X3h$ihQCs64(128),2014 41 NHAN THLTC, T H A I DO, H A N H VI XA RAC CUA NGLTCil DAN D T H I THANH PHO HA NOI: THLTC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP NGUYEN THj KIM HOA* DINH PHUONG LINH*' \ Mddau Vipt Nam dang dupe ddnh gia la mpt qude gia day tiem ndng ciia Ichu vyc Dfing Nam A, cang thu hiit dupe nhieu nhd ddu tu nude ngodi ciing nhu khdng dinh dupe vi the tren trudng qufic te Vdn dfi ddt eho Viet Nam hifin la lam thi nao dl vira phdt trifin kinh te - xa h§i, vira ddm bdo dupe sy phdt trien ben vftng Nhieu quoe gia tren the gifii, sau phan dau dgt dupe myc tieu phat trien kinh tfi dd phdi bd rit nhilu efing sire vd tien bge de giai quyet nhung hgn che ciia sy phdt trien khfing ben vihig Mfit nhihig hgn che ro rpt vd phfi bien nhdt chinh td vdn dfi rdc thdi vdfinhiem mdi trudng Theo sfi lieu thfing ke cua Tfing eye Mfii truomg, Bp Tdi nguyen va Mfli truomg (2013), hipn tflng lupng chat thai ran sinh hogt tgi Vipt Nam udc tinh khodng 12,8 trieu tin /ndm, dd khu vyc dfi thj Id 6,9 trieu tdn/ndm (chiem 54%) luang chat thai rdn edn lgi tgp trung tgi eac huypn ly, thj xa, thj tran Du bao tong lupng chat thdi rin sinh hoat dfi thj den ndm 2020 sfi Id khoang 22 tripu tin/ndm Nhu vay, vdi luong gia tdng chit thai rin sinh hoat nhu tren thi nguy eofinhiem mfii trudng vd tde ddng tdi siic khoe cpng dfing la rdt ddng bao dpng (Thyy Anh, 2014) Bdi vifit nhdm myc dich phan tieh nhdn thtic, thai dp hanh vi xd rac cua ngudi dan dd thj thdnh phfl Ha Npi nhu la yeu td cd anh hudng ton nhdt den hien trang rac thai tgi dd thj thdnh phd Hd Npi, tir dfi dua nhiing khuyin nghi giiip nang cao hieu qud eua hoat dpng qudn ly rac thdi dya vdo cfing dfing hipn Bdi vifit sii dyng dir lieu dinh lupng vd djnh tinh lien quan din hanh vi xd rdc ciia hai nhdm dfii tupng la ngudi dan tai Ha Npi va nguoi dan ngogi tinh di cu vao Ha Npi ciia de tai "Nhan thirc, thai dp, hanh vi xd rdc cua ngudi ddn thj Ha Npi, xay dung gidi phdp dya tren kinh nghiem eua San Jose, California, My" Khoa Xd hpi hpc, Dgi hpc Khoa hpe xd hfii va Nhan vdn, Dgi hpc Qufic gia Hd Npi vd Dai hpc San Jose State phfli hop thyc hipn vd duac tdi trp bfii Quy Pliat trien Khoa hpc vd Cflng nghp Qufic gia (Nafosted) Bdi viet ndy sii dyng mpt phan sfi lieu cua de tdi nghifin ciiu, phdng vin ngudi dan tgi phudng trfin dja bdn quan Hoan Kiem, thdnh phfl Ha Npi la phudng Hdng Md, phudng Hang Bdi vd phufimg Chuong Duong Phuang phap chpn mau ngau nhien dupe ]^ PGS TS, Khoa Xd hpi hpc, Dgi hpc khoa hpc xd hpi & Nhdn vdn Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd ThS, Khoa Xd hpi hpc, Dgi hpc Khoa hgc xd hpi & Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Npi 42 Nhdn thirc, thdi dp, hdnh vixd rdc cua nguai ddn dp thf thdnh phd lya ehpn dp dyng Cdc phuang phdp nghifin ciiu xa hpi hpc ey thfi bao gfim: dieu tra bdng philu dilu tra (300 philu dilu tra ngudi ddn tgi Hd Npi vd 100 philu dieu tra ngudi ngogl tinh di eu vdo Ha Npi); phdng vin sau (20 can bp cde ban ngdnh dodn thi cap phudng, 20 dgi dien hp kinh doanh buon ban, 10 ngudi ban hdng rong tai Hd Ndi; thdo ludn nhdm tap trung (3 nhdm cdn bp cfing nhdn vien cae ngdnh dodn thfi cap phudng, nhdm td trudng tl dan phfi) Ngodi ra, nghien