i TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so (200) 2015 J VAN OE TIN £ ) N TRONG NGHIEN CUU DU LUAN XA HOI: Ggi Nia HUONG UNG XU VOI TIN D N TRONG TJNH HJNH HIEN NAY Dw lugn xa hdi va tin don la hign twang tim If xa hdl khdng the thiiu ddi sing i, hign Tuy nhien, hpc thuit, tin din hiim dupc nhac din va nghien ciru mot cich bii ban nhw dw luin xa hii Trong thwc ti, nhirng thiet hai tin din mang Igi da i j xiy d nhiiu quoc gia vi Viet Nam khdng phai li ngogi lg Nghien ciru, phin bigt dw ISji luin xa hoi va tin don nham dinh hwdng dw luan linh mgnh xa hdi, bic bd tin din that thigt gay bat on li yeu cau cap thiit tinh hinh hign DAT VAN o e Trong Sdi spng xa hpi hien nay, sir bung np thflng tin vpi nhirng hfl trp tpi fla ciia cac phypng tipn truyin thflng dd dat hang Ipat cau hoi: nhirng thong tin co thyc hay khong c6 thirc? co dii dp chinh xdc hay khcng chinh xdc? Cc nhij'ng thflng tin ban dau vS mpt s y kiSn, van de xd hpi dypc bao dam chinh xdc, CO thyc, dypc xa hpi quan tdm (Hen quan den ipi ich, gid tr| ciia cdc nhcm xd hpi), tap thdnh dw luan xi hpi; cung co nhyng thong tin ban ddu chya dypc dam bac dp chinh xac id co thyc hay khcng CO thyc, dypc lan truyin vd tao them cac y kiSn trao doi khdc (them hoac bot tlnh tilt) Chung ta van chi xem dfl Id tin don Nhy vdy, d y luan xd hfli hay tin don deu xuat phdt tir nhifng thflng tin ban ddu v l mpt sy kien, van de xd hpi cc thyc hoac/vd khong cn thyc Boi vay, nghien eii'u v l dy ludn xd hgi, khong the khong nghien cCru tin dfln Vdy, the nao la dy ludn xd hfli? T h l ndo la tin dfln? Tryo'c mfli thong tin dypc truyin tai - tilp nhdn, Idm t h l ndo de phdn biet dfl Id dy luan xa hpi hay tin dfln? Nfli dung bdi vilt se phan tich nhyng ddc diem cua tin dfln cdi nhin dfli sdnh vpi dy luan xd hfli, tir gpi mp hyong Crng xCr vo'i tin dfln tinh hinh hien DU" LUAN XA HOl VA TIN D O N Trypc phan biet nhirng ddc diem ridng ciia d y luan xa hoi vd tin dfln, chung toi xin khdi lypc mpt s6 vdn d l co ban cdc quan diem, nhdn thu'c v l dy luan xa hpi va tin d i n nhy sau: 1.1 Dy luan xd hfli (Public Opinion) Phan Tdn Tien sT Vifin Thfing tin Khoa hgc xd hOi Nghifin cuu ndy ducpc tdi Irp' bo'i Quy Phdt tridn Khoa hgc vd Cfing nghfi Quoc gia (NAFQSTED), md so de tdi 13.4-2011.09 Da CO rdt nhilu djnh nghTa v l dy ludn xa hpi VO'I cdc quan diem vd cdch tilp can khdc Tham chi tai nhD'ng hfli nghj Io'n tdm quflc te cung tirng co quan PHAN TAN - VAN oe TIN B O N TRQNG NGHIgN diem cho rang "khflng cfl cdi gpi Id dy ludn xd hpi" (R.C Binkley, 1928, tr 390)''' Trong mpt miic dp nghien eii'u nhdt djnh v l dy ludn xd hoi, chung tfli dya djnh nghTa sau: ' D y ludn xd hpi Id phire hpp y kiln thap ludn, phan ty, ddnh gid, kiln nghj, yeu sdch, giai phdp cua cdc nhom xd hpi v l nhirng vdn d l xd hpi xay lien quan den lpi ich vd gid trj quan tdm" (Phan Tdn, 2014, tr, 63) VO'I dinh nghTa ndy, chung ta co the hiiu nhy sau: 1) Dy ludn xa hpi Id p/iiic hop cdc y kiln typng tdc voi qua qud trinh thao luin t h