Chính sách dân số việt namtừ kế hoạch hóa gia đình đến dân số và phát triển

NHQNG VAN OE XA HOI CHINH ,^ * ""M DAN SO VIET NAM TU KE HOACH HOA GIA DEVH DEN D A N S O V A P H A T TRIEN • HfiUYiN VAN TAN Phd Tong cue trudng Phu trach Tong cue Dan so'Ke hoach hoa gia dinh, Bd Y te I Oang va Nha nude ta sdm nhan thirc dupe van, chira xac dinh diroc each iam phii hpp, thi^u mot t i m quan trpng eiia viec giai quyet cac van to chijc chuyen trach eham lo eho cdng tae cong • de dan sd ddi vdi su nghiep phat frien kinh vdl CO che quan !y kem hieu qua nen liet qua dat te-xa hpi va nSng cao chat lupng cupc sdng eua nhan duoc edn han che Lien tuc qua l(y Dai hpi Cang dan; ddng thdi xae dinh viec kiem soat quy md dan toan qude ian thli iV (19761, lan thli V (1981] va iSn thl) sd, giam tdc dp gia tang quy md dan sd la van de Vi (1986), cong tac DS - KHHGD hjy da dat dupc mot trpng tam Quyet djnh sd ^ P 26-12-1961 sd i gid hda dan sd sang dan sd gid (14% dan sd ti> 65-H) Ddn sd Vifit Nam chi c l n khoang 15-17 nam eho qud trinh va do, chung ta se dat ngudng ddn sd gia vao truorc nam 2030 Liic do, nhom ddn sd tCr tudi 6b+ khoang 15 frifiu ngudi va tiep tuc tang len khoang 24-25 tiieu ngudi vao nam 2049 ( % cua 115-120 frifiu ddn) Gia hoa dan sd tao c o hpi cho vific phat huy kinh nghifim phong phii cua ngudi cao tudi, ddng thdi cung dat ede thach thire viec xdy dung mdt xa hpi phii hpp voi ngudi cao tudi ca v l ea sd t i n g , san xuat hang hda, dieh vu, giao thdng, y te, chinh sach lao dpng, vific Idm vd huu tri, td chirc cac c o sa djch vy cham soc va viec xay dung cac chinh sach d l thuc hien nhi/ng npi dung phai dupe chuan bj cang sdm cdng tdt, de cd the tan dyng tdt n h l t cdc yeu td c a hpi va han che ede tde dpng tieu cue cua hien tupng D{f lgi dan sd va glal doan "cua sd ca hoi" tong ca cau dan sd Mpt dae d i l m frong ca c l u dan sd Vi^t Nam hifin la dang a frong giai doan "cua sd ca hpr ma ngon ngir truyen tiidng ttiudng gpi la "co d u dan sd vang" Dac trung cua hien tupng la frong ca d u tudi cua ddn sd, sd ngudi frong dp tuoi lao dpng (1564 tudi) nhilu g i p ddi sd ngudi frong dp tudi phy tfiupc (tdng cpng sd fre em ti> 14 tudi fra xudng va ngudi cao fridi ti> 65 frof len) Oifiu cung ddng nghTa Id ty trpng vd sd lupng dan sd tiem nang tiiam gia lye lupng lao dpng rat Idn Ddn sd Viet Nam chinh thire buoc vao giai doan cd eo cau "ddn sd vang" vao nam 2007, dat dinh diem ve ty frpng vao khoang 20172018, keo ddi khoang 35 nam va ehi xay mot lln nhat frong Ijch sir chuyen ddi nhan khau hpe raStf' B!l*?' Hifin tijpng co d u "dan sd vang" dua den ca hpi r l t Idn cho phat t r i l n kmh te - xa hdi, ddng thcri cung dat nhiing thach thirc vfi nd luc tan dung CO hpi Cac nha kinh te hpc da tinh todn cho thay cdc nudc va vimg Idnh thd df Odng A nhu Nhdt Ban, Han Qudc, Odi Loan da tan dyng tdt co hpi CO hpi "dan sd vang" mang lai, vdi tdng miic dong gop 1/3 vao kdt qua tang tiwng kinh te cua cac nuac, viing lanh thd ndy frong thdi gian ed co li0 I Z d u "ddn sd vang", dua hp tra thdnh cac cpn rdng chdu A Nhimg giai phap chu yeu ma cac nuoc ndy da thuc hien d l tan dyng cong nhting eo hdi ma eo cau "ddn sd vang" dua lai, dd la: thu hiit manh d i u t u ca tir nudc va nuoc ngoai; thue hanh ehinh sach tiet kiem; cd ehinh sach tao thudn loi cho phdt triln eac doanh nghiep d l tao nhieu cdng an viec Idm, thu hiit tdi da luc lugng lao