^ THhMG TIN KHOA HOC VA P A O TAP y V V^ MOTSOVANDE VEDAN mode TAI VA PHAT TRIEN • PGS.TS LE VAN TOAN Vien Thong lin Khoa hpc Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh C udn sdch Mdf sd vin di vi dan chii, doc tai va phat triin cua GS, TS Hd Si Quy Nhd xudt bdn Ly ludn chlnh tri xudt ban thang 4-2014 Cudn sach chia lam ba ehuong Chuong ddu md xe nhiing vdn dg cdp thiet vg lyludn Chuong cudi phdn dch nhung vdn dg hue xdcttongthuc tign Cdn chuang II, vdi sdttangday dan hon, bdn dgn nhung hign tucmg, nhiing su kien, nhiing nhdn vdt vd nhting quan he phuc tap gitia dan chu, ddc tai vd phdt ttign o mdt sd qudc gia Nhting quan niem, quan diem ttong todn cudn sdch dgu duoc ban tit gdc ly ludn, nhiing van de cd tinh thirc ttln tdt cao, dam chat thdi su Cudn sdch cho chung ta bigt nhting hign tugng ddu tien ttong lich su nhdn loai duoc gpi la ddc tdi vd dan chu cimg vdi cdc chg dp xd hdi tuong iing hinh vd trign khai nhu thg ndo LVLUAN CHfNH TR!-So 6/2014 Theo tde gia, nen dan chu Athens, nen ddn chd ddu tien cda lodi ngudi, chinh thue dupc hinh thdnh bdt dau vao ndm 510 trade Cdng nguygn, dudi thdi Cleisthenes "Luc dd, quygn luc cda mdt the che ddn chu dupc quygt dinh bdi mpt Hpi ddng phd, gdm nhiJng ngudi tu vd gidi quy tpc cd gdc ban dia Athens Cdc ky hpp Dai hdi ddng va HOi ddng Id noi dign quygt dinh mpi cdng viec cda thdnh bang thdng qua Id phieu cda cdc dai cu tti Ngay tu luc dd, chinh quygn thdnh bang dd su dung cac hinh thde phan bi$n cdng khai, bd phieu tin nhiim, phi binh ndi bo, ke ci ddi vdi nhung ngudi vira cd cdng tham gia lat dd chedd bao chda Peislstratos trudc dd Cac dot in xi chinh tri ciing dupc thao luan vd bd phigu tai Hpi ddng Co chg dn dinh va cd hieu qua den tdn Alexandros Dai dd tri vi Hy Lap vao thg ky 111 trudc Cdng nguyen cham dut mpt ttPng nhiing thi nghigm thdnh cdng nhat cua nhan Ipai vg chinh quygn tu qudn cua cdng dan" (xem chuang 1, phan 1.2.) Cd thg thay rdng, cdc hinh thuc ddn chu md nguai Hy Lap c6 dai da nghi va sii dung nhieu thg Vj li lai chi'nh Id edc hinh thuc md nhieu noi ttong xa hdi hi|n dgi dang cd gdng xay dung Trong CO chl ddn chu Hy Lap, vdi 30 nghin Uyvien Hdi ddngttongso 250 nghin cu tri, cd din khoang nghin ngudi thudng xuyen phai tham du cac cudc hpp cua Dgi hdi ddng, it nhdt la 40 ngaytiongmdt nam Day la kieu td chiic "qudc hpi chuyin nghiep" ma cung khdng nhilu nude tiln thi gidi cd kha nang thue hien Bang tham van ve cdng viec ciia thdnh bang Athens hdng ndm cung cd tdi nghin cdng dan dupe lua chpn dl phdng vdn Ngdy nay, mdt cupc dilu tta xa hpi hpc thi nghin phieu phong vdn da dupc eoi la quymd (xemchuongl, phan 1.2.) Tac gia khdng dinh rdng: "Dan ehu Id vu huu hieu de ngan chan linhttgngIam quyen Logic tu nhiln cua quyln lire, nhu Jeanlacques Rousseau dd nhdc nhd, ludn di theo xu hudng Iam quyln, du ban ddu ddng co khoi thuy ciia quyln luc cd the la vi dan mdt cdch sdng Quyln lue khdng bi kiem sodt, khdng cd che tai ludn ludn la dilu nguy hilm Cho den nay, chira cd trudng hpp nao thdt su an todn quyen lue tuylt ddi bi roi vao tay mdt ngudi hoac mdt nhdm ngudi Khdng the dem sinh mang hay ddi song cua