TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA HOI so 10 (194) 2014 NHAN THLPC V^ HON NHAN, TJNH DUG VA SINH SAN CUA NGU'CXI CONG GIAO THANH P H H O CHf MINH HIEN NAY T R A N NGUYEN TU-aNG OANH CCing vai si/ bien chuyen xa hoi qua trinh cong nghiep hoa-hian dai hoa va tac dong cua Chtrang trinh Ke hoach hoa gia dinh, nhan thu-c ve hon nhan, tinh due va sinh san cua nguxri Cong giao da co si/ thay doi Cac nghien eu'U cho thay nguai Cong giao TPHCM da co tw twang cai ma han ve tinh due va sinh san khong dwae xem la yiu to tien quyet hon nhan Vi vay, tuoi lu sinh Hoc vi^n Khoa hpc Xa hgi nhan, tinh due va sinh san dupe thay the bing cac gia trj hien dai, chang han nhu: ty va quyen quyet djnh cua ea nh§n nhat la ngudi phu nu quan he tinh due, mang thai va sinh san Tuang tu vdi eac nhom dan so khac, d l tiiich ung vdi biln doi moi trudng tae dpng cua cong nghiep hoa-hien dgi hoa, ngudi Cong giao TPHCM khong the tranh khoi vlpc phai doi dien vdi nhCpng thay doi tren day Bai vilt chi nhOng thay doi nhan thuc v l hon nhan, tinh due va sinh san glD'a cae t h i he giao dan Cong giao TPHCM Day dupe xem la nghien cuu ban dau cung d p eac thong tin ca ban cho eac nghien cuu tuang lai vdi quy mo Idn han va chuyen sau han Ngoai ra, cac phat hien tu nghien cuu se h i trp cho viec thilt k l cac nghien cuu phan tieh sau va lam ro hanh vi sinh san cua ngudi Cong giao DG" lieu bai vilt dupe trich tu nghien cuu thuc nghiem cua tac gia, thuc hien tgi quan Binh Thgnh, quan Thu Due va huyen Nha Be TPHCM vao nam TRAN NGUYgN TLf&NG OANH - NHAN THLfC Vfe HON NHAN 2012 Ting so ngyoi phong van bing ban hoi cau trije la 240 ngyoi, dai dlpn cho nhom nien Cong giap dpc than, cac cap vg chIng Cong giao tuli kha san va ngyoi Cong giao cao tuli Cae du' llpu thu thap dyge phan tich bang phygng phap thing ke m l ta, sir dung tan so va so gia trj trung binh Ben canh do, dy lieu thy d p bae gim eac thing ke quie gia va eac nghidn cij'U tryoe dyge sy dyng d l lam ro npi dung nghien cyu NHAN THl>C v e HON N H A N , T I N H DUC VA SINH S A N Bieu Mye dich hon nhan yu tien cua cac the hp C6ng giao TPHCM Nguon: Kit qua dieu tra nghien ci>u Quan niem truyin sinh hon nhin cua Cdng giio vi ki hoach hoa gia dinh cua cic cap va chdng Cdng giio hi$n tai TPHCM, nam 2012 Nhan thye ve hon nhan, tinh dye va sinh san cija ngyo'l Cong giao TPHCM dyge Ba s i ngydi Cong giao TPHCM chpn mue dich hen nhan d l "Co ngyoi chia se phan tich qya npi dung chinh: (1) Nhan thye v l muc dich hen nhan, (2) Nhan treng cupc sing" la y u tien 1, ke din thye v l tuli kit hen mong dgi, (3) Nhan "Sinh san" dyge chpn la y u tien va thye v l tinh dije va sinh san va (4) Nhan "Thoa man chuan mye xa hpi" la yu tien Nhy vay, ngyo'l Cong giao TPHCM thye v l cai, khong eon quan tam nhieu den mije dich 2.1 Mye dich hen nhan Trpng Cong giao, mye dich chinh cua hen hen nhan la "Sinh san" N61 each khac, nhan la sinh san, cu t h i giao huan Hpi quan nlem truyin thing eua Glac hpi vol muc dich hon nhan la sinh san da tirng Thanh eo ghl "Ty ban chat, hen nhan dyge col la quan trpng thi hyong din vi$c sinh san va giao dgc