TAP CHf PHATTRigN N H A N LlJC - S6 3(56)2018 i VAN DE AN SINH XA HOI DOI VOFl NGl/GTI NONG DAN NGOAI THANH T H A N H PHCI HO CHI MINH HIEN NAY THS DOAN XUAN MINH H^A" TOMTAT Qud trinh thuc hien cdc chuong trinh an sinh xd hdi d Viet Nam ndi chung vd d Thdnh Ho Chi Minh ndi rieng chuyiu hudng tdi dam bdo cho cdc nhdm ddi tugng lam viic khu vuckinh te chinh thda Trong dd, cdc nhdm xd hdi de bi tdn thuang nhu ngudi ngheo, lao dong tiongkhu vuc kinh tiphi chinh thuc, lao dgng di cu vdn khd cd co hdi tiip can mang ludi ndy Hg chiiyeu diu xudt thdn td ndng ddn, gia nhdp cdc ddng lao ddng di cu vd Idm viec thi trudng lao ddng tu - mdi trudng ludn chda dung nhieu thuang tdn vd riii ro Bdi viit ndy, tdc gid tap trung phdn tidi nhdng kit qud dat dugc viec thuc hiin an sinh xd hdi (ASXH) cho ngudi ndng ddn khu vuc ngoai thdnh Thdnh phd Ho ChiMinh (TP.HCM); nhunghqn che, tdn tai vd dexudtmdtsdg thuc hiin ASXH hiiu qud han Tit khda: An sinh xd hdi; ndng ddn; ndng thdn; ngoai thdnh; Thdnh phdHd ChiMinh l.Datv^de Thdnh phd Hd Chi Mmh cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi su phdt tridn kinh td - xd hdi ndi chung va nganh cdng thuang ca nude ndi ridng, vdi ty ttgng GDP chiem hon 20%, gia tri san xuat cdng nghidp chidm hon 30%, tdng mdc bdn le va doanh thu dich vu chiem ban 25% so vdi cd nude."' Day vUa la trung tdm sdn xuat, phan phdi, tmng chuydn vira la thi trudng nbap khau, xuat khau, tieu thu hang hda Idn nliat ttong cd nude Cung vdi phdt tridn kinh te Dang bd, chinh quyen TP.HCM ludn quan tdm ddn cdng tac an sinh xa hdi chdm lo ddi sdng ngudi ddn, coi dd Id nhiem vu thudng xuyen lau dai ciia ea he thdng cbinh trj Thdnh phd da cd nhidu n6 luc to Idn, ddu tu ngudn luc, doi mdi co chd, chinh '*' Pho trucmg Phong Khao thi va Dam bao chat lugng dao tao - Hgc vi^n Can bg Thanh Ho Chi Minh '"Tacgia tinh tir so lieu cua Tong cyc Thong ke nam 2016, sdch de thuc hidn ASXH, cham lo cai thien khdng ngimg cudc sdng ciia ngudi ddnttendia ban Mac du da dat dupe nhidu tuu, song cdng tac bdo ddm ASXH d TP.HCM vdn nhttng han che, bat cap Trong didu kien TP HCM la phd kinh te phdt trien ndng ddng, ttu tien boat ddng cdng nghidp, dich m nhung ddt ttong bdi canh ehung ciia ca nude Vidt Nam thi ve co ban tinh dac trung nong thdn, ndng ngliiep va ndng ddn vdn cdn the hien khd rd net qua ne'p sdng, thdi quen Vi the, bude vao qud ttmh hdi nlidp va phat ttiea linh vuc ndng nghiep van Id nganh nghe dang chiu nhieu thidt thdi nhd't, dd nganh ndng nghidp lai cd anh hudng khd Idn den cong cudc hdi nhdp vd phdt trien ciia dat nude Do vay, thuc hien van de ASXH ciia Thdnh phd can chu trpng quan tam den ddi tiipng ngudi ndng ddn, ddc biet Id ndng dan ngoai thdnh POAN XUAN MINH HOA - VAN BJ AN SINH XA HQI Mdt so khai niem lien quan 2.1 Khdi niim An sinh xd hgi Thuat ngu An sinh xd hdi d Viet Nam dupe dich ttr cdc thudt ngO tieng Anh, nliu: Social security, social welfare, social policy, social protection, social msurance, social safety net Ndi dung ciia cdc thudt ngU khong hoan toan gidng nhau, phan anh mdc