Mai Thi H6ng VTnh T9P chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 126(12): 129- 133 ANH H i r d N G CUA CAC HINH THAI TON GIAO TIN NGlTONG TRONG LE CAP SAC CUA N G l T d l DAO Mai Thj Hong VTnh" Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc - DH Thdi Nguyen TOM T A T Moi mgt ddn tpc lich sir tfln tai vd phdt triln da hinh nhung yiu tfl vdn hoa dac trung tgo ngn ban sac van hfla rigng Doi vdi ngudi Dao, cap sdc Id mgt ttong nhung nghi le van hda tao nSn ban sdc cua tflc ngudi Tuc cap sdc phdn dnh dien mao buc tranh van hda cua tpc ngudi ttr quan nigm, tam IJ- din cac gid tri nghg thudt, gia tri lich sii, gia tri xa hfli Dflng thdi, cfing cliiia dyng gid tti ve mgt tfln gido tin nguong, dnh hudng ciia nhieu hinh thdi ton gido tin nguOng khde ttong ddi sflng tfln gido tin nguong ciia ngudi Dao Til- kh6a: Tdc ngudi Dao, vdn hda tinh thdn, tdn gido lin ngudng, tue edp sde Ngudi Dao la mdt ttong 54 dan tdc sinh sdng d Viet Nam, dan sd xlp hang thii ttong danh myc cac dan tpc Viet Nam vdi 620.538 ngudi [5,fr.2] va dung thir sd cac nudc cd ngudi Dao tgp trung ddng tren thi gidi Ngudi Dao cu tru phan tan d nhieu dja phuang chit yeu cac tinh mien niii phia Bac Viet Nam Trong qua trinh tdn tgi hp da tao nen nhiing sac thai vdn hda rieng hinh ban sdc van hda tdc ngudi, mdt nhifng hilu hien la tuc cdp sdc Day la van de nhan dupc sy quan tam ciia nhieu nha Khoa hgc nhu: Be Viet Dang ciing tap thd tac gia (1971), Dd Dire Lpi (2002), Pham Quang Hoan ciing tap the tac gia (1999), Ly Hanh Son (2003),.,, Thdng qua cac cdng trinh nghiSn ciru cac hpc gid da tim hieu Ie cap sac d nhiing ITnh vuc khac nhau: Ten gpi, tiln ttinh le cap sdc, y nghTa cung nhu mdt so hgn che ciia nghi ll nay, Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi chi dl cap din ll cdp sac vdi su tac ddng ciia cac hinh thai tdn giao tin ngudng khac TUC C A P S A C C U A NGLTCJI D A O Cap sdc la mpt nghi ll quan ttpng ddi sdng ciia dong bao Dao, khdng chi tdn tgi d ngudi Dao ma chiing ta cdn thay d mdt sd tpc ngudi anh em khac nhu San Diu Tuy nhien, dilm khac biet vdi ngudi San Diu chi tiln hanh ie cdp sdc ddi vdi nhimg ngudi mudn trd thdy ciing, d ngudi Dao day la nghi ll ' Tel: 0982 050611 Email hongvinh.dhkhtn@gmaill com gan nhu mang tinh bdt budc vdi nam gidi va tham chi neu phan logi cac nghi lettongmdt chu ky ddi ngudi: sinh de, cudi xin, tang ma thi vdi t^c ngudi Dao cdn bao gdm ca tyc cap sac hay cdn goi la le "lap ljch" Ten gpi cdp sdc xuat phat tir dac diem la ngudi trai qua nghi le dugc thay cung cap cho mpt ban sdc ghi bang chii Ndm Dao vdi npi dung the hien: li lich ciia ngudi dugc cap sac, ly cap sac, cac dieu giao huan va ten, dau an ciia cac dng thay cap sac Nghi le cap sdc Id mdc danh dau chuyen tir tte sang ngudi ldn, dugc tham gia vao cac sinh boat ciia cdng ddng nhu mdt vien binh thudng xa hpi: dugc ngdi ciing vdi cac gia lang ban bgc cdng viec ciia lang, lam mai moi hdn nhan, cung td tien Ban Vuong Dong thdi cd trai qua le cap sac mdi dupc xem la chau Ban Vuong va chet ma dupc doan ty vdi td tien va quan trpng trd thdy ciing, thay cung cao tay ngudi dupc cap sdc tir - 12 den (tire cap sdc d bac cao hon "Qua tang" la den), cdp sac ttd nghi le bdt bupc ddi vdi ngudi ttai Dao, nd nhu spi day vd hinh rang budc ngudi ta vao mot tuc le bdt van ANH HLTCNG CAC