phân tích các mối quan hệ trong gia đình

Nghien cufu Gia dinh va Gi6i So -2013 Phan tich cac moi quan he gia flinh: Mot so khia canh phirang phap luan Nguyen Huru Minh Vi6n Nghien ctru Gia dinh va Gidi Ldi T o a s c a n : Phan ti'ch ve mdi quan he gia dinh la mdt noi dung quan trong qua trinh nhan dien dac diem gia dinh Vict Nam va lim kiem phitdng thCfc xay dUng gia dinh Viet Nam tien bo, hanh phuc Trong thdi gian gan day, chufdng trinh nghien cCtu cua Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi dang tap trung vao chu de nghien cdu De cd dufdc nhiifng ket qua nghien ciiu chmh xac, cung cap nhCing luan chiing cd cd sd khoa hoc cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach lien quan den van de nay, viec chii y den nhiing khfa canh ly thuyet va phiWng phap nghien ciiu la r a t quan Xham gdp phan nang cao chat lUdng cac nghien ciiu tda soan gidi thieu mot so' trao ddi bifdc dau cua tac gia Nguyin H€tu Mmh ve nhQng diem can quan tam np dung khai niem each tiep can ly thuyet, cac chi bao cung nhu phan ti'ch cac you to' tac dong den md'i quan he gia dinh qua trinh nghien ciiu van de d Viet Nam hien Tif k h o a : Gia dinh; Quan he gia dinh: Chiic nang gia dinh: Nghien ciiu gia dinh PhUdng phap luan; Tiep can ly thuyet; Chi bao phan tich Moidau Gia dinh co vai tro circ ky quan khong chi sir phat trien cua ca nhan ma ca vice ihuc hien cac chixc nang xa hoi, giQ: gin va chu> on giao cac gia iri v:m hoa dan loc lir ihe he na>' sang the he khac Sir Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, so 2, tr 3-17 6n dinh ciia gia dinh dong gop rat ldm vao six 6n dinh va phat trie'n cua cpng dong va xa h6i nu6c la su 6n dinh cua gia dinh chfnh la m6t nhirng nhan td quyet dinh su cong cua su nghidp c6ng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc va xay dtmg chu nghia xa h6i D^u tu cho gia dinh, VI vay, cung la dau lu cho phat trien ben vihig Viec cung c6' sir bin virng cua gia dmh va phat huy vai tro cua gia dinh irong sir nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nudc, lam cho "m6i gia dmh Viet Nam thuc su la lo am cua mdi ngudi va la te bao lanh manh ciia xa h6i'\ doi hoi phai quan tam d^'n c^c chilu canh phai trien khac nhau, cd cac md'i quan he gia dinh (trong bai vie't thuat ngti' quan he gia dinh doi dugc diing tuang ducmg vdi quan he gia dinh) De cd the nhan dien mot each chinh xac thuc trang va xu hudng bien doi cua cac moi quan he gia dinh, lam ca sd de xua'l cac chfnh sach phu hap, viec chii y den nhihig va'n de ly thuye't va phuang phap nghien curu cd y nghia ra't quan Bai vie't budc d^u neu len mol sd khfa canh can quan tam ve mat khai nidm, each lie'p can ly thuye't, cac chi bao cung nhu cac yeu td tac dong de'n mdi quan he gia dinh phan tfch va'n de gia dinh Viet Nam hien Cac khai niem "Gia dmh" Khai niem gia dinh dugc dinh nghia theo nhieu each khac nhau, theo hudng tie'p can nghien ciiu Tuy nhien, mdt each chung nha't, ndi ham cua khai niem gia dinh bao gom cac yeu td: la dan vj xa hoi hinh tren ca sd cac quan he hon nhan, huyet thdng hoac nuoi dudng de thuc hien cac chiic nang sinh hoc, kinh te, van hoa, xa hdi, tfn ngudng ; cac th^nh vien quan he vdi tren ca sd nhumg qui dinh rd rang vl dao ly, b6n phan, nghia vu, trach nhiem ddi vdi cac viec c^n lam, dugc phep, ca'm doan; cd mdi lien he gan bd vdi ve tinh cam, quyen lgi, trach nhiem va CO nhumg rang budc cd tfnh phap ly dugc Nha nudc thiia nhan, bao ve Trong khudn kh6 phan tich cac mdi quan he gia dinh Viet Nam, chiing ta cd the sir diing dinh nghia neu Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2000 dl trien khai nghien ciiu: "Gia dinh la tap hgp nhtfng ngudi gan bd vdi hdn nhan quan he huy^t thdng, hoac quan he nudi dudng, lam phat sinh cac nghia vu va quyen lgi giua hg \di theo qui dinh cua Luat nay" (theo Chuong I, Dilu 8, Khoan 10- Nhumg quy dinh chung, Lugt Hon nhdn va Gia dinh \ iet Nam nam 2000) Nguy€n Hufu Minh "Mdi quan he gia dinh" Quan he gia dinh la mdt hinh thu'c bieu hien cua quan he xa hoi Tuy nhien, khdng gidng vdi cac loai quan he lure thdi giira nhimg ngudi gap ngau nhien, quan he gia dinh, hay ndi day dii