NGHIEN cuu- TRAO BOI NHAN DIEN QUAN NIEM NHAN VAN CUA PHirONG DONG VA PHUONG TAY D Ths TRIEU QUANG MINH Hgc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh Khu vUC I I Thdi CO dai, d chfiu Au, nhttrtg nhan td cda sinh dfi mang s i n tpi Id tPng, bj djnh hudng dieh • ehd nghla nhfin van dfi tttrtg tflrt tai sdng Ifi chupc tpi d l dupe v l vffi Chda, thi rfl rang dffi sing van hPa flnh than eda nbieu dan tpc Ngay cufle sdng an nan, sam bdi, khflng III thofil, di ttong d i d dp chilm httu nfl Ifi cua Hy Lap - La Mfi, nguoc lai ban chat vfi quyfin eon nguffi dttffi sy chi bfin canb viec khang djnh ngudn gdc tfin gifio eda bao cda Chua chi la cfich tfin lai tam bp vfi phin cort rtguffi thi eon nguffi' eung dupe de eao v l tri tue, nhfiri vfin pha'm gia vfi dupe eoi nhu ehd t h l vifie kiln Chd nghTa nhfin van ttiffi ky Phuc Httng dffi la lao mpt xa hfii tdt dep cua nguffi Ofiy Ifi minh mfit k i t qua t i t y l u d l phan khfing lai tutudng phin chttng cho vifie khfii niem nhfin B'nh g i n vffi dflng cua nhfi thP vfi gifio hpi ttiffi ky Tn/ng cd Xuat nguffi dfi dupe stt dung, cort rtgttffi da sdm dupe phfit dilm eda nd Ifi kiiffi phye lai nfin vfin hfia mang dua vfio kbu vuc trung tam eda triet hpc ttt thffi B'nh nhfin vfin cda Hy Lap - La Ma cd dai vfi p h i ky biln cfic thfinh tyu, ttt tudng Ben bp rpng kbap tffi Sang thffi Tn/ng ed, s u Ihdrtg frj cda Ion giao d cac lang Idp nban dan Nffi nbu Pb.Anghen, khfing t i t e i efie Hnh vyc trfirt ea hai khu vyc; the tyc vfi co cfii eo sd cda rtfirt vfirt minh Hy Lap va dfi e h l thupng giffi da tac dpng tn/c Blp diri difin tiln eda RPma Ihi khflrig ed chau Au hien dai Song rfl rang, kbai niem nhan van Thffi ky nfiy, khfii niem ve nhfin nfiu frude dfiy, Prfitago vffi linh than nhfiri van tttng ttrib eda thffi ed dai dudng nhu da bj dfinh bat coi triet bpc Ifi sy ly y thdc cda eon nguffi, ddng khffi vj tri mfi no vtta xac lap Vi I h l , "Cai tffi" vdn Ifi ngttffi Ifim Ihttdc t i t thiy mpi thtt ttii cao bon bilu tn/ng d i y hao quang eda tinh nhan b i n - s i n nhieu, triet hpc R.Descaites da glai phong phim cda thffi ky hofing kim frong lich stt van boa nguffi khdi sy vong thfin cda ttllt hpc Do dp, ed t h l Hy Lap - La Mfi dfi phai nhudng chd d l tfin vlnh kbang djnh rang nhfin van thffi ky Phuc Hung thye Chda Mac du thuyet ve s u binb dang, v l flnh yfiu sy tao mpt cupc efieh mang t r i lai cho eon gitta ngttffi vffi ngttffi v i n dupe rao giang nhung thue nguffi efie quyfin ty nhifin cfin b i n nhu duijc sdng, chit nguffi bj tha'p, trd eon chlfin duffi dupe hudng thy tai t h l giffi hien thyc Con nguffi su chart d i l cda Chua Cuffi eurtg, su dao Ipn ea ve hifin sinh khfing cPn la cai bdrtg cda Thuprtg ma tdrt tai xa hdi vfi y thtte xa hpi da khien khoa hpc bj Ifi nguffi hien thyc vffi khfit vpng d i n vffi cac gia thay ttie bang than hpc In tufi phil nhttffiig ehd eho tti ty ea nhan, chlnh phue vfi Ifim ehd ly nhifin nilm ttn, nhan quyfin bj Oe bep fiuffi vuong quyen Chd nghla nhfin vfin thffi ky vffi tutudng de eao, Ttt chd Ifi d i d t h l sfing tao, rtguffi dfi trd tbfirth ngpi ea nguffi dfi nban dien va tS'n efing tntc ddi tttong phu thude, phuc Blng K i t qua