dgi da sd cu dan dat cupc vdo Idng tdt hay ldi hua dgo diic don thudn " (xem ehuong I, phdn 1.2.) VI ehe dd ddc tdi, cudn saeh eho chiing ta cdi nhin tuong ddi hodn chinh vl hiln tupng ddc tai, ban chdt cua dde tdi, cdc hinh thiie nha nudc dde tdi ttong lich su vd nhung he Ipy dau khd eiia nd, du ed nhung trudng hpp ddc tdi dd ed edng day nhanh su phdt triln Theo tac gid, khdi ni?m dOc tai khdng xudt hien sau khdi nilm ddn chii Trong lich su, ngudi ta ed thi thay cdc xd hdi ea mdt thdi ky dai trudc Cdng nguyen diu ngdn ngang nhung hinh anh day bao luc, hd khde, thdm chi ddm mau, du ludn dupc chip lai dirdi hinh thiie thi vi hda hay anh ea Duoc quan tdm tu Platon vd Aristorie, nhung "din thi ky I trudc CN - thi ky VI, doc tii vd chidd doc tai mdi trd thdnh cdc khdi niem tirong ddi xdc dinh vl phuong dien ehinh tri vd phap quyln, dirpc thuc tl Idm sdu sdc hon vd phong phii hon bdi nhiing su kiln oai hiing va bi ttdng eua mdt de chl hiing manh vao logi bgc nhdt ddng thdi tdn tai lau nhdt ttong lich su nhdn loai - De qudc La Ma" (xem ehuong I, phdn I.4.) Thdi dd, "Dde tai" Id mdt kilu cai tti hpp hiln dupc Viln nguyin Iao La Ma chuan y, nhdm khdi phuc lai ttat tu chinh tri dl dn dinh Dl qudc La Md Nhin ve phuong Ddng, tde gia cudn sdeh cho biit rdng, cdc chl dO chuyin ehl phupng Ddng khde nhilu, neu khdng ndi Id khde hoan todn so vdi cdc chl dd dde tai kinh dien chau Au "Ngudi diing dau tang ldp eai tri chau A d phuong Ddng gdn nhilu hon vdi xd hdi thi tuc, siie manh thdn quyen it dupc khai thac su dung, cd ddi vdi cdc nudc cd qudc giao Tuy vgy, cbl dp chuyen chl cua ed nhdn nhd vua dua trin phdp Iudt nhilu rdt vd ldi cua vuong ttieu va cua bd mdy quan lieu cua nha nudc, qudn ddi, cung rat ddc dodn, tan bgo Dieu dang ndi Id su ddc dodn, tdn bao thudng khdng he ehe gidu Id cdng cu cai tri ciia mpt ca nhan nhdt Mpt vai trilu dai nhu Tan Thuy Hoang, Vd Tde Thien Trung Qudc; Thanh Cat Tu Han d Mdng Cd; hay Tamerlane (Timur) a Tdy A cdn bi su sdch eoi la nhung hodng dl cda cdc trilu dai tan nhan, khde nhdt ttong xa hdi lodi ngudi" (xem chirong I, phdn 1.4.) Tii thue tiln lich su, tac gia khdng dinh rdng: "Den eudi the ky XX, gdn nhu khdng cdn mpt ly thuylt nao cdng nhien benh viic che dd ddc tai Nhiing LfLUAN CHfNH TRj-So 6/2014 ^ TuftNG TIN KHOA HOC VA P A O TAP kit qud rich cue cd the cd eua phuong thiic cai tri ddc tai, tten thuc tl, deu phai ttd bdng nhung cdi gid ddt nhdt vl phuong dien xd hpi, vd thudng khdng ttanh khdi dl lai nhung he luy ddn dau cho nhilu tbi he ve sau" (xem chuong i, phan 1.4.) Chuang II cua cudn sdch Id mdt kho tu Ueu vl eac che dd dan chu vd ddc tai ttln the gidi eiing vdi nhung vdn dl ve phucmg dien phdt triln Nhung tu lieu vd ciing phong phu, vua chi riit, cu thi vda chdt lpc, diln hinh eiia cdc chl dp xdhdi d Venezuela, BrasU, Peru, Chile, Nicaragua, Thdi Lan, Philippine, Xinhgapo, Dai Loan, Han Quoe vd Lien Xd thdi Stalin dd dupe phan tich va xem xit khd ky ludng Da cd rdt nhilu tu lieu quy gia va da dgng dupc tac gid khai thae, xii Iy That khd dua ede nhdn xet day du ve nhting nudc, nhiing viing Idnh thd, chl dp chinh tri - xa hdi md