Giai cấp đáy và giai cấp đỉnh hố ngăn cách giữa các giai cấp xã hội ở Anh thập niên 1980.pdf

CHUYgN MUC KHOA HQC XA HOI T H GlOl GIAI CAP DAY VA GIAI CAP DINH: H NGAN CACH GldA CAC GIAI CAP XA HOI d ANH THAP NIEN 1980 PETER TOWNSEND Djch: Bill T H £ CLrdNG Biln d l i giai elp, d u triie giai d p vd di dpng xa hdi Id nhu'ng chu d l trung tdm eua xa hpi hpc thgp nidn 1980 Tuy nhidn, cdn Idu mdi cd t h i ndi ta da chu y du din vipc dp ludng dpng hudng v l s l lupng eac giai d p cd t h i nhgn dipn, khpang each giu'a ehung v l qyyin lyc vd kilm soat nguin iyc, s l lypng ngydi Idn vd tre em phdn b l vdo nhirng glai d p l y vd di dpng giO'a nhu'ng giai d p ly Tuang ty, vai trd ciia chinh sach vd cde ca qugn ldm chinh sdch vipc thiic diy nhO'ng xu hudng hipn tgi vd tilm tdng chyg dypc ly thuylt hog vd lydng thudng xuydn Chu d l cOa bai viet ndy, phdn hda xa hdi thdp nidn 1980, gay nhilu tranh Peter Townsend (1928-2009): Th^nh vidn sdng ldp Bgi hpc Essex, Gido su danh dv ve chinh s4ch xa hdi d Bgi hpc Bristol, trirdc qua Sdi Id Gido sir ve chinh sach xa hdi quoc le a Tnrang Kmh t l hpc London, Bui Thd Ci/dng Gido su, TiSn sT Vipn Khoa hpc Xi hpi viing Nam Bd Gido su Ihinh giang Ogi hoc Bnjnei Darussalam edi, dii nd da thuc d i y cdc nha xa hpi hpc di d i n nhit tri han vd kiem nghipm cdc ly thuylt x§ hpi hpc khde ve giai elp Chinh phii eung ehii j din chu d l nay, ehdng hgn v l tac dpng xd hpi tich luy cua cac giai phap ngdn saeh, ty Id ddn cu thu nhgp thip Nhung nhO'ng dilu dd phgi trd tam dilm eua cdc phdn tich xa hpi hpe v l elu tnic xd hpi, eg chung dyng d i n nhgy cam chinh trj Ham J chinh trj-xa hpi cOa xa hpi hpe Id phim chit khing t h i thoai thdc; Chang ce xa hdi hpe v l phdn hda xa hOi md Igi khdng phai Id "xa hpi hpc hdnh ddng" Phdn hda xd h|l hiln nhiin Id mdt chu d l trung tam ciJa xa hpi hpc xyg cung nhy Cac xu hydng bit blnh ding xa hpi nhy t h i ndp? Khong t h i ndi mirc sing d Anh khing phdn hda 20 ndm vd nhit la 10 nam qua Vdi nhO'ng biln thai nhii'ng ndm nhat ajnh, xu hydng ndy dupe xac nhdn qya dir lidu thing kd cua Chinh phO va ciia nhii'ng nguin dpc lgp khde (ching hgn PETER TOWNSEND - GIAI CAP DAY VA GIAI CAP DINH Walker and Walker, 1987; Townsend, Corrigan and Kowarzik, 1987) Ro rang xu hudng la kdt qua cua mpt hon hp'p gida chinh sdch eua Chinh phu, su phat trien da qudc gia san xudt, thuang mai va tai chinh, eung nhu cac ydu to nhan khau va vdn hda Cau hdi khong phai Id eo phan hda khong, ma la nd nghiem nhu thd nao, giai thieh nd mdt each day du nhu the nao va can phai lam gi vdi nd - vd mat chidn lup'c eung nhu dgo due Cde tdng Idp xa hdi d Anh da bj kidn tgc Igi, ehiing dup'c khae hpa ro net han va khoang each gii>a Chung doang rpng han Bai vidt bat dau vdl nhung sd lieu vd thu nhgp rong, sau kdt ndi nhung bang Chung ndy vdi eae ehu dd ma gtdi xa hdi hpe dang thao lugn Thu nhdt, vdn de khdi nipm hda cdc giai cap va y nghTa cua "su phan hoa" va "nen" (compressipn) cdc giai cap qua thdi gian Thu hai, cd t h i ndi ddn mpt "giai cdp day" dang xuat hidn d Anh mdy thgp nidn qua hay khdng Thd ba, c6 nhifng nhom thieu sd phu thupe tgo nen mpt dgc trung cua xa hpi Anh hipn hay khong, nd dieu chinh va lam phue tgp hoa eac quan hp giai cdp Thu tu, nh&ng khae bipt hda mang tinh cau true giua ngudi giau va ngudi kha gia ve mgt vj tri va thdi dp NHONG XU HU'O'NG THU NHAP HI$N NAY Mue song dang dich ehuyen nhu the nao? Bang the