Ifi, Bilt Blp vao tam dilm cda giao ly Giao hfii, danh fruc hpc trd nfl 16 eho ttian hpc, ngttffi ttd difin vao c b l dp phong kiln doong thffi de ehinh tbanh nP IS eda Chua va ban thfin eon nguffi TAP CHl GIAO Dgc L* LUAN - SO 199 (7/2013) thttc md mpt thffi ky Ijch stt mffi cho eon rigttffi gg NBHIEN CtU-TRAB oil Tuy nhifin, ban ehfi eda ttiffi dai, cac nha nhan hpp fim duong, cuong nhu "Van minh dT chi nhfin van chd nghTa Idc rtfiy i o tudng rang cbi ein pha van da" nghTa la bilu bien bfin ngofii sang sda, dupe efii gfing cum eda e h l dp phong kien vfi gifio Ijch sy eda nguffi phai phd bop, phai dttng lai ly nhfi tho d l xfie lap xfi hpi mffi, xa hfii l u ban la d I I glao"' nguffi ed dupe hanh phde thye sy kbi Chinh vi phfit hifin eon rtguffi vfi dat eon chinh sy phfit triln cda chd nghTa tu bin dang rtgfiy nguffi vao cfic vj tri trarig trpng eho nfin cfic trao cfirtg gia tang tinh chit vfi khofit sfiu thfim mfiu luu tu tudng vfi efie tOn glao ldn d Phuortg Dong Uiufingltta ly tttdrtg rthfin van vffi hifirt thye xa hpi bfin eanh nhttng ban che, deu mang tirth lieh eye ttt khffi rtguyfin vffi cfic ttt tttdng nhfin vfirt Tmng O Cung dfit nguffi vfio vj tri tmng tam ^^ • song d Phuong Dong, diln tiln eda cac Qufie, Khdrtg giao cd khdng it efie ttt tttdng vi sy Idn pham frd, khfii nifim frong dp co "nhfin van" khflng lai va phat ttien ngttffi Chang ban, quan niem gap pbii nhifiu bude thang ttIm nhu Phuong Tfiy va 'Ihfirth danh" khuyin khich thai dp sfing B'ch cye, eo nfii dung cttng khflrtg tn/ng khil vffi "humanism" mfi ttach nhiem vffi epng ddng, mye tifiu xfiy dyng mpt Phuong Tfiy v i n stt dung Ttt Ittdng nhan van xuat xa hpi dai ddng ly tudng no dd, nhfirt fii, hfia mue, hifin sdm ljeh sfl tfl B/dng Phuong Dong vfi t h l khfirtg cudp bfic, quan niem "Tfie tan ky nang, tat bISn tap trung cfie glao ly eda cac tfin gifio Idn d i e ky sd' (Ifim bet nang lue, budng theo nhu nhung hiem kbi nao nguffi ta dat vfi'n de djnh nghTa eau) gan vffi quan dilm xa hpi cpng sirt so khai xem cu t h l nhfin van Ifi gi? Nffi mpt cfich khac, CQng khuyfin eon ngttffi' md rflng khflrtg giffi khflng phai ehP d i n thuat ngfl ehd nghTa nhfirt hart tinh yfiu thuong eda minh, iy thuylt "KiSm al" vfirt dffi vfi djrth vj ve npi hfim, ngoai difin thi eda Mae gia la mpl hinh thttc md rpng khong giffi nguffi Pbuang Dfing mffi biet den nhfin vfin mfi ban pham vl bao quat eda tfiri giao nbung B'nh tfl kbi co eon rtguffi, duffi binb thflc hay nhfin van cda nfi Ifi d chd tfin trpng, de cao gia lii hinb thflc khfie, cfic v l n de HSn quan den nguffi, nguffi vfi kSu gpi mpl nguffi hay yfiu Ihuong ttiupc ve eon nguffi dfiu da dupe de cap ehi khae ddng loai nhu yfiu chinb ban thfin minh Mae Td vfi pham vi, mttc dp, each tilp can vfi bilu dat rtffi; "Ta tttng xem xfit hpa loan dfiu ma ra, deu Thuat ngtt "nhfin van" d Phttong Dong dfi xua't cort nguffi khfing yfiu thuong mfi Bfi tffi bifin tfl r i t Ifiu trude cfirtg nguyen Theo van tu va cfii khong trung hilu vffi vua vfi cha, l y la Han cd Van (s:) ed nghTa Ifi hinh quan thttng nguyfin nhfin sinb hpa loan Cha khong (hinh thtte danh dfi'u thffi' gian sdm nhat eda nguffi thuong ySu eon, anb khfing yeu