eiiu ciing phan tieh cdc vdn bdn ludt lifin quan den bao v? mfli trudng tgi Vipt Nam, cdc nghien eiiu vd ngodi nudc ed lifin quan den chii de nghien eiiu Nhan thirc, thai dp, hanh vi xa rac cua ngirdi dan thi Ha Npi Nhpn thuc Nhgn thiie vl tdm quan trpng cua mfii truomg Id nfin tdng cho nhihig hogt dpng bdo vp mdi trudng ciia ngudi dan Mfii quan he gifta ngudi vdi ty nhien la mii quan h§ tryc tilp vd bipn chiing Bdi thi, khfing ngac nhien hdu hfit nguoi dan dupe hdi diu nhgn thuc dupe tim quan trpng ciia mfli trudng dfli vdi sy tfin tai vd sinh sfing cua hp, ciing nhu y nghTa eua vipc xd rdc diing noi quy dinh dfii voi vipc bao vp mfii trudng Qua dieu tra, ti 1$ ngudi ddn cho rdng vipc xd rdc diing noi quy dinh Id quan trpng/rat quan trpng chiem gan 97%, cd gid tq trung binh la 4,68 d miic y nghia rat quan trpng "Anh hu&ng hp l{iy chinh la rdc rdt bdn, duang khong duae saeh se, dnh huang true tiep den eupe song a day" (PVS, nam, 42 tudi, nhdn vien xi nghi?p) " Rde thdi sinh rdt nhieu nhiem moi truang, vi duang ho hdp rdt khdng tdt, chi nghi nhu thi vira khong ddm bdo thdm my eua duang phd, sue khoe cua nguai eung bi dnh huang" (PVS, nii, 30 tudi, phifin djch vien) Ty ngudi dan khong bilt vl nhOng quy djnh vfi xa rdc tuang dfii cao, ti I^ ngudi bilt rd rit thip (ey the: voi nhChig quy dinh vl vipc xa rdc Luat thii dfi ndm 2012, ti te biet rd la 8,3 %; luat bdo vp mfii trudng ve xd rac Id 6,5%; nghi dinh 73 - quy djnh \ix phat vipc vi pham hanh chinh Id 10,3%) Phin Idn nhung ngudi bilt ro vl cde quy dinh ndi tren tap trung d nhdm co trinh dp bgc trung cip, eao ding trd ten, d$c bi^t la ngufii ed trinh dp dgi hpe va yen dgi hpc (chilm 74%) Ti 1? ngudi dan khong bilt vl nhflng quy djnh t^p trung nhilu d nhdm cd trinh d$ trung hpc phfl thfing trd xu6i^ Thdi dp Theo nhu kit qud nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa (2014), hon 85% so ngudi dan dupe hdi tgi Ha Npi tra Idi ring hp lo ldng vd rat Io ldng trudc nhflng anh hudng cua vipc xa rdc khfing dung noi quy djnh gay Gid tq trung binh mean: 4,24 (>4,21) dgt muc 3? nghia "rit Io ling" Nft gidi ed thdi dp rat Io ling (trung binh mean 4,29 >4,21) nam gioi chi dimg tgi d thdi dp Io ling (trung binh mean 4,04 d mirc ^ nghia Io ling) Ti Ip ngudi dan d phuomg Chuang Duong cd thdi dp Io ling/rit Io ting cao nhit Nguyen Thf Kim Hoa, Dinh Phuang Linh (90,8%), d phudng Hang Md thip nhit (gin 80%), cy thfi, dfii vfii phudng Chuang Duang, Hdng Bdi, thai dp cua nguoi dan d miic "rat lo ling", thai dp eiia ngudi dan tgi dja bdn phudng Hdng Md chl d miic dp "lo ling" (4,04) Theo Cialdini va cfing sy (1990), hanh vi xa rdc xdy nhilu hon d nhung noi vfin sdn nhieu rdc thai, vd neu mpt ngudi trdng thay nhiing ngudi khde xa rdc thi ban thdn hp sfi edm thdy mufin xd rdc hon, cde rdo cdn dgo diic suy yeu di va ngudi dd cd cdm gidc hdnh dpng cua minh Id chdp nhdn dupe Tiic la, bieu hipn ciia cd nhan tinh huong thdy ngudi khde xd rdc cho thay nen tang y thirc mfii trufimg cua hp cd vftng vdng hay khfing Ngufii dan co phdn iing da dgng Ichi nhin thay hanh vi xa rdc ctia ngudi khae, dd cd bp phgn ddng ke Id cam thdy khd chiu va nhdc nhd trude hanh vi nhd nhung gdy hai eho cupc sfing xd hfii "Neu nhin