han la quan he giua cac vien gia dinh, cd tfnh chat sau sac, gan kdt chat che, nghia la cac ben huru quan diu chiu su chi phdi thudng xuyen ciia su dfnh lfu ay va dSt cho mdi ben duang su mdt sd bon phan tuong umg - nhu quan he gitra vg va chdng, quan he gitta cha me va cai, quan he giira dng ba vdi cai, chau chat, v.v VI mat nguyen tac, cung gidng nhu cac quan he tucmg t^c ddi sdng xa hdi ndi chung, cac mdi quan he giira cac vien gia dinh cd the xay linh hudng ca ban, dd la su hgp tac, hoa giai, ddng hda lan (mang tinh tfch cue) va xung dot, canh tranh, chdng dd'i (mang tfnh tieu cue) Xet vl mat quan he, thdng thudng, cd mdi quan he chfnh gia dinh: - Quan he vg chdng: la quan he hdn nhan giira hai ngudi khac gidi sdng chung vdi nhau, cd quan he vdi vl mat tinh cam, tinh due Day la mdi quan he cd y nghia ldn va lac ddng de'n nhieu cac quan he khac gia dinh - Quan he giu'a cha me va cai: la md'i quan hi huye't thdng rudt thit sinh tCr quan he vg chdng - Quan he giu'a dng ba va cac chau: la mdi quan he rudt thit, tinh thuang, trach nhiem va dao ly cudc sdng, luy nhien, mdi quan he cung chira dung nhirng mau thuan khoang each ludi tac va nhimg umg xu mang lai - Quan he anh - chi - em gia dinh: su thuang ydu diim bgc lan nhau, tren ca sd chung huydt thdng, theo tinh than "chi nga em nang" la dac die'm chu ydu ciia mdi quan he nay; ddng thai mdi quan he dd ciing cd tinh binh dang trudc phap luat "Chure nang gia dinh" Chiic nang gia dmh chi phuang thii'c bieu hien hoat ddng sdng ciia gia dinh N'a cac vien cua nd Chure nang cua gia dinh gan liln vdi nhumg nhu c^u cua xa hdi ddi vdi thi che gia dinh cung nhu vdi nhumg nhu c^u ca nhan ddi vdi nd Do dd chure nang gia dinh mdt mat ddng gdp vao sir l6n tai v^ phat triln cua he thdng xa hdi; mat khac, dem lai su bao dam Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23 so tr 3-17 cuoc sdng, niim vui va hanh phuc cua mdi ca nhan (Uy ban Dan sd, Gia dinh va Tre em, 2002) Cd nhilu each phan loai khac vl chiic nang cua gia dinh, nhung vl dai Ihl cd the neu len mdt sd chure nang ca ban cua gia dinh Viet Nam nhu sau (Uy ban Dan sd Gia dinh va Tre em, 2005): - Clii'rc ndng tdi sdn xud't: Viec ihuc hien chiic nang sinh san, tai san xuai ngudi, nudi dudng ngudi va lao ngudi cd ihl chai td't nham tri va phat triln ndi gidng dugc xem la muc dfch xay dung gia dinh va cung la nhu cau lam cha lam me cein dugc thoa man ciia cac cap vg chdng Day la ehu'c nang dac ihii ma \a hdi va lu nhien da irao cho gia dinh ma khdng mot thiet che xa hdi nao khac cd the thay the dugc - Clu'rc nang kinh fe': Chiirc nang kinh le'cua hd gia dinh dugc bilu hien tren ca mat san xua'l va lieu dung Khdng chi san xuat cac san pham hang hoa, cac lhanh vien gia dinh cdn la cac nhan id tieu thu hang hoa ra't ldn, gdp phSn thuc day tai san xuat phat trien Day cung la nhu cau cua gia dinh dl iri su sdng \'a phat trien cua limg vien gia dinh - dure ndng gido due - xd hpi hda: Gia dinh la mdi irudng xa hdi hda d^u tien de hinh lhanh ngudi xa hdi Gia dinh giao due tre em tir cdn nhd, lii ldi an, tie'ng ndi, each umg \ii, nhiing ky nang, kich ihiic sdng va kmh nghiem lam viec, v.v Diem khac biet ca ban cua giao due gia dinh vdi cac mdi trudng giao due khac la su quan tam den cac ca nhan dua tren tinh yeu thuomg va bang hanh ddng true tiep Tliuc hien tdt chiirc nang giao due ciia gia dinh la ye'u td quyet djnh hmh va phat triln nhan each ngudi - Chi'te ndng ehdm sde sde khde: Chiic nang dugc bieu hien thdng qua viec nudi dudng cham sdc cac vien Ddi vdi tre nhd va ngudi gia, day la chtic nang dac biel quan va dac thu cua gia dinh Ddi vdi ngudi trudng thanh, gia dinh la nai tai san xua't sure lao ddng xa hdi, la nai nghi ngai, phuc hdi sire khoe dau dm - Chdc ndng thda mdn nhCcng nhu edu tdm ly, tlidi edm, tinh thdn: Day la chirc nang quan trong, cd linh chat van hoa - xa hdi dl xay dung gia dinh hanh phuc Chiirc nang dam bao sucan bang tam ly cua cac ihanh vien gia dinh Nd la yeu td can ihiet giup cho sir ben vtimg cua gia dinh Mdl gia dinh hoa thuan, em am la niem hanh phiic, la cai ndi ihan yeu dum boc, che chd cho mdi ngudi Clic chi'rc