dd, quy mo, pham vi an sinh xa hdi ciia cdc nude cd su khde nhau, tiiy thudc vao quan niem, che dp chinh tri - xd hdi, trinh dp phat ttidn vd ehinh sdch cua mit qudc gia Quan niem dupe chdp nhdn phd bien tten the gidi hiln coi ASXH gdm ba tru cot (hay ba ludi) an sinh chii ydu Id; bao dam viec lam tich cue, he thdng bao hiem da dang va he thdng ttp giup xd hpi hieu qua Cd rd't nhidu khdi nidm, cdch hieu ve ASXH, cd the tidp cdn theo cdc hudng sau: Theo Ngdn hang Phdt tridn chdu A (ADB): An sinh xa hdi la mdt hd thdng chinh sach cdng nham giam nhe tdc ddng bat Ipi eiia nhiing bidn dgng ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh vd ea nhdn" Dinh nghia nhdn manh vai trd cua nhd nude vide bao dam ASXH, giam nhe nhiing tdc ding bat Ipi ddn cac ca nhan va hd gia dinh Theo Td chiic Lao ddng Qudc td (ILO): "An smh xa hdi la su cung cap phuc loi cho cac hp ^a dinh va ca nhdn thdng qua co che cua nha nude hoac tdp thd nhdm ngan chdn su suy giam miic sdng bode cdi thidn mdc sdng thap" Dinh nghia nhdn manh khia canh phan phdi phuc Ipi, bao hidm va md rpng tao vile lam cho nhiing ddi tupng d khu vuc kinh te khdng chinh thiic Cf nude ta, POSTS Vu Trpng Khai cho rdng: 'An sinh xa hpi la su dam bao cua xa hdi ddi vdi ttmg ngudi dan vd miic sdng vdt chat va tinh thdn tdi thidu, hp 1dm vdo tinh ttang ngimg, giam hoac mat thu nhdp nhiing nguyen nhan tu nhlln, kinh td, xa hdi (gia ca, dm dau, thai san, tan tat, ddng con, mat hay thieu kha ndng lao ddng, khdng noi nuong tua, thdt nghiep, tai nan lao dpng, benh nghd nghiep, thien tai lam mat nha cira, tai san ca nhan va tu li6u san xudt ) bang nhung the ehi', theo dd nha nude, xa hpi, cgng ddng va mdi ngudi dan, thuc hidn cdc biln phdp cdng cdng phu hop vdi ttinh dp phat tnen cu thd va cdc ddc tnmg van hda - lich sit cua mdi qudc gia, mdi ddn tdc"*^' Trong bai "Dam bao cdng tdt hon an sinh xa hdi va phuc Igi xa hdi la mdt ndi dung chu yeu cua Chidn lupc phat ttien kmh te - xa hgi 2011 - 2020" Thu tudng Nguyin Tan Dung, neu quan dilm 'An sinh xa hdi va phue Ipi xd hgi la he thdng cac chinh sach va giai phdp nham vira bdo vl miic sdng tdi thieu cua ngudi ddn trudc nhflng rui ro vd tae dgng bat thudng ve kinh td, xa hdi va mdi trudng vUa gdp phdn khdng ngimg nang cao ddi sdng vdt chat va tinh than cho nhan dan'!'^' Nhu vdy, ASXH la mgt he thdng cdc chinh sdch vd giai phdp nhdm vira bao ve miic sdng tdi thidu ciia ngudi dan ttudc nhiing rui ro va tac ddng bat thudng vl kinh td, xd bdi vd mdi trudng; vda khdng ngimg nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than cho nhdn ddn Bao dam ASXH va ndng eao phiic Ipi xa hdi khdng chi la bao vd quydn cua mpi ngudi dan theo Tuyen ngdn qudc te nhan quyin cua Liln Hpp Qudc, ma edn Id nhiem vu quan trpng eua mdi qudc gia qua ttinh phdt ttien Nude ta quan nidm ASXH la mgt he thdng chinh sach va giai phdp dupe dp dung rgng rai dd trp gidp cac thdnh vien xa hpi ddi phd vdi nhung riii '^> Vu Trong Khir Vdi y hen ve van de nong ddn vd an smh xd hoi: Djnh hu&ng ngMen ciru, Vien Khoa hoc IQ* thu^t nong nghiep