thdy md chuang tai gai mdt qua thi cUng noi thoi Chir thuc vip ddy nhieu ldm, minh khong nhieu thai gian ldm de y den Di qua nhin thdy thi ndi khong tht thoi, thdi gian ddu eu ngdi vd de y nhung edi vipc day Co nguai cUng buc, ngudi la eo len dn day nhimg xong cUng chd nhgt cd, ma eiing chd khong vui cd " (PVS, nam, 42 tufii, nhdn vifin xi nghipp) " Cir buoi sdng thit 7, ehu nhgt eo mdy ngudi deo bdng di qua di lgi, nh nhin ehi ehi rde nha ndy nha nhtmg hp cUng khong muon mdt long nen cUng gopy nhp nhdng thdi" (PVS, nam, 67, phudng Chucmg Duong) Cung cd nhung y kifin cho ring, nfiu bit gdp ngudi xd rdc thi bit bupc hp phdi nhdt Igi, mang di cho khde hode Id ty minh ldm efing vipc dd: "Co se mdng nguai ta, va bdt nguai ta phdi mang di " (PVS, nft 42 tufii, kinh doanh) "Cd nhimg ngudi di duang ngudi ta xd rdc ma toi nhin thdy thi toi edng nhgt hodc hot di " (PVS, nam 67 tufii, phudng Chuang Duong) Nhung so ngudi ed nhOng phan iing mgnh, tryc tiep dfli vfii vipc xa rdc bua bdi khfing phdi la nhieu Vgy tgi ngudi dan dii khd ehiu nhung van eo ngudi khdng quan tdm, khfing nhie nhd? Cfi nhieu li khach quan, chii quan dan tdi phdn ung tren d nguoi dan Tam ly thd a, bang quan trudc nhftng ehuypn "khdng lien quan den minh" cd tfi Id nguyen ntian chii dao Rit de de mpt trd loi ring "toi quan tam din mdi truomg", "tfii thdy rdc thai cd dnh hudng tieu cyc den moi trudng", "tdi ten dn vipc xd rdc khfing diing nai quy djnh" Nhung bao nhifiu nguoi thuc sy quan tam, thue sy nhin thdy nhftng nguy co nii ro doi vdi chinh bdn thdn hp moi hanh dpng xd rdc sal quy djnh d ngudi khde, vd thi hipn tiianh hdnh dpng ngdn cdn de bao vp chinh minh va nhung ngudi xung quanh van luon la cot toi cua mpi hogt dpng 44 Nhgn thdc thdi dp hdnh vi xd rdc cua ngudi ddn dp thf thdnh phd Bang Thii a§ cua ngirM d i n d6i vin h^nh vi xA ric bira bii m^t s6 trirfrng hyp Dan Vf: % Rac xung Ric bira bSi Ric bira bai Ric tfi ciia ch9 tr€n 1€ duimg ngd/ cua nhi quanh noi in Th&i dp cua ngudi dan u6ng 1,00 Khdng Ich6 chju it Idi6 chju Blnh thufmg 26 ICh6 chju 94 Rat Ichd chiu 270 14,5 17,8 36,0 96 40,8 67.5 4,11 70,8 38,5 154 163 24,0 1,8 167 144 4,8 19 58 23,5 0,3 20 71 4,55 5,00 4,3 17 6,5 Mean (Trung blnh) 1.5 0,0 0,25 1,3 283 4,13 4,78 Nguon: Nguyen Thf Kim Hoa 2014 Phiin img chung ciia nguai dugc hoi ve van de la "kho chiu" va dac bi?t \k "rat Icho chiu" Ichi thay rac vvrt tai ctia nha/ng6 (71%), cao nhit bon truong hop Doi voi trudng b(?p co rac bua bai chg, ty 1? "rit kho chju" giam chi la 40,75%, va d6i voi rac vut ben \i duong la 38,5%; thip hem nhieu so vcri hai trucmg hgp tren DJc bi?t gia trj trung binh (mean) vol truong hgp "rac tai ngo/cila nha" co h$ s6 cao nhit 4,78; "rac xung quanh noi Sn u6ng" la 4,55 - d^u dat muc y nghia rit kh6 chju, he s6 trung binh cua hai trudng hgp cdn lai dju nho hon 4,21 va d miic danh gia 14 kho chju Tom l?i, doi voi vi?c co rac tai noi Sn u6ng va cia nha co thS anh huong trvrc tiep dSn ban than, ngudi dan thi hi$n su khd chiu cao hon so vdi trudng hgp cd rac tai chg, le dudng Hanh vi Trong qui trinh dilu tra, chiing toi nhan thiy mOt sd khu phd c6 thung r4c cong cgng, vi du nhu t^i cvim 1, d phudng Chuang Ducmg Nhung d nhflng khu dan cu khae lai