Sự biện chứng của xã hội theo p berger và t luckmann và trào lưu kiến tạo luận xã hội

CHUYEN MUC KHOA HOC XA HQI THE G\0\ s y BIEN CHLKNG CUA XA HOI THEO P BERGER VA T LUCKMANN VA TRAO LU'U KI^N TAG LUAN XA HOI TRAN HUU QUANG Luin diem vi sir biin chirng cOa xa hdi theo Peter Berger vi Thomas Luckmann cd thi dugc tdm ggn cdng thirc sau: 'Xa hfi li mgt san phim cOa ngirdi Xi hdi la mgl thue tai khich quan Con ngudi li mdt sin phim ciia xi hdi" Tu tudng niy da khai mio eho ci mdt trio luu 'kien tao luan xa hdi" thjnh hinh gidi khoa hgc xi hdi tren thi gidi vii thap nien qua, vi cung ed ning md mdt tdi tiip can mdi nu'a mang ten li 'tuong quan tuin phuang phip" mpt cong trinh dupe tao lap bdi ddi sing x i hdi v i (rong adi song xa h|i Theo Berger va Luckmann, thuc tai m i m i l ngudi chOng ta ehu'ng kiln va trii nghiem adi sing hing ngiy ehinh l i "thu'c t?i audc kiln tao v l m i t x i hpi" (reality is socially constructed) (tr 13) (ghi chO: b i i niy, nhu'ng aoan trieh eo ghi so trang m i khdng ghi nguon a l u aupc trich tu' i n ban tieng Anh cuin sich neu trSn cua Berger va Luckmann) Mgc tieu b i i n i y l i trinh biy su biSn Chung eOa x i hpi tien trinh kiln tao thue tai (lay l i mpt trpng nhO'ng Trin t^iru Quang Phd Giio su Tien si Vien luan ailm chinh eua ecng trinh vu'a Khoa hoc x i hdi vUng Nam Bd neu trSn cua Berger v i Luckmann)'^' Dudi mat ngudi binh thudng, thu'c tai ddi sing hing ngiy thudng dudC nhin nhin nhu "ed mpt su t i n tai dpc lap vdi y muln cua ehung ta" va chDng ta "kheng the 'rO bd di' duoe", thep Idi Peter Berger v i Thpmas Luckmann trpng phin nhap d l cuon Sy klin t$o xS hgi vi thuc tfl ( i n ban nim 1971 tr 13)'" Tuy nhien, dudi c i i nhin x i h|i hpc, thgc tai i y khlng phai l i mpt thD' thgc tai ty nd nhu the v i khlng h i t i n tai tich rdi khdi eupe ddi cua tO'ng cen ngudi ca the, m i thuc nd chinh l i mOt s i n phim TRAN H U U QUANG - SU BlgN CHlJ'NG CpA XA HQI v i sau dd de cap tdi mpt v i i d i e trung cua trio luu kien tap luin x i hpi (social constructivism) trpng khpa hpc xa hpi k l tu' v i i thap nien vu'a qua den T I E N TRiNH K I E N TAO THUC TAI XAHQI DDng trudc e i u hdi l i l i m t h i n i c m i trat t u x i hdi cd the n i y sinh, Berger v i Luckmann dua "eiu tra Idi tong quit nhit" nhu sau; '[T\rat tu xa hpi l i mpt s i n phim cua cen ngudi, hay ndi ehinh x i c han la mpt tiln trinh s i n xuat dang tilp diln eua cen ngudi" (tr 69)'^' Ndi cich khic, ehinh eon ngudi tao trat tu' x i hdi tien trinh ngoai t h i hda [extemalizatiori) hay khich t h i h i a (pbjectivation) chinh minh bSn ngcii, v i quan trpng nhit li tien trinh djnh c h l hda (institutionalization) Berger v i Luckmann djnh nghia y niem "ngoai t h i hda" nhu sau: "Khong t h i ed cen ngudi khudn k h i ddng kin cua ndi gidi tinh u mac Con ngudi budc phai lien tuc ngeai t h i hda chinh minh heat dpng" (tr 