l hidn nhdn thu'c, tinh cdm, y chi cua cdc nhflm xd hfli V kiln dypc cdc cd nhdn trao doi tro thdnh y kiln chung, cd nhdn trfl' thdnh ngyo'i mang dy ludn 2) Dy ludn xd hfli cfl the chT id dinh gii, phin xet hoac kiin nghi, hodc dya yiu sich, giai phip Khi dy ludn chi md'i ddnh gid, phdn xet, chya dya dypc kien nghj hodc yeu sdch, giai phdp thi qud trinh ciia dy ludn xd hpi chya hodn thdnh 3) Dy ludn xa hpi cc the co nhilu y kiln khdc nhau, tham chi dfli ldp nhau, tao thdnh cdc luong y kiln thudn chilu, trdi chilu 4) Dy luan xd hpi co t h l id ^ kiln cua da so hodc thilu s6 y kiln dypc mpt nhnm cong chung tranh ludn vd dong thuan v l cp sp lpi Ich hclc/vd gid tri md hp quan tdm 5) Chi CO nhirng van d l , s y kipn, hien typng xd hfli lien quan d i n lpi Ich dypc quan tam cua nhilu ngyp'l mpi cp kha nang taP d y luan xa hpi (/p/ ich Id oa sd de xudt hien cdc tranh luan) 6) Gid trj vd chuan myc la can cy md du ludn hypng d i n 1.2 Tlndnn (Rumpr) Chp den nay, nhD'ng nghidn cu'u sdu ve tin dfln hdu nhy van cen kha vdng bong Co mpt djnh nghTa co the dypc xem la kinh diln cua Petersen vd Gist (1951, tr 159) v l tin dfln van thyfl'ng dypc nhac d i n trpng cde nghien ciru v l dy ludn xa hpi chp rang: "Tin dfln" (Rumor) dypc cap mpt cdch thflng thyfl'ng nhdt la thflng tin chya dypc xdc minh hodc loi glai thich v l cdc s y kien, lan truyen tir ngyo'i ndy sang ngyfl'i khdc vd lien quan den mpt doi typng, s y kidn hodc vdn de cflng Chung quan tam" (Rumor, in general usage, refers an unverified accpunt cr explanation of events, circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object, event, or issue of public concern) Mflt djnh nghTa khac dypc trich ddn kha nhieu tren cdc bdi vilt lien quan: Tin dfin Id nhyng thflng tin dypc truyin mieng tir ngyfl'i ndy sang ngyo'i khdc mpt cdch khflng chinh thu'c, chya nam ro nguOn goc, chya dypc dam bao v l tinh chinh xdc vd dypc nhilu ngyfl'i quan tam Qua nhyng bdi vilt vd cdc nghien CD'U di tryp'e md chung tfli tap hop dypc, tin den dypc hieu nhy sau: - Tin don de xay xa hpi quan tdm vd lo ngai v l mpt qud khD' hay mpt sir kipn dypc mong dpi, Xd hpi vpi co chi kiem sedt thilu thflng tin chinh thD'c va Icri giai thich thca ddng cDng de ldm cho tin d i n gia tang TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI so (200) 2015 Tin don hinh thdnh ban ddu khflng dypc xac minh hoac ghi nhdn bdng mpt kenh t m y l n thflng chinh thu'c; cp c h l lan truyin ban dau cua nfl thyfl'ng id qua truyin mipng, qua cac trang mang xa hpi phi chinh thirc, vd nfl cDng dypc thap luan phi chinh thu'c sy quan tdm cua cac cd nhan cfl xu hyfl'ng gia tang Cong chung ciia tin don d y p c mfl' rpng ca nhO'ng ngyfl'i ban ddu von khflng quan tdm nhO'ng ngyfl'i dypc chuyen tu' nhcm thap luan ndy sang nhflm thap luan khac, vd thyfl'ng dypc cung co bdng each trich ddn nhO'ng ngufln dypc oho Id chinh thong - Khi mpt tinh huflng cfl van d l , thu hDt s y quan tam cua cong chung nhyng lal thilu vang thflng tin ly giai dd dypc k i l