một số vấn đề về người hoa trong đời sống văn hóa xã hội ở lào

MOT S6 VAN D I V§ NG Jdi HOA TRONG Ddi S N G V A N HOA - XA HOI LAO DCdNG V A N HUY* di tu deh Id mOt quie gia d chung dudng bidn gidi phfa Nam vdi Trung Quic, Ldo dng Ii mOt nhOng quic gia Ddng Nam A sdm d mli Udn hO Ijch sd vdi Trung Quie Song, so vdi d c quic gia DOng Nam A khie thl ngudi Hoa Ldo it vl sl lupng vd ylu vl mjt thpc Ipc kinh tl SI luong ngudi Hoa tai Ldo hiOn chi khoing 185.000 ngudi, sing tip tning ehu ylu d mOt s l dO thj vi d c trung tim kinh t l Idn d a nUdc ndy Td Lio tiln hdnh md eda nin kinh t l (ndm 1986), ngudi Hoa d Lio d dilu kiOn phit triln hon trdn nhilu Iinh vUe Vj thl ngudi Hoa d Ldo ngdy cdng dupe gia tdng, nhit Id td Trung Quic vd Ldo tdng cudng quan hO ngoai giao, theo dd quan hO kinh t l diu tU d a Trung QuSc d Ldo tiln triln mOt deh manh mg, dilu niy dd tic dOng mpnh md tdi su phdt triln d a dng ding ngudi Hoa d ddy, ding thdi cung Idm gia tfing ldn sdng di cu d a ngudi Trung Quie sang Ldo diu tu, budn bdn vd mOt bO pltin dd djnh cU Idu ddi Bdi vilt ndy bude diu khic hoa bde tranh vl lich sd ngudi Hoa d Ldo, thpc trang vl nhdng thay dSi d a ngudi Hoa d Ldo vl mdt dfin cu, d u true xd hOi tic V ngudi, cOng nhu ddi sing vdn hoi - xd hOi cda hp, vi nhit Ii bSi cinh eua sy gia tdng di din ngudi Trung Quic mdi giai dopn hiOn luy A Lio Vi d i n ci^ v i du tnic x i h^i - tic ngi^M Do vj tri dja 1^ tilp giip vdi tinh Vdn Nam eda Trung quSc, mOt s l din tdc thilu s l vdng Vin Nam Trung Quic Ijdi sd d sp qua lpi vdi d c ddn tOc eua Lio d khu vpc bidn gidi Lio - Trung Nhilu tOc ngudi d a Trung Quic d i di tru din Ldo ljch sd, nhit li din tOc Yao (Dao), vd nhilu tOc ngudi khic d dja bin phin bl ci trdn Ifinh thl Trung QuSe vd Ldo, nhOng bO phin ngudi niy dd trd thinh tOe ngUdi thilu s l xfi hOi Lio Khoing thdi gian td nhOng ndm 60 din nhOng ndm 80 cua thl ky XDC, nhi Thanh (Trung QuSc) thpc hiOn nhdng cuOc viln chinh tidu diOt tdn qudn d a Thdi Binh Thidn Quie vd tdn du cua Thidn Dia HOi vi Hie k^ quin cda Luu Vinh Phdc d khu vue Ludng Quing Oio ndn, nhilu bO phfin tdn qudn "phin Thanh phpe Minh" v i nhilu ddn thudng khu vpc Giang Nam, nhit Id nhdng vung • TS Duong van Huy, Vidn Nghidn cdu DOng Nam A Duang Vdn Huy - M0t s6vdn dj vi ngUdi Hoa ddi s^ng cd chiln tranh xdy ra, dd trdn vdo miln Bic Yi^t Nam, m|t bO ph$n nhd ch^y sang cd Ldo D$c bi|t Id ndm 1874, sau nhilu di ddn ngttdi Hdi ttt Trung Quie trdn sang Miln Di|n, Thdi Lan vd cd Ldo, vd d Ldo gpi ho Id t|c "Haw" ho$c "Hor" Vdi stt hi trp ng&y c&ng m^uih md ttt phia Trung Quic dli vdi ngudi Hoa t ^ L&o khiln cho c^ng ding ng&y c&ng tftng cudng hcfn ntta c&c ho9t dOng gi&o dpc Hoa v&n cdng ding ctta nttnh l^i dupe gi&o dpc c&c trttdng Hoa vftn trdn m&nh d&!t ctta L&o, ding thdi l^i chfu t&c ddng manh md ctta stt trSi d$y ctta Trung Quic, nh&!t Ifi stt Anh hudng ng&y c&ng m^mh md c^a nttdc nfiy dli vdi L&o trdn nhilu phttong didn Cho ndn, ngudi Hoa c&ng c6 co sd hdn ntta dl bfio v$ v& Vl m$t v&n ho& tin ngttttng, ngttdi Hoa ph&t hi^ hon nhttng gi& tn vfin hofi cua d dfty chu ylu