miSn Nam, TP HCM, 2015 "' NguySn Tan Diing "Dam bao ciuig tot hon an sinh xa hoi va phiic loi xa hoi la mgt noi dung chii ySu ciia Ciuen luge phat triln kinh tg - xa hoi 2011 - 2020", tir website, http'//nguyentandung chinhphu vn/Home/Bao-dam-ngaycang-tot-hon-an-sinh-xa-hoi-va-phuc-loi-xa-hoi-la-motnoi-dung-chu-yeu-cua-Chien-luoc-phat-trien-kinh-texahoi-20112020/2010g/11379 vgp, tmy cap 13/05/2018 DOAN XUAN MINH HQA - VAN DE AN SINH XA HOI ro vd khd khdn gdp phdi, ddn den mat vide lam hode lam suy giam nghiem trpng ngudn thu nhap va cudc sdng Quyen dupe an sinh la mdt quyen quan trpng ciia ngudi, dupe quy dinh Hidn phdp nam 2013 eiia nude ta HI didng ASXH dupe tiiid't ke theo nguyen tdc: Nha nude gifl vai trd chii dao ddng thdi phai dupe xa hdi hda cao, huy dpng su tham gia rdng rdi eua mpi td chiic, don vi, gia dinh, cd nhan va ciia todn xa hdi; xdy dung he thdng ASXH da dang, da tang hudng tdi bao phu todn ddn; ndng cao ndng luc tu an sinh ciia ngudi ddn vd cpng ddng; chu ttpng den nhdm d l bi tdn thuong, ngudi ngheo, viing ngheo, vung dan tdc, mien nui, ndng thdn, khu vuc phi chinh thdc; timg budc tiep can vdi chuan muc qudc te, khdng ngung nang cao ddi sdng vat chat vd tinh than cua ngudi dan.'^' 2.2 An sinh xd hdi cho ngudi nong ddn Nghi quyet sd 26-NQ/TW - Nghi quydt Hpi nghi lan thii bay Ban chdp hdnh Trung uong khda X ve ndng nghiep, ndng ddn, ndng thdn ngdy thdng nam 2008 xdc djnh dam bao ASXH cho cu dan ndng thdn la mdt nhiing nhilm vu quan ttpng chidn lupc phat trien ndng thdn Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 Nghi quyet 24/2008/NQ-CP ciia Chinh phii neu rd Chuong trinh muc tieu Qude gia ve xay dung ndng thdn mdi can "thuc hidn dupe muc tieu giam ngheo vd ddm bao an smh xa hdi" Cd thd npi rdng ngudi ndng dan d cdc nude dang phat tiien nhu d Viet Nam la tang ldp d l bi tdn thuang nhat, khdng phai ehi kinh td phat trdn ehua bin vung md cdn thien nhidn bat thudn, khihdu biln ddi, mdi trudng sinh thdi suy thodi Nhflng anh hitdng tiiu cue 1dm eho ngitpi ndng ddn hi suy giam hoac mat ngudn thu nhap mat viec 1dm, bi dm dau, thai san, tai nan, benh nghd nghidp, gid ca khdng c6n siic lao dgng bode vi eae nguyin nhan khdch quan khac lam cho hp roi vdo cdnh ngheo khd, b ^ ciing hda ASXH ddi vdi ndng ddn la mot he thdng cdc chinb saeb, cac giai phdp ma tnroc tiln nha nude, gia dinh, xa hgi va cpng dong thuc hien nhdm trp giup ngudi ndng ddn dioal khdi ngheo, ddi phd vdi nhflng rui ro gay bdi cdc cu sdc vd kinh te - xa hdi, mdi trudng Nhuvay, de thuc hien ASXH ddi vdi ndng ddn thi dieu thiet yeu la phai dam bao cho nhiing ngudi ndng ddn ed viec 1dm, tdng thu nhap, thodt khdi ngheo ddi, vd cd tich luy dii Idn de tham gja bao hiem y te, bao hiem xa hoi Thuc hien dupe dieu dd, hp mdi chii ddng thara gia vao he thdng ASXH Mudn thoat ngheo thi ban thdn ngudi ddn khdng thd tu minh 1dm duoc ma can phdi cd su ttp giup cua nha nude, ngudi than va cdng ddng Thdng qua cac chuongtrinli xda ddi giam ngheo, trp giup xd hdi vd cung cap dich vu xa hpi eo ban cho ngudi ndng dan se