tde gia da phan rich mdi quan he giua phuong thiic cai tri vd kha ndng cua chiing vile thiic day hay kim ham xa hdi phdt triln Mdi su kien, hien tupng lich sii hien nhu mpt gpi y khdng de ddnh gia theo kilu mdt chilu Mdi qudc gia lai hiln nhu mpt kinh nghiim ddc thu, viia ed dilu cdn hpe theo, viia cd dilu cdn phai ttdnh xa Mdi chinh khdch duoc dl cdp tdi lai di vao lich su nhu nhiing nhdn each ddng phai phdnrichtii nhilu gdc dp ngudi (HDI) 2009 la 0,944, xIp hang 23/182 nude Su thdnh cdng ciia Xinhgapo gdn Uln vdi tin tudi cua thii tudng Ly Quang Dilu (giai dogn 1959-1990), ngudi dupc thi gidi ngudng md Tuy nhien, su dung cdc tu lieu eda Tom Plate, Devan Nair, George T.Uri Gordon , cudn sdch cho ta biit them nhiing gdc khuat cda Xinhgapo Theo tde gid, phuong thiic qudn ly cua Ly Quang Dilu ed thi la binh thudng ddi vdi mdt bd phdn ddn chiing nao dd, nhung lai la vi pham tu ddi vdi mdt bp phan cu dan khae "Kbi Xinhgapo "hda rdng", tdt ea nhung can thiep phi ly, tdn nhdn, vupt qua tham quyln cua Ly Quang Dilu lai trd cdng Iao" (xem ehuong II, phdn II.4.2.) Dl quan ly dat nuoc, Ly quang Dilu da khdng ngan ngai su dung cac thu doan ddi vdi phe ddi lap vd cd ddi vdi ddn chiing Trong vile rieu diet ddi thu cila minh, chien thuat cua dng cd thi so sdnh duoc vdi vile dung mpt qua bom nguyen tu dl tdn edng mdt mudi Cudn sach kit ludn: "Klii Xinhgapo duoc cd thi gidi nhin nhdn la mdt dao qudc thinh wrong, an todn vd ttong sgch, vdi su c6 mat cua cae tap doan da qudc gia hiing manh nhat tiln the gidi, ngudi ta thirdng chi nit kit ludn rdng, neu khdng cd mdt nhd Idnh dao nhu dng Ly, Xinhgapo se phdi mdt nhilu thdi gian hon dl dgt duoc nhung thaiih tuu ma the gidi dang chiing kiln va mudn bdt chudc Ly Quang Dieu dd mpt lan niia chiing minh cho quan dilm chuyin chinb cue doan tu ban chii nghia - Muc dich cd thi bien minh eho bien phdp, du bien phdp ay chdng hi chlnh dang chiit ndo" Chdng ban, ve Xinhgapo, cudn sach chi rdng, vao nhirng ndm 60, GDP cua nudc chi dudi 500 USD/ngudi Sau hai thgp nien, ndm 1985 GDP cua Xinhgapo la 10.811 USD/ngudi, nghia la da vupt qua ngudng bi eoi Id nude ngheo Khdng roi vao bdy thu nhdp tnmg binh vd diing Igi d dd, Xinhgapo tiep tuc phat trien va tta thdnh NIC, mdt Vl bai xd hdi cdng ciia the ky XX, ttong eon hd chau A - dilu ky dieu cua the Han Qudc va Ddi Loan, tde gia ddnh gid: "Han ky XX Din nam 2007, GDP (rinhtiieoPPP) Id Qudc la tdm guong chua tiing cd tien II 35.163 USD ddu ngudi/nam; chi sd phdt ttiln lich sii dl edc nude di sau nghien ciiu, tham LfLUAN CHfNH TRj-So 6/2014 m khao Nhung dudng tang trudng, phdt triln rdi hda rdng thdng qua phuang thiic ddc tai dl di din dan ehu d Han Qudc Id mdt qud trinh nghiet nga, ddy mdu thudn va khdng nen ddnh gid mdt cdch gian don" (xem chuang II, phan IL2.) Cdn Dai Loan, "tii tinh tiang thilu tai nguyin vdi vdi chuc trilu ngudi sdng d miic ngheo ddi, sau khodng 30 nam da "cat cdnh", hod rdng va dan chu hda Tae gia nhdn dinh, dilu thdn ky vl kinh tl Ddi Loan nen dupc coi la kem ngoan muc so vdi dilu thdn ky vl ddi sdng xa hdi Y kiln that ddng suy ngam Theo tde gid, d Dai Loan, "chinh quyen nhan