xa hOi hpc s6 (127), 2014 69 MOT SO VAN DE VE CHINH SACH XA H Q I CHO TRE Dl/Cil TUOI - T R I / O N G H O P THANH PHO HO CHI MINH PHAM THI THUY' Chinh sach xa hpi doi vol tre em diroi tuoi thuc te it Ho Chi Minh ViSt Nam da tiln hdnh xdy dung he thdng cdc chinh sdeh, chuong trinh va kl hoach hdnh ddng vi tre em, vd timg budc gan cdc muc tieu vi tre em vao ehiln lupc phat triin kinh te - xa hdi Dd la nhimg cdng cii quan trpng de quyin tre em d Viet Nam dupe thuc hien eupe sdng Chinh sdch xa hpi lien quan den tre dudi tudi dupe thi hien cu thi cae he thdng van bdn phap ludt sudt nhieu thap ky qua d nude ta Tir Luat Hdn nhan vd gia dinh quy dinh rd trdch nhiem cua cha me vd cac td chiic nha nude trong" viec chdm sdc, yeu thuong, giao due tre; Lu^t Bdo ve vd chdm sdc tre em, Cdng udc QuySn tre em den nhihig chinh sdch cu the nhu ehinh sdch nghi sinh thdng, ehinh sdch bdo hilm y tl miin phi cho tre dudi tudi, chinh sdch ddu tu cho gido due mdm non dd ngdy eang ddp irng nhu cau duoc chdm sdc, bao vp cua phu nO vd tre em NhGng quy dinh tren vdn bdn dd neu Id nhiing quan diem todn dien, tien bp, day du, bao quat mpi mat cua viec chdm sdc, gido due tre Neu ehi nghien cihi cdc vdn bdn luat se thdy Viet Nam Id nude ludn quan tdm chdm sdc, bdo v^ tre em, ludn tao mpi dieu kien tot nhat cho ba me, tre em Vdi viec chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng, viec ban hdnh vd thuc hien phdp luat, chinh sdeh kinh te - xa hdi ndi chung vd tre em ndi rieng edn nhieu bat cdp, chua kip ddi mdi de ddp umg nhiing yeu cau cda tinh hinh vd nhiem vu mdi Hien nay, tinh trang khdng cd kien thiic nudi day tre, khdng cd co sd dat chudn va nuoi deiy tre khdng phep Id thuc trgng chung cOa bdo mau d cae khu che xudt, cdng nghipp tr&i dia bdn cac thdnh phd tren ca nude Hien tuang khdng phdi bay gid mdi cd, nhimg hipn nd phd bien hon va cd tinh chdt nghiem trpng han, nhdt Id d cdc thdnh phd Idn Hien nay, hang tripu can bp, cdng nhan, vien chiic phdi gui d nha tre t\r phat bdi niu khdng giii cho eac bao mau d cdc diem giii tre tu phat thi hp ciing khdng biit gin d ddu, vi rat nhieu dia phuong khdng cd diem giii tre cdng Idp Hdu hit cac cdng nhdn diu khd khdn, xa que khdng thi gui vdo cdc trudng cdng lap vi qua tdi vd trdi tuyIn vdi dii thu thu tyc Vi vay, dii biit cd cdc diem giu tre trdi phep, nhung bupc phdi ' ThS, Hgc vi$n Hdnh chinh Quoc gia - Ca sd thdnh phi Hd Chi Minh 70 Mgi so vdn de ve chinh sdch xd hgi cho Ire dudi tuoi giri cho hg, khdng cd each lira chgn nao khac, danh phd mac cho "bao mau", ttong xuit hien nhieu "bao mau phii thliy" Moi nam ca nude cd 1,5 trieu tre dugc sinh dd phan Idn la ciia ndng dan, cdng nhan Rieng ddi vdi hoan canh sdng xa qud huong, xa cha me eua cac cdng nhan, cac chi chi duge nghi thang, sau dd phai tim noi giri tre Thiet thdi nhat cudi cimg la nhimg dua tte phai sdng ttong mdi trudng tdi tam va day bao luc Trong nam qua liSn tiep xay nhieu vu tte em bi danh dap, bi chet d cac diem gift tte vdi du cac hinh thuc: bj hanh ha, tra tan, hi sac