tao dieu kiln thudn Ipi cho hp thodt nghio, timg budc vung tin boa nhdp vao hd thdng bao hiem y te vd bao hidm xd hdi tu nguyen, HI thdng ASXH ddi vdi ndng ddn la mgt bp phdn cua he thdng ASXH chimg ciia dat nude, bao gdm cdc chinh sdch, cdc giai phap ma nha nude, gia dinh va xa hdi thuc hien nham trp giiip ngudi ndng ddn thoat khdi nghlo, ddi v6i nhung rui ro gdy bdi cdc cu sdc ve kinh te-xa hdi 1dm cho ngudi ndng ddn bi suy giam hoac mat ngudn thu nhap bi dm dau, thai san, tai nan, benh nghe nghiep, gid ca khdng cdn site lao ddng hoac vi cac nguydn nhan khach quan khac lam cho hp roi vdo canh ngheo kho, bdn cimg hod ASXH ddi vdi ndng dan d Vidt Nam hiln cd nhung ddc diem sau: '^^ Thd nhdt, ASXH ddi vdi ndng dan dupe thuc *'' Phiing Hiru Phii, Nguyin Van D^ng, Nguyin Vi6t Thong: Tim hieu mgi so thugt ngir irong Vdn kien Dai hoi dgi biiu lodn qudc lan thicXIlcua Ddng, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia - Sy thit, '''MaiNgocAnh "Tachbi^tkinhtevachinhsachansinhxahpidioMiE Ha Ngi 2016 dan nuoc tahioinay'', Tap dii/'Ad/i(^SW/g{186y 2006, tL n-tt23 B O A N X U A N M I N H H Q A - VAN Di AN SINH XA HOI , Su An smh xa hpi cho nong dan *^' wmntm • Bao hiem yt8 1• tir nguyen Bao hiem xahoi tu nguyen Trp giiip thuang xuyen Tro giup dot xuat 'i Tra giup nguai ngheo dan toe thieu so Cac dich vu xahoi CO ban va phiic Icri khac Tra giup tCr ngudi than, cpng dong xahpi hiln dudi su giup dd cua Nha nude, cdng ddng va su tu nguyen tham gia ddng gdp cua ngudi nong dan Thd hai, ASXH ddi vdi ndng dan thupc linh vuc ASXH cho khu viic phi chfnh thiic Do vdy, hd thdng luat phap cho viec thuc thi ASXH ddi v6i ndng dan vi the cdn nhieu bat cap va tinh nhdt quan chua cao V Thd ba, ngudi ndng dan Id nhiing ngudi ed thu nhdp thap va khdng dn djnh, vi vay tinh bdn viimg vd dn dinh ve tai chinh cho viec thuc hidn ASXH la khdng cao Cd thd khdi quat he thdng ASXH cho ndng dan Vilt Nam qua so dd, (Xem: Sa dd An sinh xd hdi cho ndng ddn ) t IhUc trang an sinh xa hpi ddi vdi ngudi nong dan ngoai Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh thdi gian qua [ 3.1 Nhungkit qud dat dugc |, Thdnhdt, cac cbinh sdch, chuong tnnh mang tinh chdt phdng ngda rui ro Tru cdt co bdn nhat ciia hpp phan ndy Id cac chinh sach, chuong trinh ve thi trudng lao ddng tieh cue nhu dao tiio nghe; hd trp ngudi tim vide, tu tao viec lam bode dao tao nang cao ky nang cho ngudi lao ddng linh vuc ndng nghidp, ndng thdn Thdi gian qua, nhiing chinh sdch ciia Thanh phd da tao dupe nhieu vide lam mdi phi ndng nghiep gdp phan day nhanh chuydn dieh co cau lao dpng ndng thdn theo hudng giam lao dpng ndng nghiep, tdng lao ddng cdng nghiep vd dich vu d eae qudn huyen ngoai thdnh Trong gdn 10 ndm qua (tfl nam 2010-2017) thdng qua viec thuc hien chinh sach ASXH cung vdi qua trinh day manh cdng nghidp hda - dd thi hda da tao hang van vile 1dm mdi phi ndng nghilp Rilng cae doanh nghiep khu cdng nghiep da tiep nhdn hon 20 ngan lao ddng ciia cdc quan huyen ngoai TP.HCM vao 1dm vile (tinh ddn cudi ndm 2017) ngoai hoat ddng dich vu cflng