HINH T H A I TON GIAO TIN N G U O N G Anh hirdng tam gido Dgo gido: Bieu hien trudc hit d sy anh hudng ciia Dao giao chinh la muc dich ciia viec 129 Mai Thj Hflng VTnh Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE cap sac, thdng qua nghi le ngudi dugc thy ll chinh thiic gia nhap vao Dao giao Bdi le sau dugc cap sac hp ttd mpt vien dgi ngu cac thdy cung chuyen nghiep, nhiing ngudi cd the sii dung cac thii thuat, ma thugt, thuc hien cac nghi ll ciing bai dl hanh nghi thdy ciing mang mau sdc Dgo giao Va doi vdi "ngirdi nien Dao binh thuang hQ tu nhdn thuc minh phdi Id mdt tin cua Dgo gido'' [7,fr.l33] YIU to Dgo giao cdn dupc thd hien ro net d cac biic ttanh thd ttong nghi ll cap sdc, le cung khdng the thieu cac biic tranh ndm h^ thdng than dien cua Dao giao BO ttanh Tam Thanh gdm Ngpc Thanh, Thai Thanh, Thugng Thanh, theo each lugn giai ciia Phan Nggc Khue: day la ba vi thien tdn, ngdi vi thir nhdt la Nguyen thiiy thien tdn (Ngpc Thanh) tugng trung cho cai gdc, cai khdi dilm ciia Vii try; Linh bao thien tdn (Thupng Thanh) tugng trung cho nguyen ly Duong Dao Dire thien tdn (Thai Thanh) tupng trung cho nguyen ly Am Su tu phan hda va hda digu ciia Thai cue vdi Am duong la khdi diem cho sy tdn tgi, luan chuyen khdng ciing, lien tyc khdng nghi cua van vat ttong vu try [1, tr.l41] Hai ben tranh Tam Thanh ngudi ta treo tranh Ngpc Hoang thugng de, vi dugc Dgo giao coi la dang Dai thien tdn Ngpc Hoang Huyen Khung Cao hoang dl la ngdi chi tdn bao triim ba coi ttong vu try la tSng trdi, tdng dat va tdng dudi Idng dat (am phii) Bp ttanh Tii True Cdng tao gdm bdn vi thdn linh tugng trung cho sy tuan hoan ciia vii try, chiing kien cac viec lam thien ac cua ngudi ddi de tau ttinh len cac bgc thien tdn Nhu vgyj y nghTa cua cac biic ttanh the hien su anh hudng ttong quan niem ciia Dao giao vl vu try luSn Dgo giao la mot ttong nhting tdn giao ma nghi thirc ngng vl nhiing thi thirc ciing bai, dac biet la viec sir dung cac thii phap biia chu, ma thugt, hanh le nghi ll cdp sac thay cung sii dung cac thii phap ma thuat ket hgp vdi su phii tra ciia cac dung cu nhu: gay tam xich, the am duong, kilm ggi hon 130 126(12): 129-133 ma, thi hien mdt each r5 net viec ke thiia cdc thii phap ciia Dao giao Tii budc chan khdl nha cho den den nha gia chii hanh ll, thay ciing deu sii dung biia chii phii phep dl ttir ta: trudc khdi nha thdy lam d^ng tac yem biia, dgc than chii dl ggi am binh theo trg giiip Tren dudng di cii mdi lan qua sdng, suoi thdy lai diing g|.y tdm xich vdt nudc dua Idn mi?ng khdn dl tru ta ma chdng lai thdy Khi den gdn nha gia chu, thay ca va thay hai ciing lam dpng tac ma thuat: "Rut manh giay nhd duac cdt hinh dudi en tren cd ve hinh quai ddn, nhimg cdu phil chii bdng chir Norn Dao, roi niem than chu vdo de thu hit cdc ta dgo, nhimg vong hon cd y phd roi ddm cdp sac nhdt vdo nguc tdi" [2, tt.l07] Dac bigt cd nhiing liic thay thuc hien cac hanh d^ng mang mau sac ma thuat, phii thiiy Chang ban nghi le cap sac ciia ngudi Dao Quan Chet, sau le Cling Ngpc Hoang thay ciing thyc hien nghi thiic dua hdn de tii len thdm thien dinh, ngudi ta ttai chieu giiia nha va dat mpt Idng tre d phia ttudc Thay ca dua de tii diing d chieu, ciing nhay miia de dd dudng va dgc ten cac dudng len tien gidi Dpc xong thay day ngudi de tii nga xudng chieu gia ngat xiu Cac thdy lam