thuong em, vua d khflng yfiu thuong be tffi, l y eung Ifi nguySn nhfin xua), Ifi xam hinh, xam minh hay hinh van thttng trang tri trfin dd gdm, dd trang stte cda nguffi e l xua Nffi theo ngfin ngfl hifin dai thi dfi la bilu hifin bSn ngoai cda cai nfii dung, b i n e h l l phong each bSn TbiSn vfin, Dja van, Nhfirt vfirt Iheo hudng dp mfi g i i i thieh thi la bilu hien ben ngofii cda Tam tfii; Trffi (a), a l t (±), nguffi (A) Vi t h l mfi mpi boat dpng eda nguffi duffiig nhtt luPn dffi bdi g i n k i t ba mat xich; thifin thffi, dja Ipi, nhfin hpa Cho nfirt "nhfin vfin (bilu hien hinb thtte eda ngttffi) phii phortg theo sinh hpa loan eda thien ha"'" Khae vffi Mae gia, ly thuylt Dao gifio de eao ttnh By ty tai eda eon nguffi, kfiu gpi mpi nguffi sing ttiuan ttieo ly nhien, fra eae gifi frj ve nguyen nghia vfin CO cda n d Mae du dya frfin tinh lam than bi song huflng nguffi tffi vifie giii quylt mffi quan bfi gitta hp vffi B; nhifin mfit cfich hai hpa, bai chieu, sdng hfia vfio ty nhifin, khdng lam gi (ttieo rtghia khfing phfi hoai) nhung khfing gi khfing lam "thifin van" (bleu bifin cda trffi) Scan tfl cda que bi frong Kinh Djch chep "cuong nhu glao thfio, thifin van da" nghTa la bilu hifin cda trffi Ifi su hda 56 / - Xem Hd Thuc Minh, Chu nghia nhdn vdn theky XXI, Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hoi, sd'9/2007, lr - Tri Tue: Mac Tii tinh hoa, Nxb Phutfng ddng, Thdnh Hd Chi Minh 2005, tr 108 TAP CHi GIAO DUC LY LUAN - S(5 199 (7/2013) NGHIEN Cliu-TRAO OOI (theo nghla tham gia vao mpi boat dpng chung) rd boa tu san CPn nguffi Ijch stt van hda rang Ifi mpt djnh budng nguyfin tae sdng ta't hpp ly, Dflng Phuong dudng rthu lufln tdn tai nhung d mpt la mat thfii dp ttng xtt nban vfin khfing ehi vffi vj tri rat nho be, tinh Irang bj vo trPn va nfim nguffi ma vffi ca van vfit Trang Tfl nffi; "Mpi sy vat vao xa hpi ma ho chi b i l l chfi'p nhan, it t h i c frfin the gian deu can thuan theo ty rthifirt ehfl khong m i c xem nguyen nhan thyc sy la gi Trong t h l cue aucjc fip dat suy nghl cda minh eho ngttffi khfic"'^' ehung, nhan each efi nhfin thuflng bj tha'p, n i m d An Dp, giao ly dao Phfit ehfla dttng nhieu tu tudng nhfin van mang linh phd qua! khfing d vi tri y l u the kbi l i t e i v i n m i l milt dl tim va xfiy dung mpt xa hpi ehung chung ly tudng hudng ngudi den mpt sy giii thoat d t h l giffi Tbue t l , mffi quan hfi giffa efi nban va cpng bfin mfi dat trpng tam hupng v l phia nhttng ddng lufirt la mffi quan he bien chttng Mfit ca the ngttffi ngheo kho, xfi'u sfl, efl don va co vj tti thfi'p kbPng the tdn tai vfi phfit triln kbi khfing g i n vffi hfin Irong xfi hpi Ttt tudng ttt, bi, by, x i cda Phfit tap the nhttng tap t h l ay, vj in', vai trfi, quyfin giao khilrt nP dfi cham dirt vfi hfia vfio tam thflc Iffi cua efi rihfin pbii dupc xfic lap vffi tu each la eda eort ngttffi Theo Phfit giao, khfing co ding ca'p "quyfin vfi nghla vu" Nffi nhu C Mac va Ph frong dOng mfiu cung dd nhu nhau, khfing cfl dang Angghen, "trong tinh hifin thuc cda no, ban chat cap gipt nuPc m i l cung man Mfii nguffi sinh nguffi Ifi tdng hPa nhttng quan he xa hpi"'^' va khong phii mang s i n bao thai day ehuyin "sy phfit