theo c&c lo^i tdn gi&o tin cdng ddng minh trdn d&i L&o ngudng truyin thing nhtt D90 gi&o, Ph$t gi&o D ^ thtta, tuc thd cttng t l ti6n, nhung ¥Mt\Mfya hp cung cd s&e th&i khu vttc rd r&i^ Ngttdi Hoa d L&o cQng chiu svf &nh httdng m^nh md cua v&n ho& Nho gia, ho diu cd ^ thttc sung b&i t l ti3n, c6 ^ m$m mang md vl "cdi nguin", v§y hp dfi hinh thinh ngn nhCQig quin thl ngUdi Hoa theo dia viic mdt c&ch In dinh Vl m&t hdn nhfin, su m£ft c&n doi vl gidi tinh cua the h$ ngudi Hoa di trtt thtt nhit d L&o (do di tru ehu ylu Ifi dfin ong), cho nen dl tri "httOng hoS" dio ndnh, nhilu trai ngttdi Hoa da chpn kit hdn vdi g&i sd tai Dilu n&y ed hai dilu lpi dli vdi ngudi Hoa, thtt nhSt 1& ho ed thl diiy tri "httOng hod" cho minh nhu da ndi d trdn, thtt hai Ifi nhttng r ^ d i vp n&y ed thl gittp Ich r^t ldn cho hp cdng vi^ kinh doanh budn b&n d dfiy dttpc tiln triln Theo nhu dilu tra, gia (£nh cua nhttng ngttdi Hoa the hd thtt nhat ty 1^ me 1& ngttdi L&o chiim tdi 2/3'2i) Vi$c thdng hdn gitta ngudi Hoa vfi ngudi L&o cung tao co sd vQr^ ch^c eho xa hpi ngudi Hoa d dfiy, tao dilu ki|n cho ngudi Hoa v& ngttdi L&o ehui^ song vdi tot hon, ngttdi Hoa dl d&ng hdi nhfip vao xa hdi L&o Cd thl ndi, ngudi Hoa "gidi giang" hon ngudi Lao vl cac hoat ddng kinh tl, hp Vdi dilu kidn phfit triln kinh t l khdng thu$n lpi, nhfft Ifi kinh t l thttong nghidp, vfih dl th} tnidng, giao thdng kdm ph&t triln, ngttdi Hoa ca trtt v& hoat dQng kinh t l d L&o It hpn c&c qude gia kh&c thudc khu vUc Ddng Nam A lue dia nhtt Yi^t Nam, Campuchia, Th&i Lan vfi Myanmar Tuy v$y, tiln tiinh lich stt cua L&o, cpng ding ngudi Hoa eung da ed vai txd d&ng kl d^ vdi stt ph&t triln thttong mai cua quoc gia n&y Trong giai doan hidn dai, cung vdi su t&ng cUdng stt &nh hudng vl kinh t l vfi vi^c th^t eh&t quan hd ngoai giao gitta Trung Quie v& L&o da tao mdi trudi^ mdi thu§n lpi cho su ldn manh eua cpi^ ding ngudi Hoa d dfiy Su tfing cudng diu tu kinh t l v& quan hp kinh te thttdng mai hai bdn khiln cho ng&y cfing nhilu ngttdi Hoa di tru vfi dinh cU d L&o Su thfim nh§p eua cfic ddng di dfin Trung Quie mdi tdi L&o khdng khdi gfiy nen tam ly lo ngai cho ngttdi lAo Tuy su gia t&ng quan hd nhilu m p gitta Trung Quoc vfi L&o dfi dua lai nhilu lpi Ich eho c& hai bdn, song hd luy kdm theo Ifi stt gia t&ng ddng di d&n ngudi Trung Quic mdi tdi Lfio se t&c dpng manh me tdi ddi sing xa hpi cua ngudi dfin Lao, v& dilu n&y cui^ l&m thay dli nhanh Nghiin Cliu Ddng Nam A 7/2012 38 chdng cd ctfu xfi hdi ngudi Hoa t ^ Trang Quie Thl, Lu^ bdn vi sif thay dSi dia vi xd h4i cOa ngudi Hoa d Ldo tU sou nude n&yV Thi chiin II tdi nay, N ^ n cdu I)ch sd ngudi Hoa vfi Hoa kilu, s l 2, thfing nfim 2004, tr.29 10 Theo thing kd vl d&n s l vfi phfin b l cda ngttdi Hoa vfi Hoa kilu trdn t h l gidi cuIn ' ^ i d n gifim kinh t l nguoi Hoa hfii ngo^i" ctta Dfii Loan nfim 1990-1991, La Hoa, On dinh vUng ven: Nghiin cdu vi *7^Ti6n gi&m t h i n g kd nhfin khtfu" cua bdn sdc xa hdi ngUiri Hoa d Ldo, Lu&n vfin Lien hpp quic n&m 1988-1989 thl nguiii Th^c sy, D ^ hpc DAn tdc Qufing Tfly, Hoa d Lfio ehilm 160.000 ngudi