khdng cd hoSc cd lit it thing rac cong cpng Hinh thiic thu gom rac true ti6p tai cua nha chi dien tai nhimg nhi d mjt dudng hoSc tai nha cd thing rac cdng cgng trudc cua nhi, vdi cic hg ngd thi cd xe rac nhd thu gom theo gid Vi the, hinh thuc xa ric ciia ngudi dan khae d nhieu khu vuc, da dang vl cich thic Nguyin Thj Kim Hoa, Dinh Phuang Linh 45 Bdng M$t s6 hlnh thih; xd rdc ciia ngirdi d9n theo khu v\fQ phirJmg, noi cir tru Dan vj: % Ndi cutru Khu vuc phudng Hlnh thijrc N=400 Dit tnidc cira nhi nhin vi£n v$ sinh din thu gom 42,5 D vio thiing ric cong cSng 28,3 £>e Ihinh dong d le/ gdc duimg/ ngd/ngich 51,0 Chd tfn hi^u bio d6 ric r6i mang di 64,0 Virtra sdng h6 4,8 Chuang Duong Hing Mi 18,5 42,1 51,5 59 71,4 82,3 107 100 13,8 49,7 37,7 0,0 55,0 55 67,3 54,0 54 202 0,8 29 149 49 29,0 28,0 60,0 78 46,0 46 84 46 Ndi khic 41,3 124 35,4 30,7 43 67 18 90 63 24 69,2 45,0 13,1 17 Qu(in Hoin Kilm Hing Bai 1,0 6,0 18 Ngudn: Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, 2014 Cd the thdy, ngudi dan song tai phuong thupc khu vyc qudn Hoan Kiem cd hinh thiic xd rdc chii yeu Id chd tin hieu bdo rac rfii mang di (64%) Hinh thue ndy xudt hipn phfi bien tai khu vyc phuong Chucmg Duong (82,3%) vd phufing Hdng Ma (71,4%) Ti Ip nguoi dan xd rae vdo thung rac cfing cpng chi chiem 28,3%, nhieu nhat tai Hang Bai (35,4%) vd Hdng Ma (30,7%), tgi phuong Chucmg Ducmg, hinh thiic it hon nhieu, cd thfi vi tren dja ban phudng Hang Md, Hdng Bdi Id trung tdm tap trung nhieu dudng phfi, dia difim du lich nen su bfi tri thung rac cfing cfing nhieu hon, so vdi tai phudng Chucmg Duong la khu vyc ven sdng Mpt difiu dang chii y rdng, van cdn hipn tupng xa rae sdng, ho , m^c dii khong nhieu (4,8%) vd chu yfiu tdp trung tai khu vuc phuong Chuang Duong Dieu ndy cd thfi Id phufing Chuong Duong cd sfing Hfing chdy qua, nen nhieu ngudi dan "tien dau viit do" Hinh thiic xd rac dupe ngudi dan thyc hipn tuong ddi phd bien (dung thii 2) la "de thdnh dong d Ifi/gdc dufing/ngfi/ngdeh" (51%), cao nhdt tai phudng Hang Bdi, thdp nhdt tgi phudng Hdng Ma Day Id hinh thtic xd rdc tfin tgi dd khd tau d Viet Nam, ngudi dan tro rdc tryc tiep vdo dong rae, noi tap ket rac d le dudng hogc cd la giiia dudng Theo nhu nghi djnh 73/2010/ND - CP quy dinh: "Phgt tiin tu 500.000 ddng din 1.000.000 dong doi vdi mpt nhimg hdnh vi chdt thai, chdt bdn hode cdc ehdt khde lam hoen ban nhd a, ea quan, trt^ sa ldm vipe, nai sdn xudt, kinh doanh cda ngudi khde"; "Phgt tien tir 100.000 dong den 300.000 dong doi hdnh vi viet rde, xdc dpng vgt hodc bdt cu vgt gi khde nai cong epng, phgt vut rdc hay rdc bdt cir nai cong cpng"; Luat Bdo vp mfii trudng 2005 dieu 52: "cd nhdn co trdch nhiem thuc hien cde quy 46 Nhgn thirc thdi dg hdnh vi xd rdc cda ngudi ddn dd thi thdnh dinh vi bdo v4 moi Imang vd gia gin v$ sinh a nai cong cgng: dd bd rdc vdo thiing chua rdc cong cgng hogc diing nai quy dinh tgp trung rdc thai" Theo do, viec de ric ddng d cac goc dudng, ngo von phd biin tai Vi$t Nam, tren thyc ti, l?i la vi phjm lujl phap S6 li$u diju tra cia nghi&n ciu cing chi ring, da sd ngudi dan dugc hdi chua c6 dugc Si ti8p cin th\rc sv vdi nhung vSn ban phip luit lien quan den vin de xi rac So ngudi tv danh gii la minh biet rd