70) Cdn "khich the hda" ehinh la tien trinh m i theo dd ngudi "tu t h i hiSn nhO'ng s i n phim cua heat dpng ngudi' (tr 49) Thee hai t i c gia, "su ngeai t h i hda (eua eon ngudi] xet tu nd l i met s u t i t y l u v l mat nhin hpe" (tr 70) - d i y l i ailu m i c i Georg F Hegel l i n Karl Marx a i tCrng khai trien ky ludng (chO thich so 15, tr 221) Theo Berger v i Luckmann, q u i trinh khieh t h i hda l i qua trinh ma dd eae hoat dpng cua ngudi dupe "ngoai the hda" thinh nhu'ng s i n phim khieh quan Djnh c h l chinh la mpt trpng nhu'ng s i n pham t i i h i u cua q u i trinh niy " T h i gidi djnh c h l l i hoat dpng d i duac-khich-the-hda eua ngudi" (tr 78)'"' Ndi d i n s y hinh thinh cua trat t y xa hpi ehinh la ndi d i n tien trinh dinh c h l hda NhO'ng "hiSn tupng thuin tuy" (hieu theo nghia hipn tuang luin eua Husseri) eua tien trinh dinh c h l hda bae g i m ; s u tap quin hda, s u diin hinh hda, v i tO' dd l i su xuit hiSn cua c i c vai trd, v i euli eung l i sy ddi cua mpt dfnh ehi Khdi s y la tien trinh t i p q u i n hda (habitualization): " B i t cD hinh dpng n i p dydc l i p di lap lai thudng xuyen cung sS d i n luc dUdC dDc thinh m|t khuon mau [pattern], khuSn mau n i y sau dd ed the dupe chep lai m i khong t i n nhieu cdng sDc' (tr 70-71) Liy thi du v l viSe hai ngudi tiln hinh c h l tae mdt chile xulng bing nhCrng que diSm trSn mpt hdn d i p hoang, Berger va Luckmann nhin xet ring chinh nhd tien trinh tap quin hda ma m i l bull sing, hai ngudi n i y ed the tiep tuc edng viSe minh l i m him trude, thay vl phai thic mac dat lai c i u hdi l i minh phii b i t d i u tO' d i u , v i trpng s i hing tram cich ed the cd de che tap chile xulng bing que diSm, thi hp chl ehpn thep m|t eich m i thoi T i p q u i n l i m|t thu' khudn mau hinh dpng ed "cii lpi t i m ly quan trpng, dd l i thu hep bdt nhu'ng sg lya chpn", v i "giai thpit e i nhin khdi ginh nang eua 'tit c i nhu'ng s y quylt djnhiy'"(tr 71) TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so (202) 2015 T i l p theo l i tiln trinh d i l n hinh hoa (typifieation) "[Njguln g l e cua bat cu' trat t u dinh c h l n i o cung deu n i m viee dien hinh hda eie hinh dpng cua chinh c i nhin v i cua tha nhin" (tr 89) Dien hinh hda l i mdt y mem khdi nguon tir n h i trilt hpe DO'C Edmund Husseri, dUdc khai trien bdi n h i triet hpc My g l c Ap Alfred SchOtz, v i dyac Berger v i Luckmann l i y lai Theo SchOtz, thong thydng ngydi khlng trai nghiSm ngoai gidi nhy mdt t h i gidi bao g i m nhu'ng v i t t h i c i le dpc nhit vo nhj, n i m r i i r i e khong gian v i thdi gian, m i thydng trai nghiem m|t t h i gidi cd "tO'ng", cd "nDI", cd "ciy", ed "eon thu", ed "ngydi aIng loai", v.v "Toi cd t h i chua bac gid thiy mdt chd s i n Idng xu Ai Nhi Lan [Irish settei], nhung n l u tdi thiy duac mpt thi tdi bilt nd l i mdt dpng vat v i cu t h i l i mpt chd, vdi tat ca