phat trien kha manh nhu dieh vu chd d eho cdng nhdn cdng nghilp, dich vu bao ve, dich vu sinh boat Tdng hgp kdt qua dd da cho thay, sd lao ddng lam ndng nghiep lien tuc giam qua cdc ndm 2010: 63,26% (nam 2016: 46%) Trong dd, lao ddng cdng nghiep ndm 2016: 32% (nam 2010: 22,28%), lao dpng lam djch vu ndm 2016:22% (ndm 2010:14,46%).'"' '^ Mai Nggc Anh: An sinh xa hgi doi v&i nong ddn Irong nen "' Mai Ngpc Anh "Tdch biet kinh te va chinh sach an sinh xa kmh te th trudng cr Vi$t Nam Nxb, Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Ngi hpi cho nong dan nucrc ta hi?n nay", Tap chi Phdi tnen kinh le (186)/2006, tr, l7-tr,23 2010 B O A N XUAN MINH H O A - VAN €>( AN SINH XA HOl B^g Cfi cau lao ddng nong thon q u ^ huyen ngoai Ih^nh phd Hd Chf Minh giai doan 2009-2016 Stt Nganh nghe cua hd ndng dan Nam 2009 N i m 2010 (%) (%) Nam 2016 Hg lam nong, lam nghifip 77,8 63,26 46,0 H6 ISm c6ng nghiep xay dimg 9,1 22,28 32,0 H6 lam dich vu 13,1 14.46 22,0 Ngudn: tdc gid tdnghgp td tdi liiu thdcdp (thdng3/2018) (Xem: Bdng Ca cdu lao ddng ndng thdn mdi (thiu, may, tre, dan ), day nghd cho xu^t qudn huyen ngoai thdnh Thdnh phd Hd Chi khau lao ddng, lao ddng tre eua khu vuc nong thdn tham gja hpc nghd tai cdc trudng day nghe Minh giai doan 2009 - 2016) Trongnhlingnamtfl2009-2016,TP.HCMdd tiong Thanh phd ket qud tdng hpp khoang cd tdc dd tdng trudng hang ndm ludn dat mdc 15.000 ngudi.*'"' sd Ndm 2009 mdc dd dnh hudng Idn cua Thd hai, cdc chinh sdch, chuongtiinhmang suy thodi kinh td vd khimg hoang tai chinh loan tinh chdt giam thidu rdi ro Cd the ndi chinh cau song tdc dd tdng GDP cua Thanh phd van sach thudc tang ndy rdt nhay cam, neu phii hgp se thue day su tham giati'ehcue eua ngudi ddn, dat 12,54%, nam 2005 dat 14,04%.''" Ddi sdng nhdn ddn khdng ngiing dupe cai tidt kilm ngudn lue nhd nude, tdng dp hao phu' thien, nhat Id vung ndng thdn cdng ro hon GDP he thdng Ngupe lai, neu chinh sdch khdng phii binh qudn dau ngudi nam 2016 dat 1500USD, hpp ngudi dan se khdng tham gia hode chinh ndm 2009 chi dat 249,5 USD; tiiu nhdp bmh sdch bi lam dung Cdc co quan bao hidm ciia quan hang thang cua ngudi ndng ddn liln tuc Thanh phd da giai quydt kip thdi, diing che tdng cao (Nam 2008:1.061.000 ddng, ndm 2002 chinh sach cho nhirng ngudi hudng bao hi^m chi cd 320.000 ddng).'^' Chitieutironghd gia xd hpi thudng Miyen, bao gdm nhOoig ngirdi dinh cd su bien ddi theo hudng tdng chi cho hudng ddi tupng him tri Sd ngudi hudng bao gido due, mua sam phuang tidn, thidt bi va dd hidm xa hdi thudng xuydn tdng dan qua cac dimg lau bdn Theo bao cdo cua Sd Lao dpng, ndm Vd bao hidm y te, toan ngdnh tai TRHCM Thuong binh va Xd hdi, Hdi ndng dan vd Trung da cd su phdi hpp vdi cdc co sd y te dd damb^s tdm khuyen cdng sd Cdng diuong TRHCM, cho hdng tridu ngudi di khdm va ehfla benh nhflng nam qua da md cac ldp day nghe theo bao hiem y te Cdng tac quan ly bao hi^m cho ndng ddn thdng qua vile nhan cdy nghe xa hdi cdng nd nep, cdng tdc gidm sdt cdng dupe tdng cudng va mang luditiiu- chi ngdy cdng dupe md rdng De ddm bdo vile th^