vi nhOng quy dinh phap luat niy thudng d nhom CO trinh dp hgc vin cao hoac cd noi cu tri dn dinh t^i dia phuong DiSu niy djt mot cau hdi ldn cho cong tic tuyen truyen phd bien phap luit tai dja phucmg Vi$c biSti luat ludn dugc quy dinh rit rd cac cdng vin t i cip trung uong chuySn den ting dja phuang Theo diing quy trinh dugc djt dd, ding le ngudi din phai nim dugc nhflng npi dung CO ban cua luat di cd thS d m^t chung mic nio do, diSu chinh dugc hinh vi cua minh khdng di trii luit Vice da sd nhflng ngudi njm rd luit, quy dinh lien quan den xa lie thugc nhdm cd trinh hgc vin cao lai dit mgt vin di khae ring: lieu nhung quy dinh phap luit hay li cich chung dugc tuyen truyen, phd bien da th\rc su phi hgp vdi trinh dg hgc vin va nhin thic cua phan ddng din sd Vi?t Nam hay chua? Mgt hinh thic xa rac Ichdng dung quy dinh khic li dat ric d trudc cua nhi de nhin vien V? sinh den thu gom (42,5%) Hinh thic dugc th\rc hien phd bien nhit tai phudng Hang Bai (69,2%) Hinh thic vit rac dugc ngudi dan cu tri tai quan Hoan Kiem th\rc hi?n nhieu nhit chinh li chd tin hieu ric rdi mang di (67,3%) dd, vdi ngudi den quin Hoan Kiem lim an budn ban, hinh thic xi ric phd bien nhit chinh li de thinh dong d le/ gdc dudng/ngd ngach (55,0%) Bing M$t s6 nguyen nhin ngudi din dua dl giii thich cho hinh vi xa ric khdng dung quy djnh ciia h9 Dan vj' % X i ric khong dung Khdng cd ndi quy djnh Ihiing ric/ thiing ric dAy N=400 Phirdng dxa 32,9 15 Quin 35,5 Hoin Kilm 50 26,0 19 13,8 50,0 1,4 29 10,6 35 38,3 54 15 30 33,8 5,7 22,7 32 dudng dd 22 ric d gdc/ll 49,3 2,3 20,0 D i quen vit 41,9 36 14 bii/ dong ric 8,2 20,0 22,9 C6 sin 9,0 13 16 Ndicu ngirdi qua lai 17 37 Hing Bii ving 23,3 56,9 Hing Mi v^c 21,4 20,5 Chuong Duong Cd thung ric IChu 27,0 38 trii 26,9 Ndi khic 18 Ngudn: Nguyin Thf Kim Hoa, 2014 4,5 17,9 12 49,3 33 7,3 25 Nguyen Thf Kim Hoa, Dinh Phucmg Linh Nguyen nhan chu yfiu ngudi dan dua khien hp cd hdnh vi xd rde bira bdi chinh la ed sdn bai, ddng rac (41,9%), nguyfin nhdn "do khu vye vang nguoi qua lgi" cd tl nhd nhdt 9,0% Theo khu vyc phudng, ngudi ddn phudng Chuong Duong dua nguyen nhan nhieu nhat la cd sdn dong vd bdi rac d dd (41,9%); tgi phudng Hdng Md, nguyen nhdn dupe dua nhieu nhat chinh la thieu ea sd vat ehdt (thifiu thung rdc/ thung rdc day) chifim 56,9% Difiu phu hpp vfii quan sat thuc tfi eiia nhfim nghien ciiu la tren dudng Hdng Lupe, thupe phudng Hdng Md, chi ed mpt thung rdc efing epng dpe sudt tuyen dudng Cung cdn dfi y rdng d nhung mdt phfi chgt chpi buon ban sam udt, ngudi dan khfing dfing y cho ddt thung rdc efing epng trudc mat tifin cua cdn hp hay ciia hipu Dieu dudng nhu lgi cd sy ddng y ciia chinh quyen phudng vi hogt dpng bufin bdn nhd ddng gfip rdt torn eho ngan saeh dja phuang Vi du phd Hang Dieu, quan Hodn Kiem, Ha Npi chi ddi vdi trdm met, hogt dfing bufin bdn hay buon bdn via he moi ndm npp thue "chinh thdc" gan chyc ty dong - nghia la chiing 1/3 khodn chi ngan sdch dia phuang cho dau tu vd phdt trifin cua thdnh phd Da Ndng ndm 2007 (Quyfit dinh cfing b6 efing khai quyet todn ngan sdeh phfi Da Ndng, 2008), day la ehua ke nhiing khoan "khfing chinh thiic" Tai phudng Hang Bdi, nguyfin nhan chinh dupe ngudi dan dua la thdi quen vut rdc d