phep thugt dua len tham Ngpc Hoang, sau dng thdy lam phep thugt dua hdn ngudi de tir trd ve duong gian, lap bic ngudi dd tinh day [2, tr 130] Ngoai ra, viec cac dng thay sii dung tu va dugc lam bang sung trau gpi Ngpc Hoang, Thai Thugng Lao Quan cung nhu cac vj than linh khac cung la mpt bieu hien ciia su anh hudng Dao giao Sy anh hudng ciia Dgo giao nghi le cdp sdc khdng chi d cac nghi thiic thuc hien le ma cdn d nhan sinh quan, the gidi quan cua cac vien ttong cdng dong tpc ngudi Phgl gido: Quan niem thuylt luan hoi dinh m^nh Clia Phat giao ngudi chet di thi chi chit vl thi xac cdn linh hdn la luan hdi chuyen kilp Do do, thuyet anh hudng kha sau rgng ttong cac tOc ngudi d nudc ta Mai Thj H6ng VTnh Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE bdi ndi dung phii hgp vdi tin ngudng ciia cu dan ndng nghidp (cupc sdng theo chu ky ciia cay ttdng) Ngudi ta tin rdng mdt thyc thi chet di se dupc ddu thai trd Igi, song niu ngudi kiSp trudc sdng mang tdi ldi thi kilp sau phai ganh chiu tdi Idi hg gay Doi vdi ngudi Dao, hg cung chju anh hudng ciia quan ni?m dd cupc sdng, dieu dupc the hipn phan nao d myc dich ciia vi?c cap sac Hp cho rang chi nhiing ngudi da ttai qua le cap sac mdi biet phan biet phai ttai, song cd tam diic, lam dieu thien va chi cd nhu vay thi chit di se dugc ddu thai lam ngudi, khdng bj day dpa d am phii, khdi bi dau thai lam kiep ngua trau Ddng thdi chi dupc cap sac ngudi chet di mdi ttd ve doan tu vdi td tien d Duong Chau Do do, sdng ngudi ta phai tu than tich diic, su tu than tich diic thi hi?n d viec dupc giao due, ren luyen va tuan thu bdi nhiing diiu giao hudn ban sdc va hanh nghe thay ciing ciiu giiip ngudi Trong nghi ll cdp sdc ngudi thu le phai tuan thii nghiSm ngat nhimg diiu cdm ky Trong thdi gian ttudc banh le, ngudi ttai dd phai nghiem chinh chap hanh cac dieu cam: cam khdng dugc nd diia, gan gui phu nii (trii me va chi gai), phai ngii rieng giudng, cam giet hai siic vgt, cai va vdi ngudi khac, Doi vdi thdy cung tir nhan ldi hanh ll cung phai tuan thii: khdng chung chg ttong quan he vg chdng, ludn giQ cho than the sach se, khdng cau gian, Cac dieu cam ky dd gidng vdi viec cdm pha gidi va sat sinh cua Dgo Phat Trong cac biic tranh ciia le cap sac ciing cd bd tranh mang mau sdc Phat giao dd la td ttanh Thgp di?n Diem Vuong la ttanh ve ve nha tii Clia Phat vdi n^i dung ndi ve cac vi than linh d coi Ha nguyen dang thi hanh nhiem vy cua Tir Phii Cdng ddng (la bdn vj dgi dien cho tda an tdi cao cua nha trdi) [2, tti 10] Nho gido: Mac dii so vdi phat giao va Dgo giao dac bi^t la Dgo giao, Nho giao cd phdn md nhgt nghi 16 cdp sdc Song, thong qua nhirng dieu giao huan cua ban sdc ddi vdi 126(12): 129-133 ngudi thy le phan nao the hi^n su anh hudng cua ttiet ly sdng Nho giao ttong cpng ddng tdc ngudt Dao the hien d cac mdi quan he xa hgi, ttong 10 dieu cam cua Ban sdc: Dieu thii 3, quan h^ cha con: " Cdm khong duac chiri mdng hd m?, luc thdn ciru loc" Dieu thii 8, moi quan hp anh em, bgn be: "Cam khdng duoc khinh thuang anh em be bgn, ho hdn^' Diiu thii 10, mdi quan he thay trd: "Cdm khong duac chui thdnh thdy, hira phdi ddm bdo an ninh" [3,tt.I44] Quan he thay trd cdn dugc phan anh d ldi hanh xit, thai dp cua ngudi dugc thy le ddi vdi ngudi thay lam le Ngudi dugc thy ll ludn the hien su kinh trpng va tuan thii su chl bao ciia