nang cua gia dinh thay ddi iheo nhumg dicu kien lich su khac Nguyen Hufu Minh Su bie'n doi chiirc nang cua gia dinh dugc bieu hien d hai khuynh hudng chu yeu sau: mdl la, ihay the cac chirc nang: hai la, ihay ddi linh cha't va ndi dung ciia cung mdl chirc nang Chang han, xa hdi hien dai gia dinh dang cd xu hudng chuyin lir gia dinh nhieu ehu'c nang sang gia dinh it chi'rc nang, lu mdl dan vj san xuai trd mdt dan vi lieu dung la chu ye'u Cung vdi su xuat hien cac chiifc nang mdi, cdn la sir thay ddi vl cha't irong mdi ehu'c nang cua gia dinh hien dai Nhieu ehu'c nang cua gia dinh cung dugc cac thiet che xa hdi khac san se nhu giao due tre em, cham sdc ngudi gia Chiing han, chiirc nang giao due tre em gia dinh khdng cdn ddng nhai vdi giao due xa hdi ma cd su kei hgp giira giao due xa hdi va giao due gia dinh thdng qua he thdng irudng hgc, cac td chiirc chinh tri xa hdi, doan ihl Mot so each tiep can ly thuyet Mdt sd ly thuye't khac cd the giup ly giai nhtrng va'n dc sinh cac md'i quan he gia dinh, chang han: ly ihuyet vai trd, ly thuyel ca ca'u - chiirc nang, ly ihuyel xung dot va ly ihuyet gidi Ly thuydt vai trd giiip phan lich su hinh lhanh cac vai ird khac cua limg lhanh vicn gia dinh va kha nang xa\ cac xung dot vai trd nhiimg mong dgi hoac nhu Cctu trao ddi ciia cac vien mau thuan vdi Vai trd xa hdi la md hinh hanh vi dugc xac lap mdt each khach quan, can cU vao ddi hdi ctia xa hdi vdi timg vi the nhat dinh, dl thuc hien nhumg quyin va nghia vu tuong umg vdi cac vi the dd (Pham Tat Dong va Le Ngpc Iliing, 2006: 273) Khdng phai bao gid nhirng dilu ma ca nhan hieu vl vai trd va sir mong dgi cua xa hdi vdi cac vai trd 66 cung phu hgp vdi Theo thuyel cd the xay xung dot xai trd ban than mdl ca nhan nhiimg mong dgi, hoac nhu cau mau thuan vdi Vi du, ngudi phu nii vira ihuc hien \'ai trd ngudi vg, ngudi me, lai vira ihuc hien vai trd kinh te'va dai xa hdi lirang tu gia dinh the he khd tranh khdi mau thuan xung ddl sir khac biel, tham chi la trai ngugc vc nhu cau, ddng ca, nhan ihurc hanh \i sinh hoat lao ddng cua cac lhanh vien Thuyet ett cau - chiirc nang hudng sir chii \ cua chiing ta den md'i quan he chiirc nang gia dinh, irong dd mdi ihanh \ien cd mdl vj the xac djnh Vti ddng vai trd nhai dinh gdp phan bao dam cho su tdn lai cd iral tu CO nin ndp gia dinh Theo ly ihu\ei co cau - chiirc nang, xa hdi dugc coi nhu mdl hd thdng hoan chinh gdm cd cac bd phan cd quan he qua lai vdi Mdi bd phan ihirc hien mdi sd chiirc nang ddi \di loan bd he ihdng 8 Nghien ciifU Gla dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, so 2, tr 3-17 Gia dinh cd rat nhieu ca ca'u khac va quan he giira cdc vien mdi ca cau cung rat khac Vf du gia dinh md rdng, cd thi cd mdi quan he kha da chilu: bd me - cai (thanh nien va chua nien); dng ba - cac chau; dau - me chdng; quan he giiia vg - chdng Khi nghien curu gia dinh theo quan dilm chiirc nang, ngudi ta xem xet gia dinh thirc hien nhirng chirc nang gl va gia dinh cd quan he vdi cac thiet chd xa hoi khac nhu the nao (Ngd Thi Tuan Dung, 2009) Ly thuye't xung ddt coi xung dot va viec giai quydt xung dot la khdng thi tranh khdi gia dinh Gia dinh c6 ca'u true thiir bac theo tudi va gidi, dieu ap dat nliiimg dia vi nha't dinh cho cac vien, gan vdi nhiimg quyin lire va uy tin ca nhan Cau true tri sir bat binh dang, thi hien d viec cac vien cd kha nang tiep can khac ddn cdc ngudn luc ciia gia dinh va do tao nen ca sd cho xung ddt cae vien cua gia dinh thuang lugng va canh tranh nham dat dugc su tie'p caln ddi vdi ngudn lire gia dinh Do vay, xung dot giira cac ca nhan gia dinh la tai yeu Cach tiep can xung dot nha'n manh den ye'u td quyen lire Trong gia dinh, ca nhan nao cd nhilu quyen luc han thi dat dugc nhieu hom giai quydt xung dot Mac du vay, muc tieu chung va tinh cam dd'i vdi gan ket cac vien vdi tao nen su doan ket ciaa cac vien va lam cho gia dinh trd mpt nhdm xa hdi tucmg ddi on dinh Cach tiep can cting gia dinh rang xung dot cd mat tfch cue va tieu cue ciia nd Viec khdng cd xung dot tai mdt thdi dilm nao dd khdng ddng nghia vdi hanh phuc gia dinh, va viec cd xung dot tai thdi dilm nao cung khdng loai trir