Một số vấn đề về nam tính và nghiên cứu nam tính ở Việt Nam.pdf

Nghi&n c\lu Gia dinh va Gi6i So -2014 Mgt so vanfleve nam linh va nghien ciiu nam tinh oi Viet Nam Nguyen Ha Dong Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Tdm tat: Dua vao tong quan cac nghien ciiu ve nam tfnh Viet Nam, bai viet chi rang nghien ciiu nam tinh cf Viet Nam van nhieu khoang tro'ng Cac nghien ctfu ve nam tinh hien tap trung nhieu vao mo ta cac khia canh tieu cdc ciia nam tfnh nhu sU tho'ng tri ciia nam gi6i vfli nhiing hanh vi bao lUc ciing nhli cac hanh vi nguy cd cao nh§.m bieu hien nam tinh nhU sii dung thuoc phien hoac ngoai tinh, cac bieu hien nam tinh du5i goc dp vai tro tru cot kinh te' va sU Ua thfch trai chUa dUOc chii y nhieu, Vi vay, viec thuc day cac nghien ciiu theo hudng can dUdc chii y thdi gian t6i, Tii khoa: Gia dinh; Nam tinh; Vai trd tru cot kinh te; SU Ua thich trai Nam tfnh la mdt khai nidm gay nhidu tranh cai Cho den tan nua sau eua thd'ky XX, nam tfnh thucmg duge hinh dung nhu mdl yd'u td mang tfnh ban nang va dn dinh, the' hidn mdi quan he gidi theo khfa canh sinh hgc Sau each tid'p can nam ti'nh dudi gdc van hda va xa hdi d^n trd ndn phd bid'n va ciing gid'ng nhu nif tfnh nam tinh dan thoat Iy khdi stJ khac bidt ve mat sinh hgc Quan nidm ve nam tfnh va cac hanh vi theo khudn mSu gidi didn mdt bdi canh van hda nhat djnh, cd nhimg khac bidt nha't djnh theo khong gian va thdi gian Dua tren cac nghidn ciiu g^n day Nguyen Ha Dong 47 vd nam tfnh, bai vid't se phan tfch mdt sd dac did'm vd nam tinh nghidn ciiu nam tfnh d Vidt Nam va nhiing va'n dd dat Vai net ve nam tinh Nam tfnh duge dinh nghTa la thugc pham tru eua van hda (John Beynon, 2002: 2) va khdng gen quy dinh Connell (2005b: 77) cho rang nam tfnh khdng phai la mgt su vat hay ddi tuong eu the ma la mdt tap hcfp cae qua trinh va quan he Theo Connell thi cac chuan muc vd nam ti'nh dugc hinh gan lien vdi cac chuan muc ve nir tfnh va quan he gidi Noi each khac qua trinh hinh nam tfnh dti ngudi dan dng tao nhung khdng thd taeh rdi ngudi phu nu va cac chuan mue vd nir tinh Brittan (1989: 3) ciing khang djnh md'i quan hd g^n gui giira nam tfnh va nu linh Vi vay, de hidu nam tfnh, c^n ddng thdi xem xet cac quan hd gidi va nii tinh Didu dang luu y la dti quan nidm ve "ngucri dan dng dfch thuc" CO su khae bidt d eae ndn van hda khae va su nam tfnh cd the' duge bidu hidn dudi nhieu hinh thLi:c khac nhau, nhung phd bid'n nhat van la hinh thiie nam tfnh mang ti'nh chat dgc quyen, chuydn chd', dd ngudi dan dng chid'm uu the' va phu nii bj phu thude vao nam gidi (Robert Connell, 2005: 82) Reeser (2010: 10 20) ly giai nam tfnh theo mdt gde nhin rdng hon tai dd nam tfnh dugc djnh nghia la mgt he tu tudng kidm soat va quan ly each thiic ngudi dan dng suy nghT va hanh ddng Brittan (1989: 4) cOng tan quan mem va dinh nghTa nam tfnh la "mdt he tu tudng nham hap ly hda va tu nhidn hoa su thdng tri ctia nam gidi" Nhu vay, he tu tudng vd nam tfnh khang dinh sir thd'ng tri ciia ngudi dan ong ddi vdi ngudi phu nti theo