nhiing d i e dilm quen thudc v i l l i O'ng xu' dien hinh cOa mdt chd, chD khdng phai nhu mpt cpn mep ehing han" Khi tdi ty hdi "diy la gilng ehd gi ?" thi tire l i t i i xem xet sg dj bipt eua chd ay bang cich qui ehieu nd ve nhO'ng kinh nghiem eua tdi ve nhu'ng cen chd diln hinh {typical) mi tdi da biet (A SchOtz, 1982, tr 7-8) Ndi ehung, ccn ngudi chDng ta ludn ludn trai nghiSm the gidi ddi seng thudng nhit bing cich qui ve "tinh aien hinh" (typhality) cua nhO'ng sy v i t v i hipn typng ma chOng ta b i t g i p , tD-c l i nhin chung dudi ling kinh cua nhO'ng c i i m i u "diln hinh" (types) ma Chung ta d i cd s i n d i u (A Sehutz, 1962, tr 8) Trong t h i gidi ddi sing thydng nhit, eon ngydi tyang giao vdi dong loai cua minh theo nhiiu cich thiJc khic nhau, it nhilu t h i n thien heac it nhilu nic danh Trong nhiing sy tyang giao ay, ea nhin cht ed the hiiu dyac cich xu sy cua tha nhin n l u hieu dyac c i c ddng ca, muc dich v i du djnh cua hp Nhung khong dung lai d nhirng tinh hulng cu t h i , c i biet v i t i n man, c i nhin thudng hieu dupe each xu sy eua tha nhin thing qua "tinh diln hinh" eua eie d|ng ea v i muc dich iy Muon dyac nhy vay, tryde dd, c i nhin d i phai "xay dyng nhiing khudn m i u diln hinh [typical patterns] v l c i c ddng Cd v i muc dich cua hp, k l ca eie thai dp v i eae nhan each eua hp" (A Sehutz 1962, tr 60) Nhy viy, diln hinh hda ehinh la vipe "xiy dung nhO'ng khudn m l u dien hinh" d i u ngudi "Nhiing d i i v i t v i biln CO dpe nhit vd nhj [unique] n i p dang xuit hien trude m i t chung ta d i u mang tinh chit dde nhit vd nhj ben mpt chan trdi cDa su quen thupc dien hinh v i cua tinh the s i p quen biet" (A SchOtz, 1962, tr 59) Thep Berger va Luckmann, q u i trinh tuang giao giu'a ngudi vdi nhau, moi ea nhin tiln hinh viec dien hinh hda cich xir su ciia ngudi khic, v i ngudi khie eung l i m nhu the doi vdi c i nhin NhO'ng sy diln hinh hda h i tyang n i y dyac tich luy d i n d i n vao kho kien thire chung eua cpng dong hay x i hdi Bay ehinh l i IDc m i djnh c h l b i t d i u hinh thinh: "Sy ajnh che hda d i l n m i l ed TRAN HCfU QUANG - SU BlgN CHCTNG COA XA HQI mpt s y aien hinh hda h i tyang a l l vdi nhO'ng hinh ddng di-duae-tap-quinhda cua mdt s i Ipai diln hinh t i c nhin n i p ad" (tr 72) Dieu quan trpng d d i y l i sy diln hinh hda khdng chi diin dpi vdi eie hanh ddng, ma ke ea a l l vdi c i c tic nhin Do viy, k i t q u i cua nhO'ng sy diln hinh hda ehinh l i hinh thinh nen c i c vai trd "Djnh c h l dat djnh rang nhu'ng hinh dpng thep dien hinh X se dype thgc hi^n bdi nhu'ng t i c nhan thupc diln hinh X Ching han, djnh c h l phip lu|t d i t djnh ring phai chat d i u theo nhu'ng cich thirc d i e thD nio dd nhOng hoin canh d i e thu nio dd, v i nhu'ng diln hinh e i nhin d i e thu n i o dd se thi hinh viSc chit d i u (ching han c i c dao phu, hoic c i c thinh viSn cDa mpt ding