cd hanh phiic gia dinh (xem them: Mai Huy Bich, 2011) Cac ly thuyet vl gidi de cap den quan he xa hdi ciia nir gidi va nam gidi mpi linh vuc cua ddi sdng xa hdi Mdi quan he dd thi hien d vai trd vdi nhumg ehu'c nang va nhiem vu nhat dinh cua nam va nir ddi sdng gia dinh va xa hdi Sir phan cdng vai trd xuat phat tir su thuan lgi ve mat sinh hgc va sir phan cdng ciia xa hdi Ngoai phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi cdn gan liln vdi cac gia tri va chuan muc xa hdi, dac trung vl van hda va thfch nghi vdi nhumg thay doi ciia dilu kien gia dinh Vl vay, viec dam bao cho hai gidi cd nhiimg ca hdi va dieu kien thuc hien cac chiic nang cua minh chinh la ca sd ciia cdng bang xa hpi va hieu qua xa hdi Viec cd hay khdng c6 ca hdi tidp can ngudn luc cd quan he chat che vdi vi thd xa hdi ciia phu ntr va nam gidi, dac biet la phu nii Ndi den vj the xa hdi ciia phu nu phai ''de cap den vi tri kinh td- xa hdi ciia hg mdi quan he vdi nam gidi" (Sam London, 1998: 32) Suphan lich gidi phai Nguyen Hufu Minh • vugt qua linh vuc san xua't di di vao phan tfch cac mdi quan he va xem xet quyin han, nghia vii, chuln muc va gia tri nham tri ddi sdng xa hdi, dd quan he gidi la mdt kilu quan he xa hdi Xac dinh vi the xa hdi Clia phu nii' va nam gidi gia dinh, khdng chi la viec xem xet su ddng gdp Clia hg, ma cdn phai phan tich kha nang va mii'c dd anh hudng ciia hg viec xay dung va dua quydt dinh Viec dua quydt dinh la bilu hien tap trung ciia quyen lire gia dinh va xa hdi, nd thi hien anh hudng ciia hp ddi vdi mpi ngudi xung quanh iVIot so ch? bao phan tich moi quan he gia dinh Khi phan tfch mdi quan he gia dinh theo bd'n quan he ca ban, cd thi dua theo cac chiirc nang ciia gia dinh va hudng ddn cac muc tieu cu thi Cd thi neu ien nhihig chi bao chfnh dudi day: a) Quan he giua v& vd chong Muc tieu ca ban la ciing cd sir bin vumg ciia quan he vg chdng va xay dung mdi quan he vg chdng tidn bd va hanh phiic, Ndi dung vira bao dam viec giti: gin, phat huy cac gia tri tdt dep ciia gia dinh Viet Nam truyin thdng, viia tidp thu nhiing gia tn nhan van mdi quan he vg chdng Chure nang kinh te: - Vg chdng tham gia vao hoat ddng lao thu nhap gia dinh - Vg chdng ban bac vdi trudc dua cac quyet dinh kinh td ciia hd gia dinh - Vg chdng sd hiiru va tie'p can cac tai san gia dinh Chure ndng tai san xuat: - Vg chdng tham gia quyei dinh vl sd sinh - Vg chdng chia se cdng viec ndi trg gia dinh Vg chdng quan iam den nhau, cimg cham lo cudc sdng gia dinh Chiirc ndng giao due - xa hdi hoa: - Vg chdng nhan thirc ve binh dang gidi, ve xir ly mau thuan gia dinh - Vg chdng chia se quyei dinh vl nudi day cai - Bao luc giura vg va chdng 10 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, so 2, tr 3-17 Chiic ndng chdm soc sure khde: - Vg chdng quan tam cham sdc sure khde cho - Vg chdng giiip tie'p can thdng tin vl cham sdc sure khde - Vg chdng chia se quyet djnh ve cham soc cac vien gia dinh Chure ndng ve ddi sdng vdn hda tinh thdn: - Vg chdng danh thdi gian tam su, chia se vdi - Vg chdng cd cac hoat dpng van hda, giai trf ciing b) Quan he giua cha me vd cdi Muc lieu ca ban la nang cao tinh dan chu giira cha me va cai, bao dam cho tre em thuc hien cac quyen ca ban ciia minh nhung ddng thdi van nang cao trach nhiem ciia cha me ddi vdi viec cham sdc, nudi day eai Chure ndng kinh te: - Su quan tam ciia cha me den dinh hudng nghe nghiep ciia cai - Su hd trg ciia cha me ddi vdi hoat ddng kinh te ciia cai - Su tham gia^d trg ciia cai vao hoat ddng kinh td ciia gia dinh Chiirc ndng giao due - xd hpi hoa: - Nhan thu'c, thai dp va hanh vi cua cha me ve viec sinh - Cha me quan tam giao due, day dd cai - Ddi xir ciia cha me ddi vdi cai tir cac khfa canh khac - Con cai tdn trpng su giao due day dd cua cha me Chiirc ndng chdm sdc sure khde: - Cha me quan tdm cham sdc sure khde cho cai - Kidn thii'c cua cha me ve sii'c khde ire em va lhanh thieu nien - Con cai dd'i vdi viec cham sdc sire khde cha me Chure ndng ve ddi sdng van hoa tinh thdn: - Cha me va cai chia se tam su cd niim vui ndi budn - Cha me quan tam cham sdc ddi sd'ng tinh th^n, tinh cam cua cai c) Quan he giita ong bd vd