cac thay lam le cap sac Mat khac, tu tudng tdn su ttpng dao cdn dupc the hien viec thd td Su, dng td ciia nghe thay ciing ddi vdi nhihig ngudi dupc cdp sdc va ttd thay ciing Anh hudng ciia ton gido nguyin thiiy Le dinh: Theo X.A Tocarev le dinh la mpt hinh tugng cua giai dogn bd Igc so ky va dd la Ie den tuoi trudng [6, tr.249 - 250] Vdi y nghTa nay, le cap sdc la nghi le danh ddu sy chuyen tir gidi tre sang gidi ngudi ldn Xet ve mpt sd cac quy dinh ciia tuc cap sac vdi le dinh cd net gidng co ban: ca hai nghi le chi tien hanh mpt lan nhat ddi ngudi, ngudi thy ll cung phai trai qua, tuan thu cac dieu cam ky, thii thach nghiem ngat Do do, cd the khang dinh le cap sdc la mpt bidu hien ciia tan du ll dinh xua, song nd khdng phai la su ke thira mpt each nguyen ven ma da nhudm mau sdc Saman giao, vdi myc dich dao tao cac dpi ngii thay ciing (thay Saman giao) la chu yeu Vgt linh gido: La hinh thirc tdn giao ddi vao cudi thdi ky Cdng xa thi tpc, theo E.Tylor: "vgt linh gido Id niem tin vdo mot sinh vgt hay mot vgt the ndo gom hai phdn 131 Mai Thj Hflng VTnh Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CQNG NGHE thi xdc vd linh hon" va dd la su bieu thj ciia viec "Sinh vgt hda, nhdn cdch hda vd linh hdn hoa cdc vgt tunhien vaxdhgri^, tt.43] Trong thi gidi quan ciia ngudi Dao vgn vSt dlu cd Iinh hdn gpi la "van", thuc the chit di hay hi hiiy hoai bien ma ggi la "mien" Do dd, d dau ttong thi gidi deu cd hdn va ma The gidi than linh va ma quy bao gdm: Nggc Hoang thupng de Ban Vuong, thd cdng, thd dia, den cac logi ma sdng ma sudi, ma nhung ngudi chet khdng binh thudng Ngudi ta chia ma quy, than lam hai loai: ma lanh (lyc lugng giang phiic lanh bao ve cupc sdng ngudi) va ma dii (ma thudng gay hgi cho cudc sdng ngudi) Do quan niem ve hdn va ma chi phdi nen nghi le cap sac, ngudi thay Cling thudng thuc hien ma thugt de chdng lgi cac loai ma quy lam hai va cau khan cac vi than linh, ma td tien phti giiip cho viec thyc hien nghi le, cho ngudi thy le va gia chii, Dac biet le cap sac hp tien hanh ciing nhieu vi than linh, ma td tien Chang hgn, den ddu lang cua ngudi thy le ngudi thay phai cung than lang de xin dugc sy cho phep ciia cac vj than din nha gia chii tien hanh Ie cap sdc Hay d ngudi Dao Quan Chet, ttong le Cling Ban Vuong ngudi ta ciing khan thdn chdn nudi bdng mdt bai tau ttinh va lap mdt chiec ban cd bay le vat d gdc san ciing thdn ndng, thinh cau than ndng md ciia kho luong thyc dl cdp cho gia dinh tin chii [2, tr.l29] Dac bipt, ttong qua ttinh cdp sac dlu khdng thi thilu su hien dien ciia ma td tien vdi cac nghi thiic khac de bao cao, cau mong su phil hg KET LUAN Nghi le cap sac, ngoai viec the hien tinh giao due, gia tri nghe thuat, dong thdi gdp phdn phan anh dac diem ciia ddi sdng tin ngudng tdn giao cua ngudi Dao.' Trudc het, tdn giao tin nguong chiu su tac dpng ciia nhieu sdc thai tdn giao khac nhau, dung nhu sy nhan djnh cua cac nha khoa hpc nghien ciiru ve vdn hda ngudi Dao "O 126(12): 129-133 ngudi Dao cdn nhiiu tdn du ton gido nguyen thuy, nhung tam gido da biiu hien rdt ro net [8,tt.331] Mat khac, sy anh hudng cua cac hinh thai ton giao tin nguong ttong nghi le cap sac cho thdy ngudi Dao khdng tiep thu cac tdn giao mpt each khudn mdu ma cd su thich iing phii hgp vdi tam ly, quan niem va dieu kien sdng cua tdc ngudi; giira cac hinh