chao, bi rdt ao chet dudi, hi tai nan v.v Trong vai nam gan day, dac bidt la nam 2013, nhirng su viec dau Idng lien tiep xay dugc bao chi dua tin Trong dd cd rat nhieu vu viec xay tai dia ban phd Hd Chi Minh Vi du nhu cac vu: be chet ngat vi bi cd giao dan bang keo vao mi?ng, bao mau dgp chet tte ttong tire gian, tte cd dau hieu tarn than vi bi cd danh dap la nhimg vu an khien du luan ea nude rung ddng ttong nhimg nam qua Theo sd ciia Sd Giao due va Dao tao phd Hd Chi Minh cung cap thi hien phd chi cd khoang 50% tre dSn tudi Idp dang hge tai 414 trudng mtm non cdng lap; 50% sd tte cdn lai theo hgc tai 341 trudng mSm non ngoai cdng lap Ngoai cdn cd hon 1000 nha tre gia dinh dugc cap phep Tuy nhien, khdng quan ly dugc nen nganh giao due - dao tao chua thdng ke dugc nha tte gia dinh khdng phep (Sd Giao d\:c va Dao tao phd Ho Chi Minh, 2013) Do phan Idn cac truong mim non cdng lap hien mdi du didu kien nhan tre tit tudi trd len nen sd nha tte khdng phep chac chSn cdn Idn hon sd nha tre dugc c4p phep rat nhieu Vi nhu chi giii tre tft - thing tudi ddn tudi tten thuc td rit Idn Dan cd cung thi se cd cau, nhftng nha tte gia dinh xuSt hien day dSc ttong cac khu dan cu khdng quan ly, giam sat, hd trg chuyen mdn cho hg He thdng vin ban phap luat cd quy djnh cho md nha tte tu nhSn nhung viec giam sat vin cdn bd ngd T^i Dieu cua Luat Bao v$, cham sdc va giao d\ic tre em cd quy dinh: ''Viec bao v$, chdm sdc vd gido due tre em Id trdch nhi$m ciia gia dinh, nhd trudng, Nhd nuac, xd hgi vd cong ddn Uy ban nhdn ddn ede cdp thuc hi$n qudn ly nhd nuac vi bdo ve, chdm soc vd gido dvc tre em a diaphuang" Vay viec khdng cd trudng mim non dd thuc hien ttach nhiem cham sdc va giao due tte em thi chiu ttach nhiem? Tai Dieu 9, Chuong I ciia Luat cung quy dinh rd: "Ngudn Idi chinh cho cong tdc bdo ve, chdm soe vd gido due tre em bao gom ngdn sdch nhd nude, vifn trg qudc li, ung hg ciia ca quan, id chiic, cd nhdn a nude, nude ngodi vd ede ngudn thu hgp phdp khde" Vin quy dinh chung chung the thi vin dd dam bao tai chinh cho viec xay dimg trudng hgc mim non cho tre em van tidp tuc la mgt bai toan nan giai Dieu 37 cua bd luat da neu quy dinh: "Nhd nude cd chinh sdeh ddu tu di phdt triin su nghiep bdo ve, chdm soe vd gido due tre em Nhd nude cd ehinh sdch hi trg gia dinh thuc hien Irdeh nhiem bdo ve, chdm soe vd gido due tre em Uy ban nhdn ddn cdc cdp co Irdeh nhiem to chiie cho Ire em ciia eac gia dinh chua co hg khdu thudng Irii dugc ddng ky khai sinh, hgc lap vd chdm soc site khoe tgi nai md cha me dang lam viec, sinh sdng Phgm Thi Thuy 71 Uy ban nhdn ddn cdc cdp cd trdch nhiem phdt triin mang ludi trudng hoc cho tre em" Vay chiing ta dau tu de rat nhieu noi khdng cd dii trudng cho em cdng ddn hpc tap? Hd tro gi edng dan phdi tra gan nhu tat cd cac loai hpc phi, le phi di giii tre? Trdch nhiem cua cac dia phuong d dau em cdng ddn khdng cd hp khdu thudng tni khdng the dang ky vdo trudng hpc? Chi tai ciia diiu Luat ndy sao? Dd Id nhirng eau hdi quan trpng frong vdn dl gido due vd cham sde tre em