noi thuong hay viit (50%) Theo ncri eu tni, ed thfi thdy so ngudi dan tir ncri khde dfin quan Hoan Kiem den lam an budn bdn dua ti "co sdn dfing rdc d do" chifim ti cao hon Mpt nguyen nhdn khde ciia thdi quen xd rdc le phfi xudt phdt tii dde thii nghe nghipp cua nguoi dan khu vyc la kinh doanh ciia hdng, cua hipu hay bufin bdn via he Do dipn tich noi buon ban chgt chpi, khdng cd noi tich rac nen ngudi dan thudng viit rde le phd "cho gpn" Da phan ngudi vut rac la nhung nguoi lam thue cho chinh cac eiia hang ndy Phia sau eac eiia hang budn ban lgi thuong cd cae cum dan eu song tap trung Nhirng hp dan thudng chiia tgm fdc eac tiii nilon, chd den gid thu gom thi mang xe rac, ho^e chd dfin tfii roi "qudng" le phfi Ly chinh hp dua dfi giai thich cho hdnh dpng ndy Id: nhd d sau ngo khfing nghe dupe tifing keng ciia xe thu gom, ho^c nghe keng xach tui rdc chgy den mat duong thi xe gom rdc dd di xa Giai phap cai thifn nhan thirc, thai dp, hanh vi xa rac cua ngudi dan thi Tdng eir&ng tuyen truyen De thyc hipn su kfit hpp ndi trfin mdt each hdi hda vd hpp ly khdng phdi mpt ntii^m vy de dang Nhu ket qua nghien eiiu da ehi ra, cd mpt khoang each giGa y thiic ngudi ddn vd hanh vi cua hp vipc xd rae Nguyen nhan Id ngudi dan cd nhgn thiie ehua sau sdc ve ca che tde dpng cua rdc thai khfing dupe xii ly diing each den cu$c song ciia hp ciing nhu chua cd hieu bifit rd rang vfi nhung quy djnh ludt phdp, che tai xir ly vi ptiam doi voi hdnh vi xa rdc khfing diing noi quy dinh Liie nay, vdn dfi nang eao nh§n thiic cho nguoi dan cang trd thdnh mpt yeu cau edp thiet vd cfing cy tfii uu nhat de thyc tiipn nhiem vy van lufin la: tuyen truyen, gido dye ndng eao nhgn thiie ngudi dan vfi van dfi xd rdc Vipc tuyfin truyfin cd thfi dupe thyc hien d nhung noi tap trung ddng nguoi trfin dia bdn, cac ca quan dan vj, cac h$ gia dinh, eac diem d^t thimg rae tdn d cdc khu nhd 48 Nhgnlhuc ihdidd, hdnh vixd rdc cua ngudi ddn da thi thdnh ngo ngich Npi dung cua cdng tic tuyen truydn cd thi bao gdm nhidu vin de Trong dd, bao gom phd biin cho ngudi din mgt cich cu thi vi nhflng tic hai cia rac thii khdiig dugc x i ly ding cich ddi vdi sic khde va ddi sdng sinh ho?t cung nhu cin nang cao hieu biit cua ngudi dan vi ngi dung cic luat, quy dinh lien quan din xa lie, cic ehe tii, mic x i phat doi vdi ting lo?i hanh vi xi ric khdng dung noi quy dinh va long ghep giio dye mdi trudng vao chucmg trinh hgc chinh thic Cae to chic mdi trudng vi nhi trudng cin cd s\r kit hgp chat che nhim dua nhflng phucmg phap giing d?y cd hieu qua cao Hinh thic giang d?y cin cd nhiiu tranh vi, giio cu tryc quan sinh dgng, tang cudng cdc hoat ddng ngoai khoa bd ich D|c biet li cin cd nhung khuyin khich cung nhu ngi quy ii ning cao y thic, hinh thinh thdi quen phan lo^, tii s i dyng, vit chit thai ran ding noi quy djnh khudn vien trudng hgc Mgt ndi dung nfla can quan tam la to chic hudng dan cich phan loai ric hai lo^ (rac hflu co, ric vd co) vi di rieng rac tai chi di bin, giam thieu ric bing each s i dung lan hay tui vai de di chg thay cho nilon, s i dyng l?i chai lg di dyng nudc, gia vj hay tao dd luu niem, trang tri Pho biin lgi ich ciia viec phan loai ric tai ngudn, giim thieu, tii s i dyng, tai che ddi vdi