S I lilu 2008 tr.9 eda Li^u Ngh) Hdi Trung Hoa Mi ngo^, http:/Avww.cofia.org.cnAwzl/rsftiitm Vfio n&m 1936, d&n s l ngudi Hoa d L&o 1& 3.000 chiim ^ 0,3% dfin s l L&o dd ll.www.gdover8easehn.com.cn/200Mirst2001 Xem Duong Kiln Th&nh (cb), Hoa 0409r.htm kiiu d bdn ddo Trung Nam thdi Phdp 12 Xem trong, I^^m Hdng Qif^, Kh/U qudt thudc, Vidn N{^dD cttu Nam Duong, Vi^n ngudi Hoa vd Hoa kiiu d Ldo, B&t hoc thu&t Tnmg Hoa, 2000, tr.42 Din n&m Qui Kilu sen, k^ 1, 2000 1937, dfin s l ngUdi Hoa d L&o I& 3.000 ting dfin s l L&o 1& 1.012.000, ehilm 13 Trang Quic Thl, Lupc bdn vi stf thay dii dja vi xd hdi ciUi ngUdi Hoa d Ldo td aau 0,3% d&n s l nude nfiy, xem Ngudi Thi chiin II tdi nay, Nghidn cttU Uch sd Hoa d Vidt Nam (Bfic v& Nam), Campuchia ngudi Hoa vfi Hoa kilu, s l 2, thfing nfim v& L&o, Tu hdu Vidn Nghidn cdU D6ng 2004, tr.33 Nam A, s l hidu TL 555, tr.7 Th&i Thidn, Khdi qudt Hoa kiiu d LAo, D&i 14 Theo, Overseas Compatriot Affairs R.O.C (Taiwan), Commission, Bfic: Ting hdi Hipp hdi Hoa kilu, Chfnh http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/pubIic/pubTrung thu cue, 1988, tr.79 lic.asp?6elno=1163&no=l 163&leveI=B Trang Quic Thl, Li^ bdn vi si/ thay dSi dia vi xd hdi ciia ngUdi Hoa d Ldo tie sau 15 httpy/en.wikipedia.or^wild/LQotian_ChiDe8e Thi chiin II tdi nay, Nj^6n cttu lich stt 16 http://www.caexpo.or^gb/charm2006/waiK ngudi Hoa v& Hoa kilu, s l 2, thfing n&m iang/newsJaowo/t20061010_64307 Jitml 2004, tr.30 17 Theo s l thing kd khfic thl khofing 20 J M Halpem, The Role of the Chinese in ngudi Trung Quic di cU tdi Lfio, xem Issues Lao Society, University of California at Los and events of ethnic Chinese communities, Angeles, March 1,1961, pp: 31-32 CHC Bulletin, Issues 13 & 14, May & Nov 2009, Chinese Heritage Centre Ngudi Hoa d Vi§t Nam (B&c v& Nam), Singapore, p.4 Campuchia v& L&o, Tu li^u Vi^n N j ^ n CHCTHfCH cttu Dang Nam A, s l hidu TL 555, tr.5 18 www.hslmw.comAiode2/nodell6/ Trang Quic Thl, Luge bdn vi sU thay dSi 19 www.gxi.gov.en/economy/zgydny/dnyhqhr.htm dia vi xd h^i cda ngUdi Hoa d Ldo tie sau Thi chiin II tdi ruiy, N ^ d n cttu lich stt 20 http://www.caexpo.or^gb/charm2006/wanx ngudi Hoa v& Hoa kilu, s l 2, thfing nflm iang^ews_laowo/t20061010_64307iitml 2004, tr.29 21 La Hoa, On dinh vdng ven: Nghi&n cdu vi Th&i Thign, Khdi qudt Hoa kiiu d Ldo, D&i bdn sdc xd hdi ngUdi Hoa d Ldo, Lufin vftn B&c: Ting hpi Hipp hdi Hoa kilu, Chinh Thac sy, Dai hpc Dfln tie Qufii^ Tfiy, trung thu cue, 1988, tr.54-55 2008, tr.25 ... mOt gpi 1& Trung Hoa c6ng sd ngttdi Hoa d L&o l^i d6i Trung Hoa 14 sifi h^i th&nh Trung Hoa H^i qudn vk y&u ciu nhttng ngudi gtfc Hoa qu5c tich L&o nh$p t6 chttc n&y Sau Trung Hoa h$i qu&n dttffc... n g thinh lip ndn Trung Hoa Lf sp hOi Cdc t l chdc xd hOi d a ngUdi Hoa n i y Iiy tin cM l i gin kit tinh d m mpng ludi ngudi Hoa v i Hoa kilu, bio vO Ipi ich ding bdo Hoa kilu, nhiOt tim vdi... diu cd Trung Hoa H$i qu&n, v& qu&n l^r ngttdi Hoa v& c&c trudng ngudi Hoa d Ttt sau Th^ chiEfn thtt II k^t thuc, tr&n khu vi^c cQa nttnh N§n, t l chttc x& h$i ngudi Hoa d L&o - Trung Hoa Hdi qudn,