each co gang tu nhidn hda sir thdng trj nay, Tac giii khang djnh khai nidm nam tfnh khdng cd djnh va cd xu hud'ng khae bidt theo thdi gian va cac vung/khu \uc khac (Arthur Brittan, 1989: 2) Tuy nhidn, nhu Todd Reeser (2010: 27-28 nhan djnh cho du nam Ifnh khdng cd linh cd djnh thi quan nidm vd nam linh eung khd thay ddi vi nd thudng gan bo chat che vdi bdi canh ciia cae ndn van hda Rdng hon, tim hidu ve nam tfnh cac bdi eanh eae ndn van hda khae trdn thd'gidi, Gilmore (1990: 9-10) chi rang eae hanh vi tren CO sa gidi cd su khae bidt va dugc ehuan hda bid'n ddi phu hgp vdi ttmg xa hgi Co ra't nhidu chu^n muc khac quy dinh each thirc cac ca nhan himh dgng de ird mdt ngudi dan dng Tuy khdng ed mdt each hidu chung ve nam tinh nhung nhin ehung hinh anh mgt ngucri dan ong thudng dugc md la theo ba tidu ehf: (I) ngudi bao vd gia dinh; (2) ngudi kiem tidn; \'a (3) ngucri cha sinh hgc (David Gilmore, 1990: 222-223) 48 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 46-57 Nhin ehung, vai trd kidm tidn thucmg dugc coi nhu la yd'u td co ban dd phan bidt giiTa nam tfnh va nu tfnh khdng chi d cac nudc phuong Tay ma cdn d r^t nhieu nudc va vung lanh tho khac tren thd'gicri De trcr mdt ngudi chdng va ngucri cha gia dinh, ngudi dan dng dugc ky vgng se trd ngudi kid'm tien ehfnh Mdt ngudi dan dng nd'u kd't hon vi tien se bj cgng ddng chi trfch va bdu xa'u ngudi phu nu fl bj phe phan ban nd'u roi vao tinh hudng tucmg tu (Helen Hacker, 1957) Quan trgng hon, nhiing gia dinh cd ngudn thu nhap cong vide va sd tien ngudi dan dng kidm dugc thudng duge coi trgng han Khi lam ciing mdl cdng v\tc, nam gidi cung thudng dugc tra luong cao hon phu nti VT vay, quan niem vd vai trd tru cdt eua nam gidi khong chi the hidn nidm tin ve uu the bam sinh ciia nam gidi dd'i vdi vai tro tru cdl kinh te so vdi nu gidi ma edn phan anh su tdn vinh gia tri cua Iao dong nam trdn thj trudng Iao dgng (Arthur Brittan, 1989: 114) Cdng vide la mdt phan khung bieu tuong gidi va la mdt bidu tugng truydn thdng cho Idng tu trgng cua nam gidi mgt sd nudc phuong Tay, cd mdt cdng vide dn djnh da trd mgt ehi sd' co ban hay mgt su kidn quan trgng danh da'u su chuydn bid'n tir thdi ky tho a'u sang giai doan ngudi dan dng trudng (Chris Haywood & Mainin Ghail, 2003: 21-22) Do dd tao dung mdt su nghidp cdng va CO ngudn thu nhap tdt thudng dugc xem la nhtmg yd'u td co ban de phan biet giua nam gidi va phu nir (Filippo Osella & Caroline Osella, 2000; Robert Connell, 2005: 20,31), nguge lai, that nghiep bj eoi la su de dga nghidm trgng dd'i vdi sir the hidn nam tinh (Arthur Brittan, 1989: 187) Quan nidm vd nam Ifnh ciia Gilmore (1990) bj Haywood va Ghaill (2003: 86) phd phan vi hg cho rang each nhin nay, su khac bidt ve mat sinh hgc duge eoi hem su khac bidt vd mat van hda, ddng thdi da bd qudn cac didu kidn kinh te, xa hgi cua ttmg khu vue cu thd Cach nhin cua Gilmore ve nam gidi vdi tu each la ngudi cha sinh hgc vd'n khdng phd bie'n eae phan tfch ve nam tfnh Cach tid'p can dua tren ba tidu chf vd nam tinh ciia Gilmore