din vdn chua ed dupe eau tra Idi thda dang Hien nay, thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh dang cd nhiing ddng thai tich cue chdm lo cho tre tir - 18 thang tudi Ngdy thang nam 2014, Sd Giao due va Dao tao thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh da trinh len UBND phd dl an Cham sdc giao due tre mdm non tir - 18 thdng tudi Hdi Lien hiep phu nii phd cung dang ehu tri dl dn "Hd trp phdt triin nhdm tre dpc lap tu thuc tai cdng ddng" (Bdo Tudi tre ngdy 7/3/2014) Cd le day Id nhftng tm hieu, nhung dpng thai tich cue dang hoan nghenh ve hoat ddng chdm sdc tre tren dia ban phd Hd Chi Minh hien Nhung doi hdi thyrc te ve vai trd cua cha me dl thuc hi|n nghia vu cham soc giao due tre dudi tuoi 2.1 Bi xu&t tit phia ngudi ddn Trong mpt nghien eiiu gan ddy ciia chung tdi {nam 2012) vl khia canh vai trd cua cha me thuc hien nghia vu cham sde giao due tre dudi tudi t^i dia ban qudn Gd Vap vd huyen Hdc Mdn phd Hd Chi Minh vdi 350 ddi tuong Id nhung ngudi cha me dang cd dudi tudi dupe phdng van da cd rdt nhiiu dl xudt lien quan din chinh sach cua Ddng vd Nhd nude Cae y kien de xuat chu yeu tap trung vdo cdc khia canh sau: - Di xudt CO nai giU tre cdng lap eho tretic4 -6 thdng tudi: - Di xudt cd them nhieu khu vui chai, td chuc nhiiu hoat dgng vui chai cho tre - Di xudt cd chinh sdeh hgn che cdc ti nan xa hgi, cdc chuang trinh tivi dnh hudng xdu din tre - Di xudt CO cdc chuang trinh, khda tap hudn cdch nuoi day cho cha me Nhihig y kien cua ngudi dan da phan ndo phdn dnh tam tu nguyen vpng cua hp, ciing Id ndi len cai hp dang thieu, dang cdn md chua duoc cdc ciiinh sdch xd hpi dap ling Ngudi dan can nha nude quan tdm ban den tre em dudi tudi bang ede chinh sdch cu thi nhu ed them nhiiu noi giii tre an todn cho tre tir - thang trd ISn Ngudi dan cdn chinh quySn can quan tam xdy dung them nhiiu khu vui choi cho tre nhd Dien tich nha d phd chat hep nen tre rat it co hpi vui chai, van ddng dl phdt trien toan dien Hien dien tich ddt ddnh cho cdc khu vui choi rdt han chi, cac cdng vien ngdy cdng hi thu hep Trong moi khu phd rdt hilm nai ndo cd sdn chai chung cho tre em Ngudi ddn can nhd nude quan ly cac chuang trinh tren truyin thdng: truyin hinh, bdo, internet de ngdn chan bdt nhiing chuang trinh vd bd, cd hai cho tre Ngudi dan khao khdt dupe hpc hdi nhihig kiln thirc nudi day dl hp cd till thich 72 Mgt so vdn de ve chinh sdch xa hgi cho tre dudi tuoi ngiii vdi viec day tte hoan canh xa hdi thay ddi Nhihig kinh nghiem nudi day truySn thdng da cho thay khdng cdn phu hgp vdi thdi hien 2.2 Nhitng vdn di cdn bd sung vdo chinh sdch Chinh sach cho viec giao due thai nhi Chuong trinh giao due thai nhi hien dang nhan dugc su quan tSm cua cae nha giao due va cac bac phu huynh, cd nhieu hinh thirc phd bien chuong trinh giio due thai nlii nhu viet sach, md cac Idp day ky nang, chuong trinh hgi thag, chuydn dd, ciu lac bd Tren the gidi chuong trinh giao due thai nhi da ap dung tft rat lau va vdi nhidu hinh thftc khac Phuong phap giao due thai nhi cung dilg dugc thuc