gia tri eiia dan chii va ed y thiic edi biln xa bpi Cac li^c lupng chinh tri cd gdng chuyin ddi xa hdi tiong khudn khd mdt trdt tu dn hda, cai each, chu khdng each mgng Ngudi ddn dupc lam quen vdi cde gid tri ddn chu vd chdng bao lau da Iam chu dupc gia tti dan cbii Nin kinh te - xa hdi phat tiiln ndng dOng, biit phat huy ngudn li^ ngudi dd ddn din su xudt hiln tdng ldp trung Iim quan tam din vdn hda, van minh, dan chu vd tiln bp xa hdi Mdt xa hdi tdn trpng hpe vdn, ed nin gido due tien rien, cd ngudn nhan luc trinh dd cao va ddng diu, cd nin van hda kit hpp duoc truyin thdng vd hiln dai Mdt xd hdi cd ehinh the tilp thu dirpc dp luc qudc tl, chuyin tii dde dodn, dde tai sang the che dan chu vd da ghi dupfc nhiing tu tudng ndy vao Hiln phap Mdt xa hdi cd tdng Idp Idnh dao cd tidch nhiem, ddm quylt dinh; Chlnh phii sdn sang vdi mpi ttdch nhilm qudc gia va qudc tl Mpt xd hdi dan su dii truong thanh, gdnh duac cdc ttdch nhiem dan su, dilu tilt duac ede boat ddng xa hdi theo hudng Idnh mgnh Mdt xa hdi ed phdp luat nghiim vd tuong ddi edng bdng, khdng chun budc truoc tham nhung, khdng nuong nhe vdi chii nghia tu ban than buu, kilm sodt dupc tdi pham va te nan xa hdi Mdt xd hdi md vl dai thi, qudn chiing nhdn ddn trd thdnh mdt lue lupng chinh tri dn hda, ddu ttanh bdt bao dpng cho cde muc tilu tiln bp v.v." (xem ehuong II, phanIL2.) Chuang III cua cudn sdch ban vl mdt sd van dl thuc tiln - vl edi gid phai ttd cua tinb trgng mdt ddn chu; vl dan chu hda theo phuang thiic tu trin xudng; vl ttinh dp tilp nhan dan chu ciia xa hdi; vl vdn dl dpc tdi sang sudt Theo tde gid, tinh din nay, he luy cua cdc xa hdi dde tdi, du la d Han Qudc hay Philippin, d Chile hay Peru, d Nga hay Diie diu la nhung he luy vdn cdn gdy nhilu rde rdi eho su phdt triln d cdc nudc vd cung khdng kem phan true tilp dnh hudng din thi gidi Khep lgi qud khii va binh thudng hda cac quan be xa hdi khdng hdn la dilu dl dang, can phai cd thdi gian, vd cd nhiing vit thuang lai can rat nhilu thdi gian "Ngdy nay, ddc tai, todn tri, hay chuyin chl diu Id nhiing cdch thiic khdng the ting dung, du chii thi ung dung ed chan thdnh hay nhan vdn din mdy Nhung trudng hpp ddc tdi dupc coi la sang sudt, dpc tdi nhtmg tdm huylt vdi su phdt triln cua qudc gia vd dan tpc, ddc tai nhimg nhdm tdi cdc muetieunhdn van chi cd thi kl duac It di vdi qudc gia nhu Han Qude, Xinhgapo, Dai Loan va phdn nao dd la Malaysia Chi cd thi, danh sdch khdng the dai hon dupc Cdc ehinh thi dpc tai, chuyen chl khac - tat ca diu chdng nhung khdng thiic day duac su phat triln, ma cdn true tilp day xd hdi vdo nhung tinh hudng khdng mong mudn, cd vl kinh te, chinh tti, xd hdi, van hda vd dao diic, gay tai hpa va he luy cho thi he duang thdi vd nhilu thi he vl sau" (xem chuong III) VI dilu ndy, bin canh su phan tich sau sdc, tae LVLUAN CHfNH TRj-So 6/2014 ^ TuftijG TIN KHOA HOC V A P A O TAP gia da trich lai mdt khdng dinh eiia Aristotie; "khdng cd mdt lap ludn nao ma ngudi ta dua vao dd dl cho rdng minh cd quyln eai tri va bdt ke khac phai phue timg dupe xem la dung ddn Ddi vdi nhiing ke eho rdng minh cd quyln cai tri vi cd due dp hay tai sdn hon