m chu'ng, chinh thu'c vd thuyit phuc thi cdch ly giai chya dypc kilm chu'ng, khflng chinh thu'c va cc phln "bdn tin, ban nghi" se Id ca so' d l xudt hien tin d i n (Le Van Hao, 2012) Tin dfln v l cp ban id k i t qua cua vi^c bdp mdo nhdn thDc vd giao tilp bang \d\ noi ddn phwang VI vdy khflng cfl nhD'ng thay dpi xay trpng qua trinh thap ludn phi chinh thu'c Cdc cd nhan lan truyin tin den d i n mot loat ngypi khdc, nhflm khac, tat nhien ngyfl'i ta khflng t h l dya cdc phien ban tin dfln khdc nhau, nhyng nfl lai dypc them thdt cdc chi tilt dype truyin tu' ngyfl'i sang ngyfl'i khdc Do khflng phai de tri nho cua ngyfl'i truyin dat md Id the hien nhO'ng ky vpng, nfli sp hai, lo du, thu djch va khat vpng cua ca nhdn hp vd xa hpi Sy phdt trien vd lan truyen tin dfln lien quan d i n vi#c giai thich, thao luan, suy dcdn vd typ'ng typng mpt each sang tao - Sy bop meo cua tin dfln dypc giai thich rang: vo'i mflt ngypi, vai trfl ngyfl'i lan truyin, co the quan tdm d i n tin d i n nhilu han o' vai trfl ngyfl'i nhdn, Uy tin cua ngyfl'i lan truyin se cae hpn n l u nhy cau chuyen dypc ke co ve chan thyc Ngyfl'i lan truyin co du dong lyc de quen nhyng chi tilt khiln cdu chuyen trfl" nen mp hfl, dflng thai nhdn manh nhD'ng chi t i l t khiln nfl hpp ly, vd d l dya vdo nhyng chl tilt chirng thyc mfl'l Trong qua trinh truyin mieng, mpt sfl chi tilt cua tin dfln cfl the giam xuing, nhyng mpt sp chi tilt khdc lal bj phong dai len Nhilu tryfl'ng hpp, chii t h l Ian truyin tin don cfln su' dung phypng tien truyin thflng mpt cdch hpp phdp d l lira bip nhO'ng ngyo'i ca tin Khi tin dfln dypc "chinh thflng hfla" tren bde chi, vd'i sire manh vfl bien cija cac phypng tien truyin thflng dai chDng, nfl tro' thdnh "qua bom" cfl sire cong pha khung khilp, - Trong cdc tin dfln noi chung cfl nhilu tin dfln khflng xdc thyc, mot s6 tin dfln xdc thyc, mpt so khdc chira dyng cd y l u tfl: Nhilu thflng tin chi t i l t tin dfln Id sai lech nhyng van de md no d l cap lai Id cfl that (Le Van Hao, 2012) Ngay ca tin don Id sai hodn todn thi nfl v l n chu'a dyng mpt dang "sy thdt", bo'i nfl cho Chung ta bilt r ing co mflt chuyen gi dfl dang dien vd dfli hoi cdn phai xu' ly Tin d i n lien quan d i n hau h i t cdc ITnh vyc nhy chinh tri, tdi chinh, tfli pham, trdt t y xa hfli, thj tryfl'ng, nghp thuat Tin don thyfl'ng gpi len nhilu lien tyang cam xDc, hap d i n , ky quae, ky la Bai vay, tin dfln cfl nhilu cam xuc han dy ludn, Tdm ly ddm dflng vd hdnh dflng thep tam PHAN TAIM - VAN ee TIN B N TRQNG NGHIEN CiftJ ly ddm dong d l xay lu'C thi vd manh liet, Khi cflng chung phan irng bdng tinh cdm VO'I mpt vdn d l , sy suy dndn va typng typng se dypc khai day Tin dfln phan dnh lam trang bat an ndc cua ngyo'i ddn Tin dfln lieu cyc thypng de dypc lan truyin han tin d i n tich cyc Nhom, cd nhdn cdng noi tilng, id "ngyo'i cua cflng Chung" thi cdng d l id muc lieu md tin dfln nhdm d i n Phdn Io'n cdc tin dfln deu mang tinh chat "phd" nhilu han Id "xdy" Tin d i n co t h l khiln mflt doanh nghiep