hien d Viet Nam Tuy day chua phai la mdt phuang phap dugc dua vao chinh sach hay co che giao due cua Viet Nam ddi vdi Ifta tudi dac bi?t, nhung cang dugc cac cha me quan tam tdi phuang phap nay, cho thay sir can thiet va tinh tdi uu ap dung Thai giao khdng chi la "day thai nhi" ma cdn la su chuan hi trudc ngudi me mang thai, nghia la giai doan giao due cho ngudi me, chuin hi the chat va tinh than de mang thai an toan, khde manh va giao due ben CEinh viec cham sdc che dinh duong thai nhi phu hgp Nhu ciu tre dugc giao due tft ttong bao thai la nhu ciu thuc td cua ca cha me va ban than thai nhi Tai phd Hd chi Minh, Ha Ndi va mdt sd phd Idn, ttong then gian vira qua da td chiic nhihig cudc Hdi thao, tga dam ve chuyen dS giag due thai nhi nhu Hgi quan cac ba me, cdng ty sach Thai Ha, Vmabook, Thdng tin cung rit dl dang tim thiy tten cac ttang web, vdi lugt truy c^p hoac sir hrang tac gifta ddc gia va quan tri cacttangmang chua thdng tin ve thai giao Tuy nhien, ciing chua tim thiy bit cu tu thai giao nao gin vdi "chinh sach" hay "quy dinh" hoSc "lu jt phap" hda Theo chiing tdi, nhu ciu thirc td cd nen dugc xem xet nghien cuu dl dua vao cac vin ban hoac quy dinh cua phap luat, chinh sach ciia nha nude ve linh vuc chSm sdc va giao due tte tho hidn Chinh sach thai san Theo khuyen cao cua td chftc Y td thd gidi (WHO), sfta me la ngudn thuc an tdt nhit, day du chat dinh dudng va mang \f chit dd khing cin thidt nhit cho tte so sinh va tte nhd Cie thuc an thay the khac bao gom nhu ca, sfta bdt, thiic an nhan tao hay ngu cdc deu khdng tot bang sfta me Td chuc cimg khuyen cac ba me nen tti cho tre bii hoan toan bang sfta me thing dau ddi dd dim bao chit dinh dudng co bin ciing nhu tao mdi quan h? khang kbit gifta me vi Tuy nhidn, vdi chinh sich thai sin til nam 2012 tro ve trudc, nhu ciu lao ddng va dieu kien kinh td dit nude cung nhu ca nhan cdn nhieu khd khin nen chd nghi thai sin dugc quy dinh la thing (Uy ban Dan sd, gia dinh va Tre em, 2003-a) Hifn t?i Vi$t Nam, chinh sach xa hgi vd nghi thai sin dugc ap dyng vdi ngudi lao ddng cd hop dong, ben canh dd van cdn rit nhieu phu nft lim viec khdng cd hgp ddng hoac lam viec ndng nghiep nen chua dam bio dugc chd dd nghi thai sin theo quy dinh cua nha nude Ddi vdi nhftng phu nft siic khde ydu cin nghi trade sinh mdt thdi gian nhat dinh thi vice nghi sau sinh se bi ngin lai Trong thdi gian niy, thuc td sue khde eua ngudi me chua dugc phuc hdi tdt nhit Trong nhung thing tiirdc dd, tte so sinh ttong Phgm Thi Thuy 73 giai doan qudy khdc nen thudng - thdng dau cac dng bd ba me rat vdt vd chdm sde ban dem nen nhiing thdng sau bdt ddu dn dinh, phuc hdi siic khde nhung da phdi di lam sau thdng Do nhu cdu ciia thuc tien vd sd eang it di, cdn che dp cham sdc dinh dudng tdt hon cho cd me vd con, ehe dp nghi thai sdn hien da dupe tang len thdng bat ddu tit 2/1/2013 Chinh sach ndy tir mdi ddi va ap dung vdo thue tl da nhan dupe su ling hp ciia hdu het eac nhdm xa hpi vd su phdn hdi tich eye eua du luan xd hpi Ngoai nhiing Ipi the va su trp