dpng; tap frung ndng cao c h i t lupng ngudn nhan luc friong qua viec td chiic tdt cham soc siie khoe nhan dan; d i u tu mdf rpng quy mo va nang cao chat luong gido dye - ddo tao, dae bifit la giao due chuyen nghifip Nhting kinh nghiem vd bai hoc neu fren la r l t quy ddi vdi mpt nuQic di sau nhu ehiing ta Mat cSn bang gioi tinh sinh Mat cdn bdng gidi ti'nh sinh la hifin tugng xay a mpt sd nude, tap frung o khu vuc Odng A, Trung A va Nam A, frong co nuac ta Gidi ti'nh sinh t u nhifin (dupc hieu la can bang) dupc quy udfc d khoang 103-107 be frai sinh sdng so vdi 100 be gal sinh sdng nude ta, tinh trang mat can bang gidi tinh sinh duoc ghi nhan tir nhirng nam 2005-2006 ma ty sd d miic 109/100 va tang Ifin r l t nhanh, dat den mirc xap xi 113/100 vao nam 2015 Mat can bang gidi tt'nh sinh d i n den tinh frang tJiiia nam thieu ntr d dd tudi frudng ttianh, kfi't hdn He qua eua tinh trang ndy Id pha vd "thj trudng hon nhan" va ket cau gia dinh, gia tang tinh trgng mua ban phu ntr va tre em gdi, tdc dpng tieu cue den trdt tu an ninh nhlt la a cae khu vuc vimg sdu, vimg xa noi cd difiu kifin khd khdn, md nam nifin den tudi frudng thdnh khdng cd co hpi tim dupe phy ntr de kfi't hdn Neu xu hudng ndy tiep ttJC diln tiii tiieo du bao cua Quy ddn sd Lien hiep qudc, den giira the ky nay, d nudc ta se du thira tii 2,3 den 4,3 trifiu nam gidi frong dp tudi frudng Nguyen nhdn cua hien tuong la sy hpp cua nhdm nguyen nhan gdm: su ua thich phai ed eon frai de "ndi ddi tdng dudng" van hda nho giao; sy lam dung nhirng tien bd khoa hoe vd cdng nghfi giiip chin dodn sdm gioi tinh tiiai nhi vd can tiiiep lya chpn gioi tinh thai nhi; "quy ludt dimg" frong sinh de (mong mudn sinh it fra tiianh ehuan myc xa hpi phd bien) va he ttidng an sinh xa hpi eho ngudi cao tudi thieu hodn chinh Tqpchi TUYENGI>to s6 7-2016 I _ Thach thirc dat nhung yeu eau het sue cap bach chp edng tae dan sd a nirdc ta, la: kiem soat giam thieu m^t can bang gidi tinh sinh, nhanh chdng dua ty so tro lai miJc can bang tu nhien bang eae bien phap tong hpp, dong bd va manh me v^ truydn thong giao dye, thue hien binh dang gidi; tra, kiem tra va xu ly nghiem vi pham phap luat va nghiem cam chin doan va can thiep lua chpn gidi t'nh thai nhi va gioi tinh sinh; cai thien he thcng an sinh xa hpi ehe ngudi eao tuoi, nang cap vi the cija phu nu Dl cu va phin bo din cu hop ly Dudi tae dpng cua su phat trien kmh te va dp thi hpa, di cu d nude ta diln vdi cudng Idn va pham vi cang rong, Ty suat di eu thuin giai doan mudi nam qua o muc 4-5% hang nam Noi eae ludng di c u den la eac khu vuc thi va eae khu cdng nghiep, tap trung d khu vuc Bdng Nam Bo va xung quanh Ha Ndi Noi dan di la khu vuc ndng thdn, tap trung d viing d6ng bang sdng Ciru long, duyen hai mign Trung Di cu la hien hrpng tat yeu, diln theo quy luat "hilt - day", khdng the can thiep cd hieu qua bang cac bien phap hanh chinh Di eu cd tac dpng tieh cue dpi vdi su phat trien kinh te, nhat la d noi den, tao thu nhap chp ngudi di cu va gia dinh hp Nhung mat khae, nhimg ngudi di cu thudng khd tiep can vdi eac dich vu xa hci eo ban, dci song sinh boat khd khan, gay nhu e l u dpt bien, d i n den qua tai ve giap thdng frpng cac dip l l , Tet, viec cham sdc ngudi cap tudi va fre em o npi di bj han chl Phat frien ddng d i u giira cac khu vuc, bean ttiien tang giap ttidng va co sd t i n g ttiiet y l u , cd chinh sach uu tien thu hiit d i u