chdu'^' Muc lieu cua mdi quan he gitra dng ba va chau hudng vl cac gia NguySn Hufu Minh 11 tri "Ong ba, cha me miu muc, chau hidu thao", ddng thdi bao dam mdi quan he dan chii gia dinh, tdn trpng quyen cQa mdi vien gia dinh Chiic ndng kinh te: - Ong ba hd trg chau hoat dpng kinh td (kinh nghiem san xua't, vdn) - Con chau hd trg dng ba hoat ddng kinh te (lao ddng, vdn) Chure ndng giao due - xa hpi hda: - Ong ba thuc hien ehu'c nang trao truyen cho chau nhumg gia tri van hda - Ong ba tdn trpng nhu'ng quyen cua chau - Con chau tiep thu nhumg dilu day bao ciia dng ba Chiirc ndng chdm sdc siic khoe: - Ong ba quan tam cham sdc sure khde cho chau - Con chau quan tam va cham sdc sure khde dng ba Chire ndng ve ddi sd'ng vdn hoa tinh than: - Con chau g^n gui, chdm sdc, chia se tam tu tinh cam vdi dng ba - Ong ba g^n gui, chia se tam tu tinh cam vdi chau d) Quan he giita anh, chi, em Chiirc ndng kinh te: - Hd trg hoat dpng kinh td ehu'c ndng giao due - xd hdi hda: - Giao due gia dinh y thirc thuang yeu ldn giu'a anh chi em - Anh chi em giup del cudc sdng Chiirc ndng chdm sdc siic khde: - Anh chi cm cham sdc sii'c khde cua Chiirc ndng vc ddi sd'ng vdn hda tinh than: - Anh chi em la chd dua mdi gap khd khan - Anh chi cm cd hoat ddng van hda tinh than giai lrf cung 12 Nghien ciifu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23 so 2, tr 3-17 Tren day chi neu cd tfnh cha't minh hpa mdt sd chi bao chu ydu Khi phan tfch cac mdi quan he gia dinh ddi vdi cac de tai cu thi cd ihl md rdng cac chi bao Chang han, vdi khfa canh cha me quan tam giao due, day dd cai thi cd cac chi bao cu thi nhu thdi gian cha me quan iam d nha; viec tri lien lac vdi nha trudng vl viec hpc tap ciia cai; viec bidt va miirc dp quan tam den mdi quan he ban be ciia cai Hay khfa canh vg chdng giiip tie'p can thdng tin vl cham sdc sure khde thi dimg chi bao vg/chdng cd la ngudn thdng tin chfnh ve cham sdc sure khde hay khdng; hay vg/chdng cd ndi chuyen vdi vl cham sdc sure khde hay khdng V.V Mot so'yeu to'tac dong den mo'i quan he gla dinh Mdi quan he gia dinh chiu su tac dpng ciia nhilu ydu td d cac cSfp dd khac nhau: xa hdi, cpng ddng, gia dinh va ca nhan Trudc hdt, tir cd'p xd hgi, cac mdi quan he gia dinh van hanh mdi giai doan vdi nhumg nin tang kinh td-xa hpi va van hda nha't dinh Van hda truyin thdng Viet Nam vdi nhirng mdi quan he gia dinh nhu "cha ttr, hidu", "phu xudng phu tiiy", "kfnh lao dac thp", v.v., cd the tac dpng den nhiing chuln muc xa hdi vl quan he gia dinh Ddng thdi, qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qudc te, cac chfnh sach doi mdi vl kinh td-xa hdi hem hai thap nien qua, cd nhilu chfnh sach true tidp tac ddng den gia dinh cung gdp phan djnh hudng cho md'i quan he gia dinh Ngoai ra, hoat dpng ciia cac ca quan quan ly nha nudc, cac td chiirc xa hdi tao nhiimg phong trao xa hpi anh hudng true tidp den cdc nidi quan he gia dinh Chang han, xet ve dilu kien kinh td, Viet Nam hien da chfnh thiic trd nudc cd thu nhap trung binh vdi tdng thu nhap qudc gia (GNI) binh quan dau ngudi la 1.020 dd la My vao nam 2009 va 1.200 dd la My nam 2010 (UNDP, 2011) Tuy nhien, Viet Nam cung dang trai qua thdi ky bat 6n ve kinh id, tfnh ca nam 2011 va 2012, cd gan 110,000 doanh nghiep giai the, bang mpt nira tdng sd doanh nghiep da ngimg hoat ddng kl tir ddi mdi Nhiimg dilu anh hudng nghiem trpng den tinh hinh viec lam Trong thang diw nam 2012, Viet Nam cd tdng cdng 984 nghin ngudi tha't nghiep va gin 1,37 trieu ngudi thieu viec lam, thi hien xu hudng tang len so vdi nam 2011 (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2012) Tinh trang that nghiep va thidu viec Iam nhu tren cd thi lam gia tang xung dot gia dinh, dac biet d cac cap vg chdng ddng vai trd kinh le chu chdt Cdng viec khdng dn dinh va thu nhap tha'p da anh hudng ddn Nguyen Hufu Minh 13 nhilu hd gia dinh va dd den cac mdi quan he gia dinh Nhieu hd gia dinh da cat giam chi tieu cho giao due va mdt sd trudng hgp da khdng thi cho di hpc Chfnh sach gia dinh bao gdm cac chinh sach va chuang trinh qudc gia nham ciing cd gia dinh bin vihig cd y nghia quan trpng viec xay dung va phat triln cac mdi