giiip tdt hon cho viec ba me cham sdc siic khde ciia minh vd cua eon, thi ciing giiip cdc ba me an tdm phan nao vl diiu kien kinh tl vi vdn dupe hudng ch§ dp hudng theo bao hilm xa hdi quy dinh Tuy nhien, theo ket qud khdo sat cua chiing tdi tai dia bdn quan/huy^n d phd Hd Chi Minh dd neu tren eho thdy cd mdt thyc tl Id tai mdt sd ea sd lao ddng khdng mudn tiep nhdn phu nil cd thai vdo lam, hodc dua yeu cdu khdng cd thai trudc hodn thdnh ndm ky hpp ddng lao ddng Nhirng yeu cdu khdng dupe dua thdnh vdn bdn, vi dieu dd vi pham luat lao dpng, nhimg da trd mdt sd diiu khodn thda thuan mieng, vd khdng it edng ty/eo sd sur dung lao ddng chdp nhdn lao ddng chua lau nhung da phdi "nudi" hp hudng che dp thai sdn len tdi thang Sau quay trd lai 1dm viec, hp se gap mpt sd khd khdn nhdt dinh, chang han mdt di vi tri 1dm viSc trudc dd, hoac chuyin sang mdt bp phdn khdc de dam bao nhan sy cho guong may hoat ddng ciia cdng ty Du thdo lugt chdng nghi va sinh de di vdo thuc ti ciing cd mdt sd diem dupe khuyen khich vd mang lai su phdn khdi eho ngudi lao dpng Nhu phan tich d tren cho thdy, mdt phy nu: sinh eon thi edn ed sy chdm sdc, ho trp tir nhiing ngudi than theo tiing giai doan khac thi nhu cdu se tang len hay gidm di Ngodi chinh sach ndi Idng cho lao dpng nu nghi thai sdn, Viet Nam ciing dang theo xu hudng chung cua cdc nude phdt triin dl dp dung chinh sdeh nghi thai sdn cua va ddi vdi chdng cd ddng bdo hiem xd hpi Hien nay, nhu cdu chdm sdc sdn phy can quan tdm ddc biet, hon niia sy ehia se trach nhiem ciing nhu nhimg vdt vd ma ngudi phy nii da trai qua thai ky vd giai doan sinh ciing can duoc ngudi chdng chia se, dieu ndy theo mdt sd nhd phdn tich chinh sdch Id cung the hipn quyen binh dang gidi hoac nhihig yeu td mang tinh gido dye Nhieu ngudi dan dng ddi tupng phdng vdn cua chiing tdi da td vui mimg va mong chd chinh sdch ndy thyc su di vdo cudc sdng Chinh sach phat trien he thong nha tre, trudng mam non Tren thuc t6, sau thdng nghi thai sdn, lao ddng nii phdi di lam lai nen nhu cau giri giai doan ndy la cd th^t, nhung vdi quy dinh ve dp tuoi dupe nh$n giii tre nhu tren tM gdy nen mpt su trd ngai va chenh vdi thye te, bdi khdng the cd co sd edng lap nao cd khd ndng giu: tre tir thdng tudi Trach nhipm liie dd ddn vl phia gia dinh lao dpng nii, bdt budc phdi cd ngudi chdm sdc tre, nhung niu khdngtimduoc ngudi phu hpp cham thi lao ddng nii bupe phdi gui vdo nhiing co sd tutiiyecd nhan tre nhd Tuy nhien, hi^n cd nhiiu J4 Mot so vdn de ve chinh sdch xd hgi cho tre dudi tuoi CO sd tu thuc boat ddng trdi phep, chua cd sy kiem duyet va cdp phep tir ca quan ed tham quyin d dia phuang, vd viec hdnh tre nhd da trd nen noi dm dnh ddi vdi gia dinh vd ban than tre nhu cac trudng hap da neu {Clip bdo mdu phit thity hdnh xdc tre a trudng Phuang Anh, ThiiDuc, thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh; Be 18 thdng bi dap chet tgi nhd tre cUng a Thu Due, be chit ngat vi ed ddn bang keo a Gd Vap, clip hdnh hg tre a Ddng Nai ) Theo quy dinh, phd cap cho tre tudi Idp d thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh phdi dat sd 98% Nhiiu trudng mdm non da phai "cdt" lop nhd tre de nhudng cho cho viec nhdn hpc sinh tuoi den trudng^ Nhu cau cho tre tudi vao trudng cdng lap tdng eao nen trudng khong cdn Idp cam nat (Idp danh cho tre dp tudi 18 - 24 thang) niia Tai Hd Chi Minh, chii truong chung van la phd cap giao due cho tre tudi trudc tinh den nhiing uu tien khac Mpt sd phu huynh vd gido vien cho biet hpc sinh d liia tudi nha tre chu yeu hpc tai tu thuc nhiSu hon cdng lap vd trudng tu thuc dam bao dieu kien ciing cho phep day phd cap cho tre tudi L;^ Id ngodi viee khdng du chd cho tre d trudng mdm non cdng lap, thi mpt phan phy huynh cd d liia tudi nha tre thudng thich cho vdo trudng tu Bdi trudng tu cd mdt s6 uu thi nhu lap it tie hern, dupe cham soc ky hon, td ehiic an vdo budi chieu, budi tdi, cham sde tre qua gid lam hodc ca thii bay, chu nhat Van cdn sd lupng Idn tre d liia tudi nha fre ehua lop Nhdm tre tu phat, khdng cd giay phep, nhan giii 10, 15 tre thi rat nhieu, khd md kiim soat ndi Vi thllt su Id cung dang qua thieu so vol cdu Tinh trang ddn den viee chdng chdt sd lupng hpc sinh vdo cung Idp, vi khdng cd duoc md rpng quy md vd uu tien tre tudi nen cdc lap tudi nhd hon khdng dupe thoai mai sap xep si so lop theo quy dinh Giao due sdm cho tre edn la yeu cdu cap thiit ddp ling su phdt triin cua tre Nhung phat hien mdi v l bd nao tie em da chi rdng: vao liic tre dupe ba tudi, bd nao cua tre hoat dpng gdp hai Idn so vdi ndo cua ngudi trudng thdnh; Iiic tdm tudi tri lye khdng phat ttien ro ret niia, miie dp giam xudng d thdi ky vi nien, sau ehi cd thi phat tiiln ky nang va tii thiie Tilm ndng ciia mdt diia tie dupe xdc dinh tir gidy phiit ddu tien ciia cupc sdng den nhiing nam thdng cham sdc d gia dinh vd ca sd gido due mdm non Mpt niia sy phat trien quan trpng eiia ndo bd d mdt diia tie da duac hoan thdnh vao thdi diim nd bat ddu hpc mau giao; cdc mach than kinh niu khdng dupe kich thich trude hpc mau gido se khdng bao gid cd dupe nhOng gi chiing cd t h i cd duoc (Ken Adams, 2011) Nhiing ket ludn dd duoc chimg minh qua cdc nghien ciiu khoa hpc vd d cac nude phdt trien ho da chii tipng phat tiiln td chdt todn dien cho tie trude tudi, day ti^ thdng minh sdm Gido due sdm nhdm uom mdm nhung nhdn tai gidu tinh sang tao vdi mdt CO the khde manh, cd sd trudng vd cd ed tinh, tii tue thdng minh cimg nhung phdm chdt uu tii http://vnexpress.net, http://hcm.24h.com.vn/tin-tuc-trong-ngay/hang-loat-nhung-vu-hanh-ha-tre-da-man_ c46a596460.html • http://tuoitre.vn/Giao-duc/581474/tmong-mam-non%C2%A0-cat-lop-nha-tre-phu-huynh-bi-cho-guicon.html Phgm Thi Thuy 75 Nhung thuc tl d Viet Nam, rdt it co sd giao due tiep nhdn liia tudi tie dudi tudi Do dd mdi trudng nudi day tre d gia (finh rat quan trpng ddi vdi sy khai md va phat trien eae tilm nang eiia tre nhd "thai ky vdng" nay; can chii trpng tuyen truyen hudng ddn thyc hien gido due sdm mot cdch khoa hpc cho cac gia finh va trudng mdm non Thuc hien Giao dye sdm ciing chinh la hanh dpng tdt