dyge thay t h i bang nhOng gia trj khac cai nhy chop dinh hpan hpn nhan", Cu t h i , mye dich hon nhan vl'l gia tri "el "Cpn cai la an hup cao quy nhat eua hen ngyoi chia se cupc sing" la yu tien nhan va la s y dong gop Ion lap kiln tao cang co ty le tang dan qua cac hanh phuc eua cha me""' Tuy nhien, ngyoi t h i he giao dan, thap nhat la ngygl Cong Cong giao eon la ngyoi ciJa xa hii, vl vay mue dich hon nhan cua hp khpng giap eao tuoi, k l den la eac cap vg ehIng CIng giao tuli kha san va chi don thuan la thye hien chyc nang eao nhlt g nien Cong giao dpc sinh san ma eon phai thye hipn cac chCrc than (48,3%, 59% va 75%, tygng yng), nang ve mat kinh te-van hoa-xa hpi khac (Xem Bieu 1) Trong nghien eiru nay, ba mue dich 2.2 Tuoi kit hon meng dgi biln cua hen nhan dyge quan tam bao gom: (1) Sinh san, (2) Co ngyoi chia se D l l vgi ngyoi phu nO, tuoi kit hon la y l u to quyet dinh giai doan sinh san chinh cupc song va (3) Thoa man ehuin thi>e va thoi gian sinh san cua hp keo dai mye xa hpi Kit qua khao sat cho thIy: TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA HQI so 10 (194) 2014 hay rut ngan phu thupc vao tuoi kit hon sdm hay muon NhD'ng nghien cuu gan day cho thay, gia tang tuoi kit hon Ian dau la xu hudng chung cua cae quIc gia dang trai qua giai dogn cong nghipp hoahien dgi hoa (Nguyen Huu Minh, 1995, tr.42) Tgi Vipt Nam, ben canh yeu to cong nghiep hoa-hien dgi hoa thi chinh sach Nha nude*^' da gop phan dang ke tgo nen sy gia tang tuoi kit hon Ian dau (Nguyin HOu Minh, 1995, tr 46) Cu the, tuli kit hon trung binh Ian dau cua nam va nu d Vipt Nam da d i n tang len, nam gidi c6 xu hudng kit hon muon han nu Vao nam 1999, tuli kit hon Ian dau cua nam la 25,4 va cua nu la 22,8, d i n nam 2005, tuoi k i t hon Iln dau eua nam la 26,8 va cua ni> la 23,5 va den nam 2009, tuoi kit hon Ian dIu cua nam la 26,2 va cua nO la 22,8 (Tong cue Thong k6, 2011, tr 24) Cung vdi xu hudng gia tang tuoi kit hon cua quoc gia, tuoi kit hon mong dpi cua ngudi Cong giao TPHCM eung dan tang len K i t qua khao sat (xem Biiu 2) cho thay tuoi kit hon trung binh mong dpi cua nhung ngudi Cong giao TPHCM thupc nhom dudi 60 tuoi la cao han so vdi nhOng ngudi Cong giao TPHCM thupc nhom tren 60 tuli, cu t h i : 2009, tr 296) vdi dp tuli kit hon trung binh dupe mong dpi cua nhu'ng ngudi Cong giao TPHCM thupc nhom dudi 60 tuli cho thay: Dp tuli k i t hon trung binh dupe mong dgi d nam la tuang duang (27,59 tuoi so vdi 27,57 tuoi, tuang ung) Tuy nhien, dp tuli kit hon trung binh duge mong dgi cua nu (d nhung ngudi Cong giao TPHCM thuoc nhom dudi 60 tuoi) thap han so vdi dp tuli kit hon trung binh i l n dau cua nO" tgi TPHCM (23,92 tuoi so vdi 26,2 tuoi, tuang ung) Nguac Igi, so sanh vdi dp tuoi kit hon trung binh Ian dau eua quoc gia (Tong cue Thing ke, 2011, tr 25) thi dp tuoi kit hon trung binh dugc mong dgi cua nhung ngudi Cong giao TPHCM thupc nhom dudi 60 tuli la cao han, ca doi vdi nam va nO' (27,59 tuli va 23,92 tuoi so vdi 26,2 tuli va 22,7 tuoi, tuang ung) Theo Ting cue Thong ke (2011, tr 25), tuoi kit hon Ian dIu tai thj cao han d nong thon (27,8 tuoi so vdi 25,6 