quan he gia dinh (Mercier va Garasky, 1997) Nhin chung, chfnh sach gia dinh dugc phan chia ba linh vuc chii ydu: mdt la he thdng luat phap lien quan den gia dinh nhu cac bd luat vl kdt hdn, ly hdn, trach nhiem nudi con; thiir hai la cac chfnh sach hd trg gia dinh nhu miln giam thud, hd trg nudi va nghi de, nghi cham sdc dm; thir ba la chfnh sach vl dich vu gia dinh nhu he thdng nha tre, chfnh sdch nha d, he thd'ng nha dudng lao (Pankratz, 2009) Cac chfnh sach nha nudc mac du khdng thi can thiep true tiep vao cac mdi quan he gia dinh nhung cd the hd trg ra't nhilu dl cac md'i quan he gia dinh trd nen tdt dep han cac chinh sach gia dinh dugc thuc hien bdi he thdng cac td chiirc (nha nudc, td chiic xa hdi) va ca nhan thdng qua cac phong trao va hoat dpng cu thi Chang han, d Viet Nam, ma'y thap nien qua, ben canh viec ban hanh nhilu van ban phap luat, cac chii u-uang chfnh sach nham nang cao cha'l lugng cac mdi quan he gia dinh Dang va Nha nirdc cung da td chiirc nhilu chuang trinh, phong trao cu thi nhu: phong trao "Toan dan doan kdt xay dung ddi sdng van hoa d khu dan cu"; cac cupc van ddng lien quan ddn xay dung gia dinh hanh phiic, nudi khde, day ngoan, v.v Nhilu nghien cum da cho thay tac ddng budc diu ciia viec thuc hien cac chfnh sach luat phap ddi vdi nhirng bidn ddi quan he gia dinh Viet Nam (Nguyin Hiru Minh va cdng su, 2009), Nhu vay, viec phan tfch cac mdi quan he gia dinh Viet Nam can dugc dat mdt he thdng vdi cac ydu id vl dieu kien kinh td-xa hdi chung, cic chinh sach hen quan ddn gia dinh va hoat ddng ciia cac id chirc nha nudc va xa hdi thuc hien cac chinh sach cd'p dp c dng do/ig (cd the lir cap lang/xa den viing/miln; khu vuc thi/ndng thdn), trudc hdt chiing ta xem xet cac ydu td tu nhien, dac dicm dia ly ciia timg dia ban bdi le ca nhan va gia dinh khdng thi tdn tai tdch rdi mdi trudng lu nhien Tidp dd la yeu td phong tuc, tap quan, hay rdng han la van hda ciia khu \arc, cdng ddng Nhiimg phong tuc tap quan cua cac dia phuang se duac bao luu tai cac gia dinh, gdp phan khdng nhd tdi viec thuc hien cac chire nang giao due, cham sdc sure khde, lai san 14 Nghien ctfu Gla dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, so tr 3-17 xua't ciia gia dinh Cudi ciing, phan tfch d d p dd cdng ddng cin phai quan tam tdi dilu kien ca sd ting va viec lidp can cac dich vu xa hdi ca ban d dia phuang Viec tidp can cac dich \TJ xa hdi ca ban tai dia phuang nhu y td, giao due anh hudng khdng nhd tdi chit lugng cudc sdng va cha'l lugng quan he ciia gia dinh Yeu td cdng ddng cd the dugc ludng mdt each true tidp theo cac chi bao vl dac diem tu nhien, van hda, ca sd ting va dich vu ciia cdng ddng dd hoac sir dung cac chi bao tdng hgp gian tiep theo khu vuc/viing/miln/ dia ban Chang han, chiing ta cd thi sir dung chi bao thi/ndng thdn hoac miln Ble, miln Trung, miln Nam, hoac vung mien niii, duyen hai, v.v Trong nhtrng khao sal d quy md hep hom chiing ta cd thi sir dung xa A, xa B hay huyen A, huyen B, v.v Trong dilu kien khdng cd thdng tin day dii vl cac dac dilm ciia dja ban thi viec su dung chi bao tdng hgp nhir vay cd thi bao ham dac diem ciia nhtmg yeu td khdng dugc mdt each true tidp Mpt sd phan tfch da sir dung chi bao tdng hgp Ching han, Dilu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006 cho thay cac ba me d thi danh nhilu thdi gian cham sdc hom va cd sir quan tam rihilu hem den cac hoat ddng ciia cai so vdi cac ba me d ndng thdn Cu trii d nhumg vung xa, viing sau lam han che viec cham sdc ciia cha me ddi vdi cai va cd tac ddng ddn sii'c khde tre em (Bp Van hda, Thi thao va Du lich va ca quan khac, 2008) Tii cap dp gia dinh, mdi trudng xa hpi va vat cha't cua mdi gia dinh gdp phin tao nen ban sic rieng ciia mdi quan he gia dinh d dd Gia dinh ddng hay ft con, gia dinh hat nhan hay gia dinh md rdng, gia dinh diy dii hay khuydt thieu, gia dinh giau cd hay ngheo tiing, v.v diu cd vai trd khac dinh hinh mdi quan he gia dinh Chang han, su ngheo tung cd the din den nhirng thai dp ddi xu chua phii hgp mdi quan he gia dinh Sd lieu MICS 2006 cho thay la cd tdi 1/3 sd tre em 0-59 thang cac hd gia dinh nhdm ngheo nha't da khdng dugc