nhdt ehiing ta thuc hien quyin dupe hpc tap vd phat triin cua tie em liia tudi mam non; gdp phan quan trpng vdo ehiln lupc qudc gia vl phdt triin ngudn nhdn luc cho su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nude Ket luan Tij thyc te tim hieu, khao sat tai phd Hd Chi Minh eho thdy, cac chinh sdch da dupe ban hdnh vdi vai trd hd trp cdc bac phu huynh chdm sde, nudi day cdi tiong giai doan - tudi nhin chung dd dap ling dupe nhu cdu thuc tl eua vipc nudi day, cham sdc tre Giai quyet dupe cdc yeu td tir siic khde den gido due, dinh duong vd cham sdc tinh thdn ciia tie em Tuy nhien, thye te ludn bien ddng vd cdn duoc tiip tuc nghien eiiu cac chinh sdeh nham dap ung dupe thuc te de tie em dupe cham sdc tdt eac giai do£tn vd cdc m^t cua dp tudi ndy Nghien eiiu ciing phdn nao chi cdc han che tii quy dinh chinh sach din nhung han che ciia viec thyc thi chinh sdeh lien quan den tre tir - tudi Nhung quy djnh chung ehung, khdng ro rang trach nhiem cua cdc ca quan quan ly nha nude vi$c chdm sdc, bdo vp tie nhu dd phan tich tien d gdc dp nhdt dinh ciing la mpt nhung nguyen nhdn dan den heiu qua tie em bi bao hanh lien tiep t^ cac nhd tre khdng phep, nhung trdch nhipm lai vdng quanh CJ Viet Nam da hinh thdnh he thdng cdc chinh sdch hd tip chdm sde, gido dye tre nhung cdn ehua that sy chii tipng den hd tip, gido dye tie em giai do£in tir den dudi tudi Chuang trinh gido due tir tudi, thai gido mdi chi bat ddu dupe ehii d-png mpt bp phdn ngudi ddn va cd mdi trudng va dieu kien sdng khd cao, vdi nhirng hinh thiic ddp ling chua cao cho da sd ngudi ddn Chuang trinh giao due chua dupe de cap mpt each chinh thiic tiong ede gido trinh giang day hodc vdn ban quy pham phdp luat, md chu yeu la tiep nhan tir cdc nen gido dye nude ngodi dp dung linh hoat cho nen gido due tdn tai Idu ddi tai Viet Nam Viec dp dung chinh sdch ho tip cham sdc, gido due tie em tir - tudi cdn gdp nhiiu khd khan mpt sd chinh sdch chua thuc sy phu hop vdi ddi hdi cua thyc te cupc sdng Chinh sdch ap dung vdo thue te bien dpng khdng ngimg da cho thay tinh mem deo cua chinh sach chua cao Thdng qua mpt sd y kien mang tinh de xudt dya tien CO sd khdo sat tim hieu thyc te tai phd Hd Chi Minh, nghien cuu ndy hi vpng ddng gdp khiem tdn vdo qua trinh nit ngdn khoang each giua thyc te vd chinh sdch, vd "dp venh" ciia mdi tuong quan ndy se gidm bdt ^ nghia tir nghien ciiu ndy khdng dinh tam quan trpng, cdp thiit cdn cd them cdc chinh sdch hd trp gia dinh cham sdc, gido due tre - tuoi, ddc biet la ho trp cham sdc, gido due tre giai doan thai nhi vd giai doan dudi tudi vd eac chinh sach phdt triin hp thdng trudng mam non edng vd tu ddm bdo chdt lupng chdm sdc, giao dye tre 76 Mgt so vdn de ve chinh sdch xa hgi cho tre dudi tuoi tir thdng tudi Day la vdn de cdn Ddng vd Nhd nude quan tdm, cd chu truong chinh sach kip thdi vi tre em, gdp phan uom mam, chdm sde cho eae em, lihiing chii nhdn tuong lai eua ddt nude Tai lieu tham khao Akehashi Daiji 2012 Nudi day ktiu Nhdt Bdn, Nxb Phu Nil, Hk Noi