ducmg nhu phiic tap hon so vdi quan nidm phd bid'n vd vai tro tru cgt kinh td' eua cac nudc phuong Tay (David Gilmore, 1990: 222-223) Dolan (2002: 62) eOng phan nao ddng y vdi quan nidm ciia Gilmore khang djnh rang trach nhidm tru cdl kinh te la thid't yeu nhung khdng dii dd chiing to su trudng ciia ngudi dan dng Dd trd ngudi dan dng trudng thanh, ket hon va sinh eon ciing la nhirng lieu chf quan trgng Xu hudng toan cau hda cung vdi sir nii hda ciia Iuc luong lao dgng nhiing thap ky gan day da de dga dja vi eiia nam tfnh, dac biet la vai trd Nguyin Ha Dong 49 tru cdt kinh id'eiia nam gidi gia dinh Su suy giam kinh te'va sd lugng Idn nam gidi tha't nghidp, sir gia tang sd Iugng phu nii tham gia vao lue lugmg Iao ddng cting vdi su tie'n bd eua phu nii ve hgc va'n da lam giam bdt ganh nang kinh td' cho nam gidi nhung ddng thdi ciing de dga quan diem nam tfnh truyen thdng (Robert Connell 2005: 78) Noi each khac xa hgi dang bid'n ddi cac chuan muc van hda truyen thdng ve nam tfnh dudng nhu ft thay ddi Vi vay nam tfnh dang bj khung hoang ea ve mat khai nidm va thuc tidn Su khung hoang cua nam Ifnh cd the hidu nhu la cam giac cua nam gidi cho rang hg khdng the hoan toan nam dugc mgi thli tam tay va rang hg cam thay khdng chae ehan va lo lang vd dja vi quyen luc va vj trf eua hg (Arthur Brittan 1989- 183) Tuy nhidn phan iing ciia nam gidi kha da dang (Frances Cleaver, 2002: 4) Trong mdt sd nam gidi cho rSng day la mgt eo hdi tdt dd thay ddi quan nidm truyen thdng ve nam ti'nh va xay dung quan nidm mdi thi trdn thuc te ciing cd khdng ft nam gidi cam tha'y khd thfch nghi vdi hoan canh mdi (Frances Cleaver, 2002: 11) Tdm Iai, ed nhidu each tid'p can nam tfnh khac va khdng cd mdt md hinh cddjnh cho nam ti'nh (John Beynon 2002: 2,11-12) nhung bdi canh eua mgt xa hdi phu hd vdi anh hudng manh tir tutuong Nho giao va gia trj eon cai, dac bidt la trai, Ird mot nhiing muc tidu eo ban cua hdn nhan va ddi sd'ng gia dinh nhu Viet Nam, quan didm ciia Gilmore (1990) cd thd dugc sir dung nhu mgt tieu chuan dd danh gia ve nam tfnh Cach tiep can da tieu chf dudng nhu phu hgp hon so vdi each tid'p can vd vai trd tru edt kinh te Quan niem ve nam tinh xa hoi Viet Nam truyen thong Trong md hinh gia dinh theo tu tudng Nho giao, ngudi chdng/ ngudi eha cd quydn lue tdi cao nhung gia dinh Viet Nam dac bidt d cac tang Idp thap, ngudi phu nii cung ed nhirng quyen dang kd (Dang Canh Khanh, 2009: 145) Mgt sd cau ngii didn la dieu nhu "nha't vg nhi trdi" hoac "ldnh ong khdng bang cdng ba" (Pham Van Bich, 1999: 40) Tuy nhiing ngu khdng hoan loan phan anh can can quyen luc thuc su gia dinh nhung d mgt mttc nao dd cung didn la quyen luc va su dgc lap eiia ngudi phu nir gia dinh Tuy vay, vdi cac gia tri van hda khu vue van dang hien htru ngudi dan dng \'an la tru cgt gia dinh Viet Nam ndi ehung (Daniele Belanger 2000: Nguydn Hiru Minh, 2009: 31-32) Gia dinh Viet Nam truydn Ihdng khdng the tdn tai tach rdi nhiing anh hudng cua Nho giao (Tran Dinh Hugu 1991; 310) Theo dd nam giai dugc hudng quydn