trdng nom phCi hgp, ty le chi d miirc 7,1% ddi vdi tre em cac gia dinh giau nhai (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2007) Theo sd lieu Dilu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006, nhiing ngudi cao tudi thudc nhdm ngheo nhai cd xu hudng dua vao su hd trg ciia chau nhilu hon, vdi ty le 48,9%, d nhdm giau nhat ty le la 38% (Bd Van hda, Thi thao va Du lich va caquan khac, 2008) Gia dinh ddng cd the khidn cho mdi quan he gia dinh them phu'c tap, mure dd cham sdc cai bi giam hoac su khdng thd'ng nhat gitra cac ô ô CJ ã ã vien gia dinh tang len Mdt ngudi sdng dieu kien cha me li dl cd the hinh nen tam ly thu han ddi vdi me cha va khien cho md'i Nguyen Hufu Minh 15 quan he cha me-con cai trd nen cang thing Nghien ciiru vl bao lire gia dinh chi ring, cac gia dinh md rdng cha me d cung cd thi ngan chdn dugc cac hanh vi bao luc cudc sd'ng hai vg chdng vl dd hai vg chdng bidl kiem chd han dd'i vdi cac hanh vi cua minh (Nguyin Hum Minh va Trin Thj Van Anh, 2009) Mdl vf du khac, chiing la dang chiimg kien hien tuang hoat ddng san xuai kinh doanh gia dinh thuc hien cd xu hudng giam, cac hoat ddng kinh id ca nhan thuc hien ngoai gia dinh tang len, vf du lam cdng an lucmg Xu hudng ca nhan hda cac ngudn thu nhap ciia cac vien gia dinh din ddn pham vi hoat ddng ciia gia dinh nhu mdt dan vi kinh le bi thu hep lai Chiirc nang kinh tdciia gia dinh bdc lp rd hom d cac hoat ddng lieu dung hom la cac hoat ddng tao thu nhap Nhiimg xu hudng se cd tac ddng dang ke de'n mdi quan he kinh te' va tam ly, tinh cam giu'a va va chdng Cac yen toed nlidn cd Ihl lien he true tidp vdi nhan thurc va hanh vi ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi viec xii ly cac mdi quan he gia dinh va ky nang ciia hp viec tao dung mdt mdi quan he gia dinh tdt dep Dp tudi, hpc vin, nghe nghiep, v.v cd thi tao nen nhiing dac tfnh rieng ciia ca nhan va iam cho mdi quan he giiia hp va cac thinh vien khac gia dinh bin chdt hay Idng leo han Nhiirng ngudi ldn tudi co the cd quan he chfn chin hom viec xii ly cac mdi quan he gia dinh vi nien lai cd xu hudng nghi ddn cai "ldi" nhilu hom Tuy nhien, nhiimg ngudi ldn ludi cung cd kha nang bao luu nhilu han cac gia in quan he gia dinh truyin thdng khdng hoin loan phu hgp vdi xa hdi hien tai, din den nguy ca ciia sir mau thuin va xung ddl thd he vl quan niem va each xijr ly cac mdi quan he gia dinh Nhumg ngudi cd hpc van cao se cd dieu kien nhan thurc td't han vl viec Cling c6 mdi quan he gia dinh ddng thdi cd ca hdi nhilu hom viec tie'p nhan va ren luyen cac ky nang sdng mdt each chfnh thiic, din ddn cd kha nang xii ly hai hda hem cac mdi quan he gia dinh Nghien curu vl bao luc gia dinh cho biel ngudi cd hpc van thap thudng gin vdi viec thieu ky ndng img xir va giai quydt cac mau thuin gia dinh vl vay cd nhilu kha nang xay bao luc gia dinh han (Nguyin Hum Minh va Trin Thi Van Anh 2009) Mdl sd thdi quen cd hai ciia cac ca nhan nhu nghien rugu, cd bac cung cd anh hudng xau den md'i quan he gia dinh Theo dieu tra SAVY2 (2009), cd khoang 26% nien vk vi nien da timg udng say rugu \dng Ihang trudc cudc khao sat (Tdng cue Dan sd - Kd hoach hda gia dinh va ca quan khac, 2009) Nhieu bi kich dau thuong xay mdi quan he gia dinh say rugu cd bac khdng kilm soat dugc hanh vi da 16 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23 so 2, tr 3-17 dugc dl cap cac vu an thdi gian qua Ydu td nghi nghiep cung cd vai trd quan trpng Nghi nghiep dn dinh, cd xu hudng phat triln tdt la nin tang kinh tdcho quan he gia dinh tdt dep Mdt sd nghien cim cho thay cac ydu td vl su tham gia ciia ngudi phu nir vao thi trudng lao ddng, su ddc lap kinh te cua hp; hpc va'n, cac khudn mlu vl vai trd gidi truyin thdng va nhan thurc cua ngudi vg va ngudi chdng (Kok Mun Ng., 2009), la nhiimg ydu td quan u-png cd the thiic diy hoac kim ham viec tri chai lugng md'i quan he giOa ngudi vg va ngudi chdng gia dinh Tren day la mdt sd yeu id ca ban cd tac ddng ddn cac mdi quan he gia dinh can dugc xem xet dua vao cac khung phan tfch Tiiy thudc vao viec phan tfch dl tai cu thi va ngudn sd lieu, sd lugng cac yeu td cd the md rdng/thu hep dl ly giai