mdi trudng sdng cia ngudi dan cung nhu ddi vdi kinh ti va xa hgi cung li mgt ngi dung can liru y cdng tic tuyen truyen v i hinh thic tuyen truyin, ben canh phuong thuc truyen thdng la cac ap phich, hinh inh, bang rdn, khiu hieu, bii tho, bai hat, sinh dgng, de hieu, de nhd van dugc ip dyng liu nay, cin cd nhung su ddi mdi, hgc tap theo nhiing md hinh tuyen truyen dugc ip dung d cic qudc gia tien tien Vdi nghien cuu niy, nhdm nghien ciu ciing tien hinh khio sat hi^n trang md hinh chdng xi rac t^i thinh phd San Jose, Hoa Ky va cugc khao sit niy di mang Iai mdt s6 ggi y thi cho cdng tic phdng chdng xi rac tai Vi?t Nam Mgt giai phap khae nhim tSng cudng nhin thic cua ngudi din vi thay ddi nhflng hinh vi l?ch ehuan lien quan den xa rac li diu tu nang cip cie trang thiit bj ho trg moi trudng, dien hinh li thing ric Tdng cudng ddn chd at sd Hi?u qui cua cdng tic td chic su tham gia cia cgng ddng bao ve mdi trudng ndi chung vi quin ly lac thai ndi rieng phy thugc vao trinh dg, kiin thuc mdi trudng cua cgng ddng ciing nhu dia vi, chic nang xi hgi cua cdng dong Do dd, di cd dugc sy ing hg cia cgng ddng, ein thyc hi$n nghiem chinh chinh sich din chu d co sd soan thio cic van bin, trien khai cac dy in Cin phai td chic tnmg ciu y kiin ngudi din, tiip can tim hieu mong mudn, nguyan vgng cia ngudi din di nhflng chuomg trinh hinh dgng vi mdi trudng via siu sat thyc tien, via thu hut dugc ngudi dan tham gia Cin huy dgng sy tham gia cua cac td chic doan/hgi nhu Hgi phy nfl, Doin nien, Hgi ngudi cao tudi, cing tham gia vio cac hoat dgng quan ly rac thii Ben eanh dd, eic phong trao xiy dyng gia dinh vin hda, phd vin hda, ling vin hda cung nen dugc phd bien, khuyen khich rgng rii Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, Dinh Phirong Linh Tdng quyen IIJTC cpng dong Tdng quyen lue edng ddng la su phat trien sure mgnh ciia epng ddng xdy dyng mo hinh qudn ly rdc thai thdng qua viee eo quan quan ly khuyen khich, tao dieu kipn thuan lpi va trao quyen ty chu cho cdng dfing lmh vuc cu the Tdng cuong su kiem soat va tiep can cua cfing dong gidi quyfit mpt van de moi truong nao nhu viec sii dung vd quan ly tai nguyen sfi tao co hpi tfit han cho tich liiy lpi ich kinh tfi dia phuang Sy tdng eudng quyfin lye eiing cd y nghia la xay dung ngufin lye vd khd ndng cua cpng ddng de quan ly vd gidi quyfit cd hieu qud nhiing van de mdi truong ciia hp theo each bfin viing nhat Thue tifin eho thay cdc md hinh xa hpi hda ciia edng ddng quan ly rde thdi sinh hogt thdnh cfing deu can dam bao cac tifiu ehi tao quyen eho epng ddng Cd tifiu ehi tgo quyfin Id: (i) Ddn biet: biet quy dinh eua phdp ludt Viet Nam vfi su tham gia ciia epng dfing; biet phuang phdp thu gom, van chuyen rdc hpp ve sinh, dupe thfing tin day du ve hipn trgng rdc thdi cua dja phucmg (thfing qua eae hoat dpng truyfin thong, tap huan) (ii) Ddn bdn: dupe ban bae vfi eau tnie, tfi ehiic, quy md, quy dinh hoat dpng cua mo hinh, mue phi rdc vd ke hoaeh thu phi, edeh su dung phi vfi sinh thu dupe (iii) Ddn lam: ngudi dan ed quyen tham gia lam viec thyc hien mfi hinh ciia cdng dong minh (iv) Ddn kiem tra: dai dipn cpng ddng cd quyen kiem tra ddnh gid hieu qud mfi hinh, ede khodn thu chi (v) Ddn nhgn: tien cdng lao