hipn ro net bang chung vd su phdn hda mudi nam qua So lipu lay tu dieu tra hang nam eua Chinh phu, ngudn thdng tin tin cay nhdt hipn ve xu hudng muc song Od la khao sat chi tieu gia dinh (Family Expenditure Survey, FES) Ngudi ta cai tien phuang phdp eua no hang nam ke tu 1957 va bap quat khoang 11.000 hp mdi nam Thu thdp thong tin ea vd thu nhgp va ehi tieu Dp ludng cua Tong cyc Thdng kd hang nam eung cap bang chung ro rdt ve phan hoa thu nhgp giua 1975 va 1985 dgc bidt giua 1979 va 1985 Bang trinh bay chuyen bien eua thu nhgp rdng, tue thu nhgp da tru thud, va eae khoan ddng gop bao hiem xa hpi qudc gia Blng ehung bd sung eua Cdng ty Dieh vu Du lipu Thu nhgp (Income Data Services Ltd.) hogc cua Tu van Quan ly ML (ML Management Consultants) va nhifng ngudn khae, gai ^ rdng udc lucng thap ve khae bipt mue song giua Bang Ty Id phan tram thu nhdp sau cac trp- cdp tien mat va sau cdc logi thue theo nhdm ngu \^ phdn Nhom dirdi cung Nhdm hai Nhdm ba Nhdm bon Nhom trdn ciing Toan bd hp gia dinh 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1986 12 18 24 39 12 18 24 39 100 11 18 25 40 11 17 24 41 100 e 11 17 24 43 100 10 16 24 46 100 too too 11 17 24 42 too Ngudn: General Statistical Office, Economic Trends (Cac ty Id phan tram cpng Igi khdng du 100 lam trdn sd) T A P C H l K H O A H Q C X A H Q l s g l l (195)2014 10% giau nhit (highest decile) Id 24,20 ngydi giau va ngheo Id hai nguydn nhdn chinh Mpt, gia trj cua phiic lpi ca bdng (udc tinh dya tren bdo edo hgng ndm cdg FES 1980 -1986, tinh todn quan hay "phy d p " eho ngudi lao dpng d p cao da tang Idn rit khdng ty Ip so vdl TovKsend, Corrigan and Kowarzik, 1987) thu nhgp blng tiln, dilu khdng dupe Lfdc tinh eho toan bp giai dpgn 19791989, thu nhgp b l sung (mpdal ludng diy du FES Hai, ngudi thu nhgp eao cdn hydng lpi nhieu tir vipe gain) ciJa hp gia dinh la giira 1% va 5% ciig thu nhdp rdng, thi 3% hp gia dinh bj phdt triln ehl dd thydng ehia phan va giam han 10% thu nhdp rdng, d eye sy tang gid trj tdi sgn Cai "ciia eai" thi 2% hp gia dinh kilm dypc han (virealth) hang nam khdng dupe dua 25% ting thu nhgp rdng eua hp vdo thu nhgp rdng Nhilu nam qua, cac (Johnspn and Stark, 1989a va b, dgc bipt nhd xa hpi hpc da ndi ring each thu d trang 3) nhgp blng tiln v l n lam nhy hipn cdng sai ldch vdi phdn b l mirc Ty Ip dan eu cd thu nhgp dydi ngydng sing thyc, vl phiic lpi ca quan gian tilp hogc han mdt chut ngyang thu nhdp hay phy elp, vd thy hydng eac hinh thdi thip eiia Chinh phii quy djnh nam cua eai truyin thing vd mdi ddn ey da tang tCr g i n tridu Idn 15,4 tridu tdng Idn, ddng gdp rit Idn nhyng khdng ngydi, hay 29% dan s l (Openheim, nhy vdo bire tranh Bang So ngudi song gia dinh vdi thu nhdp rong thip thyc sy eiia phdn b l mirc 50 vdi thang trp d p ngheo (supplementary benefit scale sing (Titmuss, 1963; rates, SB), Vupng quic Anh Westergaard and Resler, (4) (3) (2) (1) 1975; Townsend, 1979, Dudi SB Tren SB (1) + (2) Ty id gia dinh chyang 5, vd 10, (.000) c6 trd em (%) (.000) (.000) Halsey, 1986) (xem Bang U'de tinh culi nam 1) Khdng ehi khoang each gidu nghdo tang Thu nhgp thye t l ciia nhilu nhdm ngydi ngheo bj giam hogc giO nguyen suit tU' 1979 Tir 1979 d i n 1985, sire mug giam mdt chut d nhdm 25% ddn cy nghdo nhit Id penny m i l tuan va mire trung vj la 1,34 bang, d nhdm 10% thir hai (upper decile) Id 11,61 bang vd d nhdm 1972 (a) 1973(a) 1974(a) 1975 (a) 1976(a) 1977 Tmng