cho dac dilm mdi quan he gia dinh d Viet Nam.B Chu thich •" day tac gia ghep mdi quan he cha me-con va dng ba-chau vdi gia dinh the he vi ddi vdi loai gia dinh ihirc te hai mdi quan he neu trdn la gin vdi Tuy nhien vdi cac nghien ciifu cu the thi cin tach cac chi bao iheo timg mdi quan he mot each phu hop Tai lieu tham khao 36 Van hoa The thao va Du lich Tong cue Thdng ke, Vien Gia dinh va Gidi, Quy Nhi ding Lien hiep qudc (UNICEF) 2008 Bdo cdo ket qud dieu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006 Ha Noi Graeme Russell, and Lyndy Bowman 2000 "Work and Family: Current Thinking Research and Practice", in Background paper for the Australia National Familiei Strategies: Department of Family and Commimity Services Kok Mun Ng, Johnben Teik-Cheok Loy Qinton G Gudmunson, and WinNee Cheong 2009 Gender Differences in Marital and Life Satisfaction among Chinese Malaysians Sex Roles 60: pp.33-43 Ludt Hon nhan va Gia dinh 2000 Ha Noi Mai Huy Bich 2011 A^ hoi hoc gia dinh Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha N6i Mercier M Joyce and Garasky Steven 1997 "Symposium on Family Policy" Policy Studies Journal Vol.25 (I), p.69-74 Ngo Thj Tuin Dung 2009 "Quan he gia dinh: Mot sd van de ly luan va thuc tiln" Tgp chi Nghien ctfu Gia dinh vd Gidi sd 2009 Nguyin Hiru Minh va Tran Thi Van Anh (chu bien) 2009 Bgo luc gia dinh ddi Nguy§n Hiiu Minh 17 vdi phu ml d Viet Nam - Tlufc trgng, Diin tien vd Nguyen nhdn Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Noi Nguyin Hihi Minh, Tr^n Thi Van Anh, Ngo Thi Tuan Dung, Le Ngoc Van, Trdn Thi Mai Huong 2008 Bao cao khoa hoc thudng nien Gia dinh Viet Nam nhCfng vd'n de dgt Vien Gia dinh va Gidi Ha Noi Nguyin Htru Minh, Trdn Thj Van Anh Ngo Thi Tuan Dung, Le Ngoc Lan Nguyin Thanh Tam, Dang Bich Thiiy 2009 Bao cao khoa hoc thudng men: Bdo cdo ve gia dinh vd gidi ndm 2009 Vien Gia dinh va Gidi Ha Noi Pankratz J Curt 2009 Cross-National Comparisions of Family Policy: The Relevance of National Approaches lo Social Welfare Journal of Comparative Family Studies Vol 40 (3) p.493- Pham Tai Dong va Le Ngoc Hiing 2006 Gido trinh Xa hpi hpc dgi (ifcfng Sam London 1998 Gender Readings and Researchers Vol I, Compeled by, IDRC Tdng cue Dan sd, Ke hoach hoa gia dinh, Tong cue Thdng ke, ADB 2010 Dieu tra qudc gia ve Vi ihdnh nien vd Thanh nien Viet Nam ldn fhi? hai 2010 Tdng cue Thdng ke (TCTK), UNICEF 2007 Dieu tra ddnh gid cdc muc tien tre em vd phu ml 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006 (MICS) Nxb Thdng ke Ha N6i Tdng cue Thdng ke 2012 Tinh hinh kinh te-xd hpi ndm 2012 Tiacey Reynolds Claire Callendei and Rosalind Edwards 2003 Caring and Counting: The impact of mother's employment on family relationships South Bank University: Joseph Browntree Foundation Trin Thi Van Anh va Nguyin HOu Mmh (chu bien) 2008 Binh dang gidi a \ iet Nam (phdn tich sd lieu dieu tra) Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi Trin Thj Van Anh Nguyin Huu Minh, Ha Thi Minh Khuofng 2011 "Quan he cha me va cai chua trudng thanh" Trong Cdc mdi quan he gia dinh Viet Nam (Mot sd ket qud phdn tich sdn Dieu tra Gia dinh \ iet Nam 2006) 2011 Bp Van hda Thi thao va Du lich Vien Gia dinh va Gidi, UNICEF Viet Nam UNDP 2011 Dich xd hoi phuc vu phdt tnen ngifdi Bao cao qudc gia ve phat triln ngudi 2011 Uy ban Dan sd Gia dinh va Tre em 2002 Nghien cihi cdu true, vai trd, chifc ndng cua gia dinh Hd Ndi, Ha Noi 2002 Uy ban Dan sd Gia dinh va Tre em 2005 Chinh sdch vd gidi phdp nhdm phdt trien gia dinh dHd Not Ha Npi 2005  ... dl ly giai cho dac dilm mdi quan he gia dinh d Viet Nam.B Chu thich •" day tac gia ghep mdi quan he cha me-con va dng ba-chau vdi gia dinh the he vi ddi vdi loai gia dinh ihirc te hai mdi quan. .. Day la mdi quan he cd y nghia ldn va lac ddng de''n nhieu cac quan he khac gia dinh - Quan he giu''a cha me va cai: la md''i quan hi huye''t thdng rudt thit sinh tCr quan he vg chdng - Quan he giu''a... quyen lire gia dinh va xa hdi, nd thi hien anh hudng ciia hp ddi vdi mpi ngudi xung quanh iVIot so ch? bao phan tich moi quan he gia dinh Khi phan tfch mdi quan he gia dinh theo bd''n quan he ca