dpng hpp H, dfi bdo hiem tao dfing ddy du vd phii hpp, tlii thufic tdm vipc ngodi trdi, bdo hiem y te va bdo hiem xa hpi Kit lupn Viet Nam dang qud trinh phdt trien mgnh me, nhanh chdng d nhieu ITnh vue khae voi muc tieu trd mpt quoc gia tien tifin, vdn minh, hifin dai Dam bao ve sinh mdi truong thi, qudn ly hieu qua rac thai sinh hogt tgi cdc thdnh phfi ton la mpt nhiing tieu chuan hang dau ma Viet Nam hudng den viec hodn thien hinh dnh ddt nudc trudc ban be quoe tfi Mpt hien tupng van xay phd bien tgi thu dfi Ha Npi la hipn la hp dan, cd nhdn xd rde khong dung noi quy dinh Cd sy mdu thuan giiia hanh vi vd nhgn thde cua ngudi dan hdnh vi xd rac Nhung ngudi tre tuoi thudng xa rdc khfing diing quy dinh nhieu han nguoi gid, nhiing ngudi dinh eu lau dai tgi Ha Npi ed xu huong xd rdc diing quy dinh hon nhung ngudi cu tni tgm thdi Nguyen nhan eua vipc xd rde bira bai, gay ntiiem mfii trudng mpt phdn Id ngudi dan ehua quan tam tdi mfii truong song, nhiing thdi quen xd rdc bira bai vd hanh d$ng theo ngudi khde Idm cho mfii truong cang d niiiem hon Mdt khde, efing tac qudn \^, CO sd vat ehdt, luc lupng thu gom cdn han ehe Vipc xur phgt chua nghiem minh dfii voi hdnh vi xd rdc thdi khdng diing quy dinh Trong bdi cdnh dd, cdn co nhiing gidi phdp phii hop dfi nang cao nhdn thiic cua ngirdi dan doi vdi vdn dfi rdc thai, tdng cuong sy tham gia ciia hp ddi vdi hoat ddng qudn ly rac thai Vai trd cua dan chii co sd td vfi cimg quan trpng vd cd y nghia vipc ti§p 50 Nhgnthuc thdidp, hdnh vi xd rdc cua n^edi ddn dp thf thdnh cgn ngudi dan va huy dpng sue dan cdc hogt dpng lien quan den bdo v? mdi truong Khi ma nhiing gidi phdp ve sifit chdt quy dinh, ndng muc phgt chua thye sy mang den nhiing thay dfii ton, ede bien phdp mem mfing, mang tinh khuyen khieh hi vpng sfi mang dfin mpt tufing gid moi cho cdng cupc qudn ly rac thdi hieu qua tgi ede thi Viet Nam hipn Tdi li^u tham khao Thyy Anh 20 \A.Xuly chdt thdi rdn lgi Viel Nam: Can lam tir goc Tmy c|p l?i: http://veagov.vn/vn/quanlynit/ NguySn Thj Kim Hoa v4c0ng s\r 2013 Nhgn thuc, thai dp va hanh vi xd rdc cua ngudi ddn thi Ha Npi, xdy dung gidi phdp dua Iren kinh nghiim thdnh phd San Jose, California, Mp T4i trp bdi QuJ Nafosted, Hk Npi Robert B Cialdini et al 1990 A focus theory of Normative Conduct: Recycling the Concept of Norm to Reduce Littering in Public Places, Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 58, No 6, 1015-1026 Truy c^p t?i: http://www.personal.umich.edu Uyban nhan d ^ thinh D4N§ng 2010 Quyit djnh cdng bd cdng khai so lieu quyit todn ngdn sdch ndm 2008 Tniy c^p tgi: http://www.taichinh.danang.gov.vn ... hdnh vi chdt thai, chdt bdn hode cdc ehdt khde lam hoen ban nhd a, ea quan, trt^ sa ldm vipe, nai sdn xudt, kinh doanh cda ngudi khde"; "Phgt tien tir 100.000 dong den 300.000 dong doi hdnh vi viet... do, diSu chinh dugc hinh vi cua minh khdng di trii luit Vice da sd nhflng ngudi njm rd luit, quy dinh lien quan den xa lie thugc nhdm cd trinh hgc vin cao lai dit mgt vin di khae ring: lieu nhung... dgng vi mdi trudng via siu sat thyc tien, via thu hut dugc ngudi dan tham gia Cin huy dgng sy tham gia cua cac td chic doan/hgi nhu Hgi phy nfl, Doin nien, Hgi ngudi cao tudi, cing tham gia vio