sat nghidp, cung cfl t h l guc uy tin mpt cd nhdn - Dam dong nac danh la chCi the cua tin don; moi ngyfl'i den lypt minh d i u cfl the tra thdnh mpt ngufln c h l biln tin va phdt tin (Trdn Hyu Quang, 2003, tr 40), vai kilu "nghe nhilu ngyfl'i noi rdng" Cung bo'i nac danh nen rat kho tim dypc ngypi chju trdch nhiem v l npi dung md hp truyin dat 1.3 Phan bidl lin dfln vd dy ludn xa hpi, mfli quan he giya chung - Dy lugn xd hpi va tin dfln gilng tryfl'c h i t fl' chfl cd hai d i u id hien typng tdm Iy xd hpi Id nhO'ng k l l cdu linh than, ldm ty ddc tryng cho nhflm ngyfl'i nhat djnh V l CP c h l , dy ludn xa hfli vd tin don d i u lan truyin nhanh vd d l biln dang, Nhu cdu, Ipi ich cua cd nhdn, nhom xa hpi d i u chi phoi manh den tin dfln vd dy ludn xa hpi - Moi quan he giya dy luan xd hpi vd tin dpn vira la quan he cpng hyfl'ng vira mang tinh Ipal tru' sdu sdc Tin dfln co t h l dya tfli dy luan xd hpi hpdc khflng (tDy thupc dpi lypng khdch quan - sy kiSn, vdn d l xa hfli dyac de cap cfl that hay khong, co dypc thyc thi hay khong?) Vi du, CO thflng lin gid xang se dypc didu chinh N l u d i l u khflng thdnh hidn thyc, no chi la lin don, mirc gid vdn giu nguyen, tdt nhien khflng co dy luan gia xdng ddt hay re nu'a (vi mirc gid v l n giir nguyen) Tin dfln d i n day bi triet tieu hoac biln the trfl' bdi hpc Song n l u gid xang dypc d i l u chinh (tin co that), l i t y l u sau dfl se co nhO'ng dy ludn v l gia xang ddt re - Tin don cfl t h l xual hien tryfl'c dy ludn xa hpi Vi dy, tryfl'c thflng tin gid xdng tdng, ngyfll la xo di mua xdng , id hipu U'ng cua tin dfln Khi gid xdng da dypc thflng bdo chinh thu'c vd nidm ylt cu t h l , se khflng cfln tilp tyc d l xo dl Idm nhy vdy nu'a Luc se cd nhD'ng y kiln: nao Id gid xang ddt han dpi tryflc, xang ben My hoac Trung Quic co gia thdp hpn d Viet Nam , dfl Id dy ludn, Cfl t h l phdn biel tin don vd dy ludn xa hpi qua bang so sdnh sau (xem Bdng 1) IVIOT SO TIN D O N TIEU Bl£U & VlfT NAM THO'I GIAN QUA Phai thira nhdn rdng, ngyfll ddn hien dang thyc sy chao dao vo'i du nguin thong tin trai chilu, cac tin d i n khflng ro can nguyen Tin dfln xudt hien nhilu nhat Id ITnh vyc chinh tri, tai chinh, san xudt kinh doanh, gio'i nghe thudt, vd da de lai nhO'ng hau qua khong nho - Trin thi trwdng tai chinh thyflng xuyen xuat hien cac tin don v l ndng lyc tdi chinh cua cdc cflng ly, viec sap nhap, pha sdn hay lanh dap cdc cong ty bj bdt, bfl trin NhO'ng tin don ndy da khiln cho cac san chu'ng khodn khflng khoi lao TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so (200) 2015 dap Cfl the liet ke mpt so tin d i n tieu bleu: Ngay 4/10/2003, cfl tin don "Tong giam doc Ngdn hang ACB, ong Phgm Van Thidt, tham lam cong quy, thut ket h i t sfl tien ngdn hdng roi bo tron, vd sau dp bj bat, bp tu" (Hdn Phi, 2011) Tin ndy dypc "truyin tai" vd lan nhanh nhy mpt thu' djch benh, hang loat khdch hdng cua ACB da un un keo den rDt tiln tai hpi sp' Bdng So sdnh giya tin don vd dy ludn xd hgi Tin d6n Du luan - TCf s u l