Ngi 10/2017 14 Ting cue Thing ke Viet Nam - Qiiy Dan sd Lien hgp quoc (2015) Dieu tra Di cu ndi dia Qudc gia: Cdc kit qua chti yiu Nha xuat ban Thong tan Ha Ndi 15 Tong eye Thdngke (2017) Bdo cdo dieu tra Lao ddng- Viic lam ndm 2016 16 Van kien Dai hgi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ISn thir Xll 17 Vien khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi - Trung tam nghien ciiu khoa hgc Lao dgng nii (1998-1999) Thdng tin ve lao ddng nU; Ha Ngi Thang 10/1998 va thang 4/1999 18 Vien khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi (2014) Khdo sdt ve thu nhdp vd diiu kien sdng cua lao ddng nd di cu cdc doanh nghiep cd vdn ddu tu nuac ngodi (FDI) tgi Bdc Ninh, Ddng Nai vd thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh 19 UNDP (2012) Su tham gia cita phu nd vai trd lanh dao vd qudn ly d Viet Nam Thong tin tac gia: Doan Phuxmg Thiiy, Th.S - Don VI cdng tac: Vien Xa hdi hge, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam' - Dia chi email: mail.thuydp@gmail.com Ngaynhanbai: 11/10/2019 Ngay nhan ban sira: 20/11/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 29/11/2019 PHAT TRIEN B£N VONG VONG QOYEN 9, sO (12/2019) ... dieu kien tdi te han lao dgng nam Ngoai ra, khu vuc doanh nghiep dau tu nude ngoai, lao dgng nam cd ty le ky hgp ddng lao ddng khdng xac dinh thdi han len tdi 73,91% vdi lao dgng nii chi la 67,67%... doan Lao ddng Viet Nam, 2014) CJ nhiing doanh nghiep nhieu lao dgng nii, khoan 2% bao hiem xa hoi de lai theo quy dmh de chi che ngan han cho ngudi lao dgng khong du chi cho lao dgng nii d doanh. .. viec lam doi vdi lao dgng nii kho khan hem nam d hau bet mgi nhdra trinh Lao dgng nii ciing phai lara viec dilu kien tdi te han lao dgng nam Chi cd 49,8% lao dgng nii nhdra lao dgng lam cdng