tuoi eua nam va 24,3 tuli so vdi 21,9 tuli Bleu Tuli kit hon trung binh mong dpi cua ngudi Cong giao TPHCM (%) D i i vdi nhung ngudi Cong giao TPHCM thupc nhom dudi 60 tuoi, tuli k i t hon trung binh la 27,59 tuli d l l vdi nam va 23,92 d l l vdi nu Doi vdi nhijng ngudi Cpng giao TPHCM thupc nhom tren 60 tuoi, tuoi k i t hon trung binh la 25,57 doi vdi nam va 22,13 doi vdi nu So sanh dp tuoi kit hon trung binh Iln dau cua TPHCM (Cue Thing ke TPHCM, Nguon: Ket qua dieu tra nghien cuu Quan niem truyin sinh hon nhan cua Cong giao va ki hoach hoa gia dinh cua cac cap va chdng Cong giao hien tai TPHCM nam 2012 TRAN NGUYEN T U O N Q OANH - NHAN THlJC Vfe HONNHAN Bang Nhan djnh ve tinh due va sinh san cua ngudi Cong giao TPHCM (%) Nh6m dan s i C6ng giao Vp/chong tuoi kha san Nhan dinh ve tinh due va sinh san n = 120 41,2 Dong y Tinh dMC hon nhan gan lien v&i sinh san Quan h0 tinh due ngo^i hon nhan Ngu'O'i cao tuoi n = 60 60,0 Khong dong y 39,5 25,0 Bong )/ CO dieu kien 19,3 15,0 Dong y 15,0 5.0 Khong dong y 80,8 95,0 4,2 0,0 Dong y co dieu kien Nguon: Kit qua dieu tra nghien cyu Quan niem truyin sinh hon nhin cCia Cdng giio vi ki hoach hoa gia dinh cOa cac cap va ching Cdng giio hien tai TPHCM, nam 2012, cua ny, tyong Crng), TPHCM la khu vyc CO ty le cong nghiep hoa va d6 thj hoa cae, ngygl dan phi eo nhieu eo h61 tilp can vol giao due va vipc lam vi vay ea nhan eo xu hyong byoe vao eupe sing h6n nhan mupn hon hay eo tuli kit hon cao hon nen ngyoi Cong giao TPHCM cQng khong la ngoai le Nhy v§y, tuli kit h6n mong dgi eua ngyoi Cong giao TPHCM co xu hyong gia tang Tuoi kit hon mong dgi o ny eua ngygl Cong giao TPHCM da tang len dang k l nhyng v l n thip hon so vol tuoi kit hon Ian dIu cua ny tai TPHCM noi Chung Thye t l tuoi kit hon mong dgi mupn hon a ngygl nir Cpng giao TPHCM CO t h i dy bao kha nang xuat hien xu hygng miie sinh cang giam g nhom dan so Cong giao TPHCM 2.3 Nhan thye ve tinh due va sinh san Trong Cong giao, tinh dye la hanh vi chi dyge phep diln hon nhan va phai hyong d i n viec sinh san Tuy nhien, khong phai tat ea ngyoi Cong giao nao cung deu tuan theo chuan mye ma Giao hpi d l Cy the, kit qua khao sat Bang eho thIy: Da so ngyo'l dan Cong giao TPHCM da kit hon (trong m l u nghien ci>u) hoan tpan ding y voi y kiln "tinh d\)c hon nhan gan llln vol sinh san" (47,5%), ty Ip d i n g a nhan thCrc va hanh vi kilm seat sinh san eua ngudi Cong giao, cung nhu ngudi Cong giao da thuc hien viec kilm scat su sinh san eua minh nhu t h i nao nham dap ung dong thdi vdi ca hai ap luc la nhu cau/ude muon ca nhan va doi hoi cua giao ly Hy vong nghien cuu se dong gop cac thong tin thilt thue cho ehugng trinh K l hoach hoa gia dinh vipc thiet k l va eung d p eac hogt dpng tham van va cac djch vu ke hogch hoa gia dinh thich hpp cho nhom dan s i dac thu • CHO THICH: '^' GiSo li- Hpi Cong giao aoan 1652-1653 Bg Gi^o lugt Cong giao, dieu 1061 - Mgc tieu cua hon nhan la hu'O'ng den sinh san cai '^* Vi dy nhir Lu$t Hon nhan v^ Gia dinh 1959 va 1986 gop phan hap phap hoa sy ti,j' lu-a chpn h6n nhan cua cac ca nhSn va la cc s d phap ly tang tuoi ket hon Ben cgnh 