thai cd sy dan nhgp vao ciing mpt nghi le chir khdng tach biet Trong nghi le cdp sdc, Dao giao anh hudng kha sau sdc Song, tin ngudng thd cung td tien mdt nhirng tan du cua tdn giao nguyen thiiy dupc xuat hien dam net tien ttinh hanh le Dieu dd phan anh thuc ttang chung ciia vdn hda cac tdc ngudi d Viet Nam luon lay vi?c thd ciing to tien lam gdc TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Phan Nggc Khug, Tranh thd cua ddn loe Dao a Bde BQ Viet Nam, cufln Su phdt triin viin hoa xd hgi cda ngudi Dao: Hien Igi vd tuang lai (Ky yeu hgi thao Quflc tl vl ngudi Dao, tfl chiic Thdi Nguygn thdng 12 nam 1995), Ha Nfli 1998, tt 135-146 Dfl Diic Lgi (2002), Tap tuc chu ky ddl ngudi eua cde tgc ngudi ngdn ngii- Mdng - Dao d Vi?l Nam, Nxb Vdn hoa Ddn tflc Ly Hdnh Son (2003), Cde nghi li chu yeu chu ky ddi ngudi cda nhdm Dao Tiin d Ba Bi Bdc Kan, Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hfli Trdn Ddng Sinh, Dao Diic Doan (2006), Ton gido hgc dgi cuang, Nxb Dai hpc Su Pham Ting cue thflng ke (2001), Tdng diiu tra ddn sS vd nha d Viet Nam 1999, NXb Tflng cu thflng kS, HdNfli X.A Tocarev (1994), Cde hinh thdi ton gido nguyen thdy vd su phdt trien eua chung, Nxb Chinh ttj Qudc gia D^ng Nghiem Vgn, Vai trd tdn gido loc nguai viic thdng nhdl y thuc cgng dong ngudi Dao, ttong cufln Sir phdt triin vdn hda xd hgi ciia ngudi Dao Hien tai vd luang lai (Ky yiu hfli thao Quflc tl vl ngudi Dao, tfl chuc d Thdi Nguyen thdng l2 ndm 1995), Hd Ngi 1998,tr.l26-134 Vi?n Dan tgc hpc (1978), Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi a Viet Nam (Cde tinh phia Bdc), Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hdi Mai Thj Hflng VTnh Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE [26(12): 129 - 133 SUMMARY THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL CEREMONY DAO ETHNIC PEOPLE Mai Thi Hong Vinh' College of Sciences - TNU Every nation in the history of existence and development has formed the unique cultural 'jlements create its own cultural identity Dao people, sharp end of the ritual is a culture created by ethnic identity Granting color paintings reflect aspects of ethnic culture from conception, psychological and artistic value, historical value, social value At the same time, also contains the value of religious beliefs, the effects of many forms of religious faiths in the religious life of the Dao belief Key words: Dao Ethnic, spiritual culture, religious beliefs, color issuance Ngdy nhdn bdi: 15/9/2014; Ngay phdn biin-10/10/2014; Ngdy duyet dang 25/10/2014 Phdn bien khoa hoc: PGS TS Dam Thj Uyin - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyin ' Tel 0982 050611 Emad: hongvmh dhlditn@gmaill.com ... Nggc Khug, Tranh thd cua ddn loe Dao a Bde BQ Viet Nam, cufln Su phdt triin viin hoa xd hgi cda ngudi Dao: Hien Igi vd tuang lai (Ky yeu hgi thao Quflc tl vl ngudi Dao, tfl chiic Thdi Nguygn thdng... ngii- Mdng - Dao d Vi?l Nam, Nxb Vdn hoa Ddn tflc Ly Hdnh Son (2003), Cde nghi li chu yeu chu ky ddi ngudi cda nhdm Dao Tiin d Ba Bi Bdc Kan, Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hfli Trdn Ddng Sinh, Dao Diic Doan... viic thdng nhdl y thuc cgng dong ngudi Dao, ttong cufln Sir phdt triin vdn hda xd hgi ciia ngudi Dao Hien tai vd luang lai (Ky yiu hfli thao Quflc tl vl ngudi Dao, tfl chuc d Thdi Nguyen thdng l2