B$ Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hpi - UNICEF 2002 Vdn diphu nii vd Ire em thdi Av 2007 - 2010 Nxb Lao d^ng - Xa hpi Uk Npi Bruno Palier - Louis Charles Viossat 2003 Chinh sdch xd hgi vd qud trinh todn cdu hda, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia Ha Npi Biii The Cir6ngvi cpng sir 2010 Tic diin Xdhgi hgc Oxford,^\hY}^i\\ocQ'dt)C%\&\{k'i^o\, Ha Npi Biii Thg Circmg 2002 Chinh sdch xd hgi vd Cdng tdc xd hgi a Vi^t Nam thdp nien 90, Nxb Khoa hpc XS h$i, Wk Npi GS Phiing Due To^ 2009 Phuang dn tudi: phdt trien ngdn ngii tir ndi, danh cho tre lit din tudi, Nxb Lao dpng x3 hpi Holmberg, Barbro vk James Himes 2005 Trdch nhi^m cua cha m^ mdi tuang quan vdi nhd nude Quyen tre em, bien nguyen tdc thdnh hdnh dgng Ken Adams 2011 Phdt huy tiim ndng tri tue ciia be, Nxb Phy Nit, Ha N^i Lien Hi^p Quoc 1992 Cdng udc Qudc ti vi quyin Tre em Ha N^i Lugt bdo v$ chdm sdc gido dye tre em Nude Cpng ho^ XHCN Vift Nam Mai Huy Blch 2009 Xd hgi hge gia dinh, Nxb Dai hpc Qu6c gia Hk Noi, Hk N6i Maria Montessori 2013 Bi dn ludi iha, Nxb Tri Thuc, H^ N0i Maria Montessori 2013 Tre the gia dinh, Nxb Tri Thiic, Hk Npi Nguyen HOu Minh, D5ng Bich Thuy 2009 "Nghien curu vi?c th\rc hi?n quyin trfi em cf Vi?t Nam-m0t s6 vin di ly luSn \k th\rc tien", Tgp chiXd hgi hgc, t^p 106 (s6 2) Nguyen Thj Quyen 2009 NhOng kh6 khSn gi^o dye dsio diic cho tr6 em a gia dinh th^nh ph6 hien nay, Tgp chiXdhgihgc, tSp 107 (s6 3), tr.76 - 82 P h ^ TSt Dong, L6 Ngpc Hiing 1997 Xd hgi hgc, Nxb Dai hpc Qu6c gia H^ Npi, H^ N^i Thomas Gordon 2013 Gido dye khdng trimgphgt, Nxb Tri Thiic, Ha Npi I r k Thi Van Anh, Nguyin Hthi Minh 2008 Binh ddng gidi a Vi^t Nam, Nxb BChoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi Oy ban D3n s6, Gia dinh vk Tre em 2001 Bdo cao di t^i "Nghien cuu ca sd ly lugn vd thifc tiin di xdy difng vd trien khai thuc hi^n chiin luge bdo vp, chdm sdc vd gido dye tre em din ndm 2010" Vy ban DSn so, gia dinh v^ trS em 2003 Cdc thdng diip chu yiu vi ddn sd vd chdm sdc sue khde sinh sdn, H4Noi Oy ban Dan s6, gia dinh vk tre em 2003 Cdng tdc vgn dgng linh vifc ddn sd vd chdm soc sue khde sinh sdn, Ha Nfli Oy ban Din s6, gia dinh vk tr6 em 2003 Truyin thong thay ddi hdnh vi linh vyc ddn sd vd chdm sdc Stic khde sinh sdn, Hk Npi Vai trd cua gia dinh xdy dtmg nhdn cdch ngudi Vi?t Nam Nxb Phy na, Hk N^i Vifn NghiSn ciiu Idloa hpc Phdp ly, BO Tu phdp 1996 Bdo v0 quyin tre em phdp lugt Vi^t Nam ... http://hcm.24h.com.vn/tin-tuc-trong-ngay/hang-loat-nhung-vu-hanh-ha-tre-da-man_ c46a5 964 60.html • http://tuoitre.vn/Giao-duc/581474/tmong-mam-non%C2%A0-cat-lop-nha-tre-phu-huynh-bi -cho- guicon.html Phgm... trfi em cf Vi?t Nam-m0t s6 vin di ly luSn \k th\rc tien", Tgp chiXd hgi hgc, t^p 1 06 (s6 2) Nguyen Thj Quyen 2009 NhOng kh6 khSn gi^o dye dsio diic cho tr6 em a gia dinh th^nh ph6 hien nay, Tgp... trung vdo cdc khia canh sau: - Di xudt CO nai giU tre cdng lap eho tretic4 -6 thdng tudi: - Di xudt cd them nhieu khu vui chai, td chuc nhiiu hoat dgng vui chai cho tre - Di xudt cd chinh sdeh hgn