66 phong trao sinh de CO ke hogch, van dong nien ket hon muon (26 tuoi doi vdi nam, 22 t u l i d l i vdi nu'), cung da gop phan cung co cac chuan mye hon nhSn mdi (Nguyin HCKU Minh, 1995) '^' Trong Cong giao, tinh due la hanh vi chi du'cc phep dien hon nhSn va hudng den vi^c sinh san '*" So li$u kh6ng co su- khac biet nhieu so vdi nhOng nghien cCru tru-dc day: mii'c sinh cua ngu'di Cong giao cOng co xu hudng gism theo thdi gian Tru'dc thong nhat dat nu-dc, ngydi dan c6 u-dc m u l n s i ly tu-dng la nhu'ng sau thong nhat dat nude anh (Xem tiep trang 107) TAP C H i KHOA HQC XA H p i s6 10 (194) 2014 nghTa thye chirng va chuyen nganh xa hpi hpc T A I L I E U TRiCH D A N Aldon Morris and Cedrie Herring 1984 Theory and Research In Social Movements: A Critical Review (Ly thuyet va nghien ci>u v l cac phong t r i e xa hpi: Mpt bai d i l m l u j n cd phe binh) Political Behavior Annual; Fall 1984 BQl The C y d n g , Bang Thi Vl#t Phyong, Trinh Huy Hoa (dich) 2010 TCr diin xi hpi hpc Oxford (Oxford Dictionary of Soclalogy) Ha Nol: Nxb Bgi hpc Q u I c gia Ha Npi Biil T h i C y d n g 2003 N& luc tip thi vi phong trio xi hit d Viet Nam thdi ky cong nghlip hda vi hipn dpi hda: Mpt khdi thao nghien ciru Tgp chi X i hdl hpc, so 1(81) John J Maeionis 2004 Xi hdl hpc Ha NOi: Nxb Thong ke Karl Mara and Friedrich Engels 1968 Manifests of the Communist Party (NhOng b l l u hipn cCia Bang Cpng san) Selected W o r k s l Nguyen XuSn NghTa 2002 Xa hgi hpc TP.HCM: T r y d n g Bgi hpc M d Ban cdng TPHCM Bich khoa toin thwrnCi Wlkipedia: http://en.v/ikipedia.org/wlki/Soclal_movement (Tiip theo trang 39) N H A N THLfC V ^ H O N NHAN hydng cua h o i n canh kinh te, viec bien rdng rai cac phycng p h i p k^ hogch hda gta dinh ciJa chinh quyen, gia dinh nhd vdi cung la mo hinh dyp'c nhi^u gia dinh giao dan ph6 ua thich (Nguyen Xuan NghTa, 1990, tr 9) T A I L I E U TRlCH D A N David Lucas va Paul Meyer 1994 Beginning Population Development Studies The Australian National University Studies National Centre for Lam Ngpc Tnic 2008 Cong nghiep hda vi sw biin dii cua gia dinh VIetNam Hpi thao quoc t l Viet Nam Hpc lan thO thang 12/2008 tgi Ha Ndl http://vmw.hids.hochiminhclty.gov.vn N g u y l n H y u Minh 1995 TudI kit hdn tin diu a Viit Nam Tgp chi Xa hpi hpc, s l (52) Nguydn Xuan NghTa 1990 Ngwai giio din thinh phd vai vin di hdn nhin, gia dinh Cdng g i i o Dan tpc, s6 784 Tong eye T h i n g ke 1 Diiu tra biin dong din sd vi ki hoach hda gia dinh 1/4/2010: Cic kit qui chu yiu Ha Npi, t h i n g 2/2011 ... dich chinh cua hen hen nhan la "Sinh san" N61 each khac, nhan la sinh san, cu t h i giao huan Hpi quan nlem truyin thing eua Glac hpi vol muc dich hon nhan la sinh san da tirng Thanh eo ghl "Ty... bao gom: (1) Sinh san, (2) Co ngyoi chia se D l l vgi ngyoi phu nO, tuoi kit hon la y l u to quyet dinh giai doan sinh san chinh cupc song va (3) Thoa man ehuin thi>e va thoi gian sinh san cua... tinh due va sinh san cua ngudi Cong giao TPHCM (%) Nh6m dan s i C6ng giao Vp/chong tuoi kha san Nhan dinh ve tinh due va sinh san n = 120 41,2 Dong y Tinh dMC hon nhan gan lien v&i sinh san Quan