ngudi, thi da sd cd thi trd ldi dl ddng rdng chinh da sd - mdt cdch tap thi - mdi tdt hon vd giau cd hon mdt thilu sd" (Aristotle, Chinh ti7 iuan, Nxb Thi gidi, (2012), tt.l86.) Ly giai eho Iy khdng nin dat cuoc nilm tin vao su dde tai gpi la sdng sudt, tae gid cho rdng, nay, dp dieu kiln khdch quan quy dinh, "quan ly vi md khdng phdi Id su nghiep eua mdt hay mdt vai ngudi, hodc ddng hp nhu trudc ddy Viec cap nhat vaxuly thdng tin xuyen qudc gia, lien kit phdi hop su dung tri thuc, cong nghe vi kinh nghiim cua nhiiu ngudi, nhiiu vung di tim kiem cic phuang in tdi uu cho moi viec, se Idm chp edng viec lanh dao qudn Iy (xii Iy thdng tin vd quylt dinh) trd nin thuan Ipi ban vd giam dp luc cho cde chinh khdch Vl thuc chat, day la edeh qudn Iy dan chd, ddng thdi tdi im Phuong thiic cai tti ddc dodn, ddc tdi khdng ed dupe Ipi thi nay" (xem chuong III) Cudi cudn sdch, tde gid kit luan: "Dan chu can phdi trd thdnh mdt thii van hod tdn tgi mdt edeh tu nhiln, ngdm sau ttong ddi sdng xa hdi Nhiing dilu tich cue chi dd an sdu vdo ddi sdng van hod, vao phong tue, tap qudn, thi mdi cd thi coi la dd hoan thdnh vd tdn tai bin vimg, ttd thdnh nhdn td dilu chinh hdnh vi Nlu dan ehu chi tdn tai mpt each hinh thirc, hdi hpt, hoac chi nhu mdt thir tiang tri, td ve cho ve bl ngoai ciia xa hdi thi nd khdng thi tgo edc quan he dan su thuc su ed siie mgnh, lam nhilm vu dilu ehinh hanh vi xa hdi va bao ve xa hdi tiong gid phut Lf LUAN CHfNH TR!-So 6/2014 hiem ngheo Su kien Liln Xd va Ddng Au sup dd ehi rd, ehl dp xd hdiXHCN d eac nude nay, ttln thue te thilu cdc quan he thyc su dan chu lam co sd rinh than cho su bin viing cua che dp Do vay, ddn ehu chua ttd van hod dilu ehinh hdnh vi xd hdi vd tu bdo vl xa hdi, chua trd thdnh vu ciia qudn ehung Todn bd su tdn vong cda ehl dp ehi trdng vdo sire mgnh ciia bd mdy quyln luc Bd may dd la chl dp chdng cdn Vi thi, hdu qud nguy hilm nhdt cua mat ddn ehd Id su mit kha nang de khang cua xa hoi trudc su tdn cdng eua ke thu" (xem phdn kit ludn) Cdn rat nhilu dilu cudn sdch md toi chua the gidi thieu hit vdi ddc gid Vd vdi he vdn dl ndy, lgi cling edn nhilu hon thi nhung dieu ma cudn sach ehua kip dl cap hay chua ed dilu kiln dl ban ludn Nhung, nhiing dieu ma tac gia da Iam that ddng ttan ttpng Su tim tdi, khao eiiu cua tac gia rat nghiem tuc, cdng phu Nhiing sd Ulu, nhiing trich ddn, nhiing ngudn tu Ueu da khai thae rat da dang, phong phu va cd dp chuan xdc vd tin cdy rdt cao Tinh thdi su ciia cdc hiln tupng vd du li^u cung rat cap nhgt Trong cudn sdch chiing ta ed thi bdt gap nhiing tde pham mdi nhdt ciia Tom Plate, David Held, Amartya Sen hay Ly Quang Dilu , nhimg sd lieu mdi nhdt ciia World Values Survey, WB, IMF hay Democracy Index Tinh khoa hpc cua viec xu ly cdc dii Ueu chdc chdn se gdp phan lam nen gid tri cuon sdch Them vao dd, la van phong, lap luan va diln dat chuan muc Tbeo tdi, cudn sach Id mdt so khdng nhilu tac pham Iy luan vilt vl nhiing vdn dl khd, phlic tap ma lai dup^ trinh bdy bdng ldi diln dat gian di, kiem ngdn, mach lac vd sdng Hau nhu khdng cd menh dl ndo khdng rd nghia Khai niem, phgm trii, thudt ngu thudng la rdt chdt lpc •