triiri tu eda moi nguffi Ifi fiifiu kifin ebo d ed hay da'u Ulka (dfi'u hifiu quy phfii eda fifing su phfit triiri ty fio cda tfi't c i mpi rigudi"'^' Chd BalamPn) gitta Iran Mpi sinh linh deu co cam giae, truong eon nguffi pbai eai tao hofin eanh vfi thflng lfl nguffi eho den cfic sinh vat khac fieu ganh qua dfl ma c i i tao chinb minh, xoa bd c h l dp tu chju khd dau; Ifi udc vpng mfinh liet thdc d l y eon ban, xfiy dung xa hpi cpng s i n chd nghla de t r i lai nguffi giil thoat minh va chdng sinb kbdi khd ban chat rtguffi cho ngudi, chd nghla Mac da dau, la finh than binb dang so kbai Phfit gifio day md mflt thffi dai mffi cho ehd nghla nhfin vfin nguffi' ta pbii ioai bo "Tam dflc" tflc tham, san, Nhu vay, d mpl goe dp nhat djnb, ehd nghTa nhfin sl vfi (iay chung sinh phai tu nhfin, lieh dttc Phfit van frortg qufi trtnh ty tim tffi, bd sung va phat friln glao gidng nhu mpt sttc manh ttch eye dua cori vfin dang fill triiri nfii dung gdc eda nP Tuy nhifin, nguffi den vffi muc dich loai trtt mpi I h l dang cda cung gidng nbu mpl pham frtt, khfii niem khac, npi kho dau, mpi cpi rfi eda khd dau, bupe ta pbii bam va ngoai diSn thuat ngtt 'Phfin van' nhanh hfinh dfing Trtit ly rthap the cda Phat glao vfi chfing vupt khffi nghia ban d i u eda nP d l den vffi phap an ly vP nga khuyfin eon nguffi g i n mlnh vfio mpt pham vi mang tinb khfii qufit eao hon TrSn ttiye eupc sdng thyc tai d l suy nghT, hfinh dpng va cdng tfi, ttieo nghla rpng ttii d i d nghla nhfiri vfin ifi ttitta bien cho nhttng dao ly tdt dep cda xa bpi nban, khang djnh, phat ttiln vfi nang eao cae gia tri Nhin chung, Irong gifio ly cda cfie tfin gifio Idn d nguffi Nhung quan nISm eu t h l v l rihfin van, cac Phuong DPng, mae du chtta dyng cac ttt tudng nhfin 16 Ihupc ebd nghla nhfin van hay viee dfinh gia, nhfin vfin ttt khffi nguySn nhttng cung gidng nhtt ttt nban dien cac tu tudng nhan vfin eua Phuang OOng, tttdng rthfirt van d Phttong Tfiy, ehdng khfing trfinh Phuang Tay eon ehju i n h huffiig eda rit nhifiu yfiu t l khffi nhttng ban ehfi thffi dai Neu ngttffi khaeh quan vfi chd quan Vi t h l , chi cP t h l tim tha'y van hda Phttong Tay vUa dupe glii phfing va tim sy tuong ddng v l mat ngtt nghla, npi dung nhfin dttpc vj Iri eua minb ebu nghla nhan van vfin ehtt khfing mpt s y trdng khit hoan t o f i n n Phuc Hung thi lap ttte bj chim nghim, bop meo, bien thfinh cfing cu lao dpng Irong nen vfin - Yu Dan: Trang TU tdm dac Nxb Tre, H 2012 tr i TAP CHi GIAO Dgc LY igAN - SO 199 (7/2013) - C.Mdc vd Ph Angghen, Todn tdp, tdp 3, Nxb CTQG, H 1995, tr IL - Sdd, tdp tr 569 57 ... mpt sy giii thoat d t h l giffi Tbue t l , mffi quan hfi giffa efi nban va cpng bfin mfi dat trpng tam hupng v l phia nhttng ddng lufirt la mffi quan he bien chttng Mfit ca the ngttffi ngheo kho,... ehju i n h huffiig eda rit nhifiu yfiu t l khffi nhttng ban ehfi thffi dai Neu ngttffi khaeh quan vfi chd quan Vi t h l , chi cP t h l tim tha''y van hda Phttong Tay vUa dupe glii phfing va tim sy... bet nang lue, budng theo nhu nhung hiem kbi nao nguffi ta dat vfi''n de djnh nghTa eau) gan vffi quan dilm xa hpi cpng sirt so khai xem cu t h l nhfin van Ifi gi? Nffi mpt cfich khac, CQng khuyfin