binh hang ndm 1977 1979 1981(b) 1983(b) 1986(b) 1.780 1.600 1.410 1.840 2.280 4.140 3.780 3.730 6.920 5.380 5.140 3.710 4.090 2.020 4.160 3.560 6.370 6.180 1.900 2.090 4.120 3.980 6.020 6.070 2.610 2.780 4.840 6.130 7.460 8.910 2.420 6.960 9.380 12 12 13 16 17 17 16 15 19 19 20 ChO thich: (a) Thu nhflp tu' lAm kh^c Uong Ihin ky ndy (b) NhCrng b6 sung li6n quan ekn dO tu6i b| loai trir khoi mirc thang, SB Nguon; Social Sendees Committee 1988 Families on Low Income Statistics, Fourth Report House of Commons Paper 565 London; HMSO PETER TOWNSEND - GIAI CAP O A Y VA GIAI CAP €)lNH 1988; Social Services Committee 1988; xem them Economic Trends, GSO 1987) Bang trinh bdy s6 lipu thdi ky 19721985 cua Ciy ban Djch vg Xa hpi Hg vipn Anh {House of Commons Social Services Committee) dua tren thdng kd Department of Health and Spclal Security - DHSS Vdi mpt vdi bien dpng, muc tdng sd dan cu thu nhdp thap ro ddn muc khong the nhdm l i n dup'c Hidn thdng ke Chinh phu tinh theo hp gia dinh ehu khong thep dan vi trp" cdp thud (tax-benefit) hoge thu nhgp, su dung mpt thang ngang gid khdng chinh xac Mpt nghien cuu thdng ke ehi rang, ndu thay d6i ea sd tinh toan (trude hdt chuydn t u dan vj tra cdp thue (taxbenefit) sang hp gia dinh nhung chpn mdt thang ngang gia cy the), thi so ngudi dudi ngudng thu nhgp thap se giam Phuang phap nhu the khdng hdp dan quoc td Do do, Khao sat Thu nhgp Luxemburg Mudi nude (Luxemburg Income Survey) chi c6 it nhdt ba tidp cgn khae ddi vdi van de gia trpng thu nhgp cua cac kidu hp gia dinh khae dd dgt duac thu nhdp "quy doi tuang duang" (equivalent Income), Chung tgo nhung kdt qua khae (Rainwater, 1988) Dieu thien vj cho Chinh phu han la dua tren nhung gia djnh thdng ke dung ddn (xem Bang 2) Nhung ca nhu vgy thi phuang phdp vdn Idm cho Chinh phu thay d l chju cOng van dua kdt qua thu nhdp rdng cua nhdm 10% thu nhdt, thu hai, thu ba, thu t u va thu ndm chi tdng 46% nam qua Cde nhdm dan cu ed thu nhgp dudi ngudng trung binh thi kidm dup'c it han cac nhcm cd thu nhgp tren trung binh U'de tinh muc trung binh la 9%, nhom 10% giau nhat kiem duac 18% (Bang 3) Ngudi vd huu thudc nhcm dgt duae muc tren trung binh Nhung ngudi thdt nghiep thi thu nhgp thuc te giam trung binh 2% trpng thdi ky ndi tren Chinh phu cong bo khdng thoa dang ket qua tren Ca quan thdng ke cua Chinh phu cdng bd mpt logt udc tinh tren ca sd mdl ehl eho giai dogn 1981-1985 va khdng so sanh vdi nhO'ng nhdm thu nhdp Bang Thay ddi thu nhgp trung binh thi,rc te cua ca nhan theo nhdm 10%, 1979-1985, Vu-ong qudc Anh Nhdm 10% Phan tram tang Nhom 10% gidu nhat 18 80-90% 10 70-80% 60-70% 50-60% 40-50% 30-40% 20-30% 10-20% Nhom 10% ngheo nhat Chung Chll thich: Ttnh toan dira trSn s6 lidu cOa Family Expenditure Survey, mdt khao sdt quoc gia thu'dng nidn vd thu nhdp va chi tieu S6 lidu du'Q'C hidu chinh theo quy md va td gia dinh dya tren thang ngang gia theo quy chudn cua Bd An sinh xd hdi Thu nhSp dupe tnrdc kht khau trir cdc chi phi nha d Ngudi ta d3 tri hoan rdt lau vide cdng bd s6 lieu thu nhgp thdp va bdo cao cua Government Statistical Service khong the hidn ket qua cua cac nhdm 10% cd thu nhgp tren trung binh Ngudn: Hansard, 17 March 1989 and 23 March 1989 Government Statistical Service 1988 Household Below Average Income London May TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HQI so 11 (135) 2014 trdn trung binh (Government Statistical Service, 1988) Chi sau l