h/ ddi vdi khu vi/c kinh t l • xa hdi kem phat frien hpn la nhimg ttiach ttiirc c l n dupe xem xet, thuc hien de dilu chinh eac ddng di eu, phan bp dan sp hop ly hon ehe: ty le dan sd bi khuyet tat, bap gpm ca sc ttiieu nang ve fri hje, ban ehe v l ttie lire cen kha cap; ^ ie tu vpng fre em va suy dinh dudng the thap cdi cac; tuci ttip khde manh binh quan thap; ty le lao ddng dupc dap tap ve nghe nghiep ttiap Mdt k l hoach tong the, dong bp can ttiigp nang cac c h i t lupng dan sd ea v l ttie chat, fri hia va tinh tiiln can duoc xay dung va thue hien tiieo nguyen ly vdng ddi Nang cap chat lupng eham sec sue khce chp nhan dan, d l y manh phpng frap ren luy^n than tiie, hinh ldi sdng lanh manh, Ipai frir d i n cac hii tue, dam bap ve smh mdi trudng va an tpan thuc p h l m , nang cap ehat lupng giap ducdao tao, xay dpng n l n van hda mdi tien tiln, dam da ban sac dan tde la nhimg ndi dung da dupc Dang va Nha nudc ta quan tam ehi dao V l n de dat la c l n phai cd nhung giai phap t'ch cue dupc trien khai ddng bd va hieu qua Tdm lai, de thue hien cc hieu qua si/ chuyen hudng cd tinh budc ngpat frong dinh hudng ehinh saeh dan sd cQa Dang ta frong bdi canh, dilu kiSn va tinh hinh mdi, c l n phai thuc hien nhilu giai phap ddng bd, lien quan den cac khia canh nhu: ehuyen del chinh saeh dan sd tir viee dilu ehinh se lupng dan sp sang chii frpng nSng cac chat lupng dan s l ; tir viec tap frung chu yeu vap KHHGO hudng den mgc tieu giam sinh sang giai quyet tpan dien cac v l n de dan sp ca v l quy md, co eau, phSn bo va nang cao c h i t lupng dan sd; tir each tiep can mdt ehilu, giai quyet tinh trang gia tang quy md dan so qua nhanh sang tiep can tong the va da chilu; dieu chlnh eae yeu to dan sd va chinh saeh phat tiiln frong mdi quan he chat che, tirong tac qua lai d l phat huy tdt nhlt eac co hdi va Ipi tiie, ban che toi da cac khia canh khdng thuan Ipi eiia cae yeu td dan sd sinh trpng qua trinh chuyen ddi nhan Chat luong din so va ning cao chat luong din so khiu hpc d nude ta Chat lupng dan sp ve ttie chat, fri tue va ttnh ttiln la yeu tc c l n dupc quan tam hang diu Vci nhilu chinh sach va chuong frinh cu ttie dupc ttiuc hien, chat lupng dan SP Viet Nam da duoc nang len dang ke nhu ^ suat chet me, chet fre em giam; hjdi ttip dupc nang len; eh? s6 phat frien cen ngudi dupc cai ttiiSn Tuy nhien, chat lupng dan so nudc ta cung edn nhilu han hien Ket luan sd 11 W < l / I W 4-1-2016 eua Ban I rapchiTUreNGUD.£ 7-2016 Cae d p ijy, chinh quyen c l n tich cue thuc Bi thu Trung upng Dang v l viec tiep tyc thuc hien Nghi quyet sc 47-N(yTW cua Bd Chinh fri khda IX "Vi tiip tuc day manh thuc hien chinh sich DS-KHHGB"; xay dung chinh sach dan sd chp giai dpan mdi dam bap tinh khpa hpc de ttiirc hien ttianh edng cdng tac dan se frpng nhimg nam tdi.B ] NHlJ^ ... md ddn sd frung binh hdng nam cua giai doan 10 nam 1999-2009 la 1,2%, thap hon nhieu so vdi eac giai doan frudc dd (1,7% eho giai doan 1989-1999 va , % cho giai doan 1979-1989) Thue hifin thdnh... viee chuyln ddi ehinh saeh tir thyc hien mue tieu giam sinh sang fri miic sinh thay tiie (TFR=2-2,1 eon) nham giam tde dp gia hoa dan sd va suy giam luc lugng lao dpng Duy tii nuic sinh tiiay the... mgc tieu giam sinh sang giai quyet tpan dien cac v l n de dan sp ca v l quy md, co eau, phSn bo va nang cao c h i t lupng dan sd; tir each tiep can mdt ehilu, giai quyet tinh trang gia tang quy