cap S ue, hoic nhO'ng trinh nO' dydi m|t dp tuoi n i o dd, hoic nhiing ngydi d i dyp'c ehi djnh bdi mpt Idi sam truyin)" (tr 72) M i l djnh che d i u cd su" tinh (historicity) ciia nd Vi thi, Berger v i Luckmann nhin manh rang "se khdng the hiiu dyac mpt ajnh c h l mdt cich x i c aing neu khdng hllu q u i trinh Ijch sii m i treng dp nd duac s i n sinh ra" (tr 72) Mat khie, dinh c h l ludn luon bao h i m s u k i l m scat Nd "kiem soit cich xir sy eua ngudi bing cich thiet lap c i c khudn m i u xii sy djnh s i n , c i c khudn m i u niy leo Iii each xu' sy di thee mpt hydng n i p dd nhit ajnh chii khdng di theo nhu'ng hydng khic" (tr 72) Do c i c the he d i n sau thydng gap khd khan ehuySn tuin thu, nen trit ty djnh c h l thudng "phii thilt l i p eie bien phip c h l t i i " (tr 80) "Tre em phii dyac 'day cich eu xir', v i mpt da duac day thi chDng phii 'tuin thee khudn phep' Ngudi Idn cung bupc phai nhu viy, le dT nhiSn" (tr 80) Su djnh hinh cOa c i c vai trd ehinh l i k i t q u i cOa sy diln hinh hIa tien trinh djnh che hda Trpng cuIn Ldi mdi din vdi xS hgi hoc C\9S3), tire ba n i m tryde x u i t ban oucn Su kiin tao xa hdi vi thuc tai, P Berger tirng dua mdt djnh nghia rat ed dpng ve khai niSm vai trd: vai trd l i "m|t phan ting diln hinh d i i vdi m|t ky vpng diln hinh' (P Berger, 1963, tr 95)'^' Ndi each khae, eOng ding xa hpi da qui djnh s i n l l i xir sy diln hinh cua mci vai trd Tuy nhiSn, vai trd khdng ehi l i mdt khuon m i u xiu sy ed san, ma edn bao h i m c i nhO'ng cam xuc va thii d | thudc ve khudn mau niy Han nO'a, nhyng c i m xuc va thii dp niy eOng cd t i e dgng eung e l v i thDc a i y t i c nhan phai dam nhiem vai trd cua minh mpt cich trpn vpn Berger vilt: "Ngydi ta se cam thiy ning n i n han dang hSn, khiSm nhydng han dang qui gel [ ] NghTa l i , nu hdn khdng chi bilu hiSn su ncng n i n m i cdn s i n sinh su ncng nin." Vj giip su ve uySn bac lue giing b i i thi eung se d i n lue cam t h i y minh uySn bic Vj giip sT thiy minh tin thyc sy v i e nhiing dieu minh dang thuyit giio Ngudi linh thiy troi day tinh than q u i n nhin khoic ISn minh bp q u i n phuc (P TAP CHl KHQA HQC XA HQI so (202) 2015 Berger, 1963, tr 96; xem thSm T r i n Hu'uQuang, 2011, tr 72-80) Mdi vai trd ludn ludn bap h i m nhiing khudn m i u xu' s y chuin i^nh m i mpi ngydi thu-a nhin, xet trpng m i l lien he vdi nhO'ng vai trd khie eung mpt djnh che MOt thi dg v l vai trd cua ngydi cau d i i vdi du'a chiu m i l lien hp eSu-chiu: "ngydi ta cd t h i chip nhin ngudi anh/em vp dinh ddn diia hdn l i e eua minh" vi hiiu d i y l i l l i xO' sy ehuin djnh diln hinh eua m i l liSn he eiu-ehiu v i l i "mpt khudn m i u m i eOng thu'a nhin mdt x i hdi c y tru bSn n h i v p ' (tr 90) M|t djnh che ludn luon tg bilg Id chinh minh thong qua c i c vai trd, xSt tren hai c i p dp "Tryde hit, viec a i m nhipm vai trd t h i hipn chinh nd [(oc