tu phu nii phu thuoc 50 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 46-57 vao nam gidi va phai tuan theo cac quy djnh khac vd dao diic - "tam tdng - tli diic" Nd'u ngudi phu nii khdng luan theo cae chu^n muc nay, hg se bj mdng chiri va nghidm trgng hon la se bi nam gicA danh dap (Phan Ke Bfnh, 2011: 77) Su thd'ng trj ciia nam gidi dd'i vdi phu nii gia dinh manh nhat a cac tang Idp tren nhimg van cd anh hudng de'n cac gia dinh binh dan d mdt mire nhat djnh (Arlene Eisen 1984: 15) Trong xa hgi Vidt Nam truyen thdng, nam tfnh thudng duoc gan vdi nhiing gi dirge cho la "tdt" va "td't hon" so vdi nir tfnh Dd trd mot ngudi dan dng trudng thanh, cd ba lieu chf co ban, ba diem mdc cua eude ddi dugc dua la "tau trau, la'y vg, Iam nha" (Khua't Thu Hdng, 1996, dan theo La Manh Cuong, 2005) Nhu vay, cac tidu chf ve nam ti'nh gia dinh truydn thd'ng d Viet Nam, vai tro tru cdt kinh te' va vide kd't hdn, sinh eon dugc xac dinh la nhiing tidu chf co ban Nam gidi duge coi la iru cdt kinh id'cua gia dinh Phu nii dii tham gia ddng gdp dang ke cho kinh td' gia dinh tham chf, la ngudi nam tay hdm chia khda nhung ngudi chu eua gia dinh van thu&ng la nam gidi Nam gidi (Idn tuoi nha't) thudng la chii hg va chju traeh nhidm dd'i vdi hanh vi eua mgi vidn gia dinh trudc cgng ddng va xa hgi Ngoai ra, ngudi dan dng eiing ganh trach nhidm su hda thuan va bdn viing eiia gia dinh ea vd khia canh vat cha't ian tinh th^n, Kie'm tien de nudi sd'ng gia dinh la trach nhidm ciia nam gidi va va'n de trd ndn nang nd hon ddi vdi trai trudng, ngudi thira kd'va la ngudi chii gia dinh ngudi cha qua ddi (quyen huynh - thd'phu) Mgi cdng vide va trach nhiem ciia ngudi phu nii ddu nham hd trg nam gidi dd tri gia dinh (Tran Dinh Hugu, 1996: 330-331) Bidu tugng "tru cdt cua gia dinh" phan anh dja vi eiia ngudi dan dng gia dinh (Hoang Lan Anh & Brenda Yeoh, 2011) Vi vay, vai tro kie'm tien la vai trd co ban ciia ngudi dan dng va la mdt nhiing tidu chf ca ban nha't de danh gia nam ti'nh Cau ngii "dan dng xay nha, dan ba xay td a'm" didn ta ro didu (Ld Thi Hdng Hai va cac tae gia, 2012) Mdt bidu hidn khac ciia nam tfnh truyen thd'ng la cd trai Theo Dardess (1991: 88), Nho giao, va'n de chfnh khdng phai la ed eon hay khdng ma la cd trai hay gai Nho giao dd eao vai Ird cua ngudn gd'c va dong hg, va cd Irai la mgt nhirng chiic nang quan trgng nha't ciia hdn nhan vi no dam bao su tid'p ndi cua gia dinh va thd ciing td tien Vi vay, khdng cd trai ddng nghTa vdi su kd't thiic cua gia dinh/dong hg va la tdi ba't hid'u ldn nhat mdt nhirng dao Iy cdt Idi dd't vdi nam gidi (Tr^n Dinh Hugu, 1996; 328) Van dd cang trd ndn Nguyin Ha Dong 51 nghidm trgng ngucri dan dng la ngudi trai trudng gia dinh bdi vi trai trudng la ngudi kd' tuc cua gia dinh va cd trach nhidm tri gia dinh, thd ciing td tidn ngudi eha qua ddi VT vay, Iim kid'm va lira chgn dau, dac bidt la eon dau ca, ddi hdi su tham gia khdng chi cua ndi bd gia dinh ma cua ca ddng tgc (TrSn Dinh Hugu, 1996: 333) Mac du phu nil chju ap luc nhidu hem nam gidi va'n de nay, nam gidi cung bj gidu cgt va phan bidt dd'i xir nd'u khdng cd eon trai Nguge Iai, ed trai se giiip nam gidi cung ed nam tfnh, nang eao danh tid'ng edng ddng va dam bao dja vi ddng hg (Daniele Belanger, 2002; Nanda Priya va cgng sir, 2012) Vi vay, cd eon trai khdng chf la ganh nang eua dai gia dinh ma ddng thdi la bidu hidn eho hlnh anh mdi ngudi dan dng dfeh thue Gia dinh hien dai, cac quan he gidi va nam tinh Cung vdi nhiing bid'n ddi kinh Id', xa hdi, gia dinh Viet Nam eung ehiu Iac ddng Idn tir Ddi mdi, dae bidt la van hda phuong Tay va nhiing quan nidm mdi ve hdn nhan va gia dinh dugc truydn ba rdng khap da't nudc qua cae phuong lien truydn thdng dai chiing (Harriet Phinney, 2008) Trong mdt sd ITnh vuc, cac quan he gidi da bie'n doi theo chieu hudng binh dang hon va hudng tdi trao quydn cho phu nir Tuy nhien, irong gia dinh, nhin chung vi trf cua phu nir van la diing phia sau nam gidi (Lucmg Van Hy, 1992:215;TineGammeltoft 1999: 198) Doi mdi dii da lam tang cae hoat ddng giai trf va thu nhap eua hg gia dinh nhimg cung khie'n trach nhidm ciia phu nir dd'i vdi gia dinh trd ndn nang ne hem (Harriet Phinney, 2008) Khong ehi nam gidi ma ca phu nii eung cho rang hg ndn tiep luc lam cac cdng viec ndi tro va khdng ndn qua tu vi didu se din dd'n rdi loan trat tu gia dinh Neu phu nii mudn tham gia vao cdng vide xa hgi, hg can phai can bang giiia vai tro gia dinh va cdng vide ngoai xa hgi (World Bank va co quan khac, 2011) Vi vay, phu nii chi dat dugc cai ggi la "binh dang cd gidi han" "BTnh dang cd gidi han" nghTa la nam gidi xiing dang ed nhidu quydn luc han va dugc ton trgng hon phu nti va phu nii cd nhidu kinh nghiem va nghTa vu hon ddi vdi cac cdng vide gia dinh Thanh cdng cua phu nii su nghidp chi dilng Iai trudc cira nha, gia dinh van la dja hat ciia nam gidi (Diana Santilian va cgng su, 2002; Sidney Schuler va cgng su, 2006) Cung vdi nhiing bid'n ddi ciia gia dinh va eae quan he gidi, bieu tugng vd nam tinh da bid'n ddi nhu the nao? Gid'ng nhu eae nudc dang phat trien khac, nghien ciiu gidi d Viet Nam tap trung vao phu nti va va'n de trao 52 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so G, tr 46-57 quydn cho phu nir Qua nghidn ctm ndi dung ciia tap chf Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi, Steffanie Scott va Truang Thj Kim Chuydn (2007) da chi rang cac nghidn etai vc gidi tang manh d Vidi Nam sau Ddi mdi nhung phan Ion mdi chi tap trung vao eae va'n de ciia phu nii Nam gidi van chua duoc quan tam nghidn ciiu nhidu va dudng nhu \-d hinh cac nghidn ciiu vd gidi Trong nhiing nam gan day, eae van de lidn quan dd'n nam gidi ndi ehung va nam tfnh ndi ridng da bat dau dugc chii y Tuy nhidn, nghidn ciru %d' nam gidi thu&ng dugc tie'p can kha dcm dieu: nghien ciiu vd nam tfnh dua trdn each tie'p can nil quydn (tap trung vao su thd'ng trj cua nam gidi, nhtmg hanh vi bao lire eiia nam gidi va anh hu&ng dd'n phu nir va gia dinh) va cac nghidn cihi sir dung each tid'p can y td' cdng cdng tap trung lim hidu cac hanh vi nguy co cao nham bidu hidn nam ifnh (sir dung thudc phidn hoac ngoai tinh) (Vti Hdng Phong, 2010) Nhu vay nhidu nghien cihi hien cd xu hudng md ta cac mat tidu cue ciia nam ti'nh gan lien vdi su chju dung ciia ngudi phu nii' (Vu Hdng Phong, 2013) Tuy vide co trai ndi doi va dac bidt la vai trd tru cgt kinh td'dugc xem la nhumg bidu hien quan trgng eiia nam tfnh nhung cac va'n de van ehua duge nghidn eihi nhieu d Viet Nam Vai tro tru cdt kinh te ciia nam gidi thudng la ehii di nghien ciiu quen thudc cac nghidn ciiu ve phan cdng lao dgng gia dinh Hau het eae nghidn cihi (Bg Van hda The thao va Du lich, Tdng cue Thdng kd, UNICEF & Vidn Nghidn cuu Gia dinh va Gidi, 2008; Ld Nggc Van 2012) cho tha'y su khae bidt giua nam va nir vide ihuc hidn cae edng vide gia dinh Tuy vay, nhirng nghidn ciiu thu&ng tid'p can vai trd tru edt kinh te nhu mgt cdng vide, mgt dang lao ddng ciia gia dinh, tucmg tu nhu ctic edng vide ndi trg va cham sdc cac vien gia dinh ma chua phan tfch sSu hem den vai tro tru cdt kie'm tien va vide danh gia miic dd hoan vai trd cua nam giai gia dinh, Cung da ed mgt vai nghien ciru nhin nhan \'ai tro tru col kinh te nhu la dac trung ciia nam gidi Chang han, nghidn etru cua Tran Thj Minh Diie va Dd Hoang (2001) la mdl nhiing nghidn ciiu dau tidn vd ehii de va tap trung tim hidu vai trd tru egl eiia nam gidi voi nhirng ap liic xa hgi ma nam gidi phai ddi dien thuc hidn vai tro Cac tac gia cho rang kie'm tien la tidu ehuan chinh dd trd tru edt ciia gia dinh, vi vay gia dinh gap phai nhung khd khan ve kinh te, dd la ldi ciia ngudi dan dng vi da khdng thuc hidn hd't traeh nhidm ciia hg ddi vdi gia dinh Khuon mau nam tfnh truydn thd'ng da tro djnh kid'n xa hgi va tao ap luc cho nam gidi Ap luc khdng chf xua't phat ttr ky vgng ciia phu nii ma cdn lir nhan thiic ctia nam gidi Nam gidi tu tao ganh nang eho chi'nh hg va chi Nguyen ll;i Dong 53 tu tin va hai long hg hoan nghTa vu Didu da trd trd ngai cho su nghidp binh dang gidi (Tran Thj Minh Dtic & Dd Hoang, 2001) Mgt sd nghidn ctiu khac vd chii de thudng tap trung vao phan iing cua nam gidi vai trd tru cot kinh te cua hg bj de dga Nghidn ciiu cua I ^ Thj Hdng Hai va cac cdng su (2012) cho thay vide phu nir tham gia luc lugng lao dgng va kid'm dugc thu nhap cao hon ehdng da true tid'p de dga vai tro tru cgt truydn thdng ciia ngtrdi chdng Do tri dja vj gia dinh nam gidi da sir dung nhidu ehien lugc thfch img nhu Iam thdm vide thdm gi&; chia se cac cong vide ngi trg vdi vg nhung van cd gang tri dja \\ ctia hg vide dua cac quyd't djnh quan trgng gia dinh; va md rdng mang ludi xa hdi de nang cao vi the' xa hdi va ddn bii eho nhirng han chd've nang lue lai ehfnh Ciing vd ehu dd nay, Hoang Lan Anh va Yeoh (201 i) da tim hieu nhu cau dugc the hidn va bao vd nam tfnh gia dinh ndng thdn va di xuat khau lao dgng, Su thid'u vang ngu&i phu ntf gia dinh khid'n eho nam gidi phai danh nhidu th&i gian hon cho cac cdng vide ndi trg, cham sdc cai va th&i gian danh eho Iao ddng duge tra edng bj giam siit Phan ldn nam gidi earn tha'y nam tfnh cua hg bi de dga thu nhap etia phu nii tang cao mgt sd nam gidi lai tiie gian vi khdng duac vg gui tien Hg eho rang didu cd nghia la vg da khdng tin tudng hg va each hanh xu da Iam tdn thuong tu each nam gidi cua hg Ho phai lam \'iec nhieu thdi gian hon hoae vay mugn tien dd giai quyd't nhiing khd khan tai chfnh va chi lra cho nhu cau sinh hoat hang gia dinh (Hoang Lan Anh & Brenda Yeoh 2011) Cd the ndi, dii d cac gde khac nhau, cac nghidn eiiu da cho tha'y vai trd tru cgt kinh te'da trd ap luc xa hdi ddi vdi nam gidi Chi sd nam tfnh dang bj thaeh thirc va nam gidi phai vat ldn nham tri su tdn nghidm cua minh Tuy nhien nhin ehung cac nghidn ciiu theo hudng thu&ng dimg lai d miic dd nghien ciiu dinh tfnh quy md nhd De ed dugc cai nhin toan didn hon, \'iec thuc hidn cae nghien eiru dinh luong quy md l&n la dieu ndn lam Mong ude cd ft nhat mdt trai khdng phai la ehu dd nghien eiiu mdi d Vict Nam Cac nghidn eiru theo hudng thu&ng tap irung vao hai xu hudmg ehfnh Dau tien la phan tfch y nghTa va lgi i'ch cua vide cd trai (Daniele Belanger, 2002; Hd Nggc Cham, 2011) ma mdt vai Igi fch ed the ke den sd dd la vide dam bao dia vi ciia ngu&i phu nir gia dinh va cdng ddng thd cting td tidn, dam bao ed ngudi cham ,sdc va hd trg tai chfnh ve gia 54 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 46-57 Thli hai la each tie'p can tu tuang trgng nam dudi lang kfnh nhan kh^u hgc tap trung tim hidu tac dgng cua su ua thfch trai den ty Id sinh va cac phong tuc sinh de (Daniele Belanger & Khuat Thj Hai Oanh, 2009; Nguydn Van Chfnh, 2004) Cting vdi xu hudng nam hda gidi tfnh sinh, su ua thfch eon trai dang trd lai cac didn dan nghidn cilu Hidn tugng lam da'y ldn lo ling vT ty Id ma't can bang gidi tfnh sinh d Vidt Nam tang nhanh mdt thdi gian ngin hon nhidu so vdi cac nude da trai qua hidn tugng nhu Trung Qudc hay An Dg (Chrislophe Guilmoto, 2012; UNFPA, 2010) Didu cd thd cd quan hd vdi ty Id nao pha thai eao va su giam eo hgi duge sinh eua tre em gai so vdi tre em trai (Pham Bang, Wayne Hall, & Peter Hill, 2011) Dii su ua thfch trai khdng phai la mdt ehu de m&i nghidn ciiu, nhung van chua ed nhieu nghien eilu tim hieu vd va'n dd du&i gdc dp nam tfnh Mdt nghien ciiu so sanh g&i day ve nam tfnh va su ua thfch trai giiia Viet Nam va Nepal cho thay su ua Ihfeh trai van tid'p tue duge kha nhieu nam gi&i coi la mgt cht sd ciia nam tfnh, dac bidt d Vidt Nam (Nanda Priya va cac cgng sir, 2012) Tuy nhidn, nghidn eilu mdi ehi tap trung phan tfch cac yd'u td tae ddng dd'n su ua thi'ch trai vai trd la mgt chi so' tdng hgp hem la mgt bieu hidn ciia nam tfnh va chua dua dugc su khae bidt theo gidi chi tim hidu quan nidm dudi lang kfnh ciia nam gidi Nhu vay, nam tfnh dang bat dau thu hiit duac sir quan tam nghidn ciiu nhtmg nam gan day, nghidn ciiu ve vai tro tru cgt kinh td' va dae bidl la vide ed ft nha't mgt trai dudi gdc dd nam tfnh vSn nhidu khoang trdng Ket luan Tuy khai nidm nam tfnh gay nhieu tranh cai nhung nhin chung, tid'p can nam tinh du&i goc van hda xa hdi eang trd ndn phd bid'n hon, Quan nidm ve nam tfnh gin lien vdi bd'i canh van hoa xa h6i nha't dinh, ed su khae biet theo khdng gian va thdi gian nhung khdng thd tach roi nti tfnh va cac quan he gioi Trong sd cac each thiie bidu liien nam tfnh, vai trd tru cgt ve kinh td' dugc xem nhu mdt tidu chf co ban dd phan bidt nam ti'nh va nir linh khdng ehi d eao nudc phuang Tay ma a nhieu khu vuc trdn thd' gidi Tuy nhidn, tidu chf chua du dd danh gia su trucmg cua nam gidi, ke't hdn va sinh eon trai eung la tidu chi quan trgng, dae bidl cac xa hdi ehiu anh hudng manh cua Nho giao va trai cd vai trd quan trgng nhu Viet Nam Trong gia dinh Viet Nam dang van ddng va bid'n ddi, nhidu va'n dd cung dang duge dat ddi vdi cac quan hd gidi truyen thd'ng Sir N g u y e n Ha D o n g 55 c d n g ciia phu nii c d n g vide c h u a dan tdi s u thay doi d a n g ke q u a n nidm tru cgt kinh td'truydn thd'ng va ap luc van de n a n g trdn vai nam gidi, d a y n a m tfnh tdi trudc nhiing thach thtic to Idn T u y nhidn, n h u da phan tfch d tren, c a c nghidn ciru ve n a m tfnh hien t h u d n g tap trung m d ta c a c khia c a n h tieu c u e c u a n a m tfnh vai trd tru c d t k i n h td' va d a c biet la s u ua thfch trai dudi gdc dd n a m tfnh c h u a d u g c q u a n tam nhidu b Viet N a m Vi vay, thiic d^y cac nghidn ciiu vd va'n dd se la m d t nhflng hu&ng c^n d u g c uu tidn thdi gian t&i • Tai lieu trich dan Arlene Eisen 1984 Women and Rcvoliiiion in Vielnam Arthur Brinan 1989 MasiuHnily ami power London, Zed book Ltd Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell Bp Van hoii The thao va Du lich, Tdng cue Thdng kg, UNICEF, & Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dmh va Gidi 2008 Kei qua dieu tra giu dinh Viet Nam ndm 2006 Hii Npi, Chris Haywood & Mairtin Ghail 2003 Men and masculinities: and social practice Theory, reseaich Buckingham & Philadenphia: Open University Press Christophe Guilmoto 2012 "Son preference, sex seleclion and kinship in Vietnam" Population and Developnienl Review, Vol 38, No, 1, p 31 -54 Dang Canh Khanh 2009, Di tim nhiJng dac trung cua gia dinh Viet Nam Iruyen thfi'ng, Trong Nguydn HQu Minh va Tr.'in Thj Van Anh (chii bien), Nghien cifu gia dinh vd gidi thdi ky Doi Mdi (tr 128-165) Nxb Khoa hoc X.i hpi Ha NPi, Daniele Belanger, 2000 "Regioniil differences in household composition and family formation patterns in Vietniim" lournal of Compaianve Family Sliidtes,Vo\.3[.^o.2.p 171-189, Daniele Belanger 2002 "Son preference in a rural village in North Vietnam" Studies in Family Planning Vol 3 , No, 4, p 321-334 Daniele Belanger & KhuSi Thi Hai Oanh 2009 "Second-trimester abortions and sex-selection of children m Hanoi, Vietnam" Population Studies, Vol, 63 No 2, p, 163-171 David Gilmore 1990 Manhood tn the making • i iihui al concepts of masi iiliiiiies New Haven and London: Yale University Press, Diana Sanlillan, Sidney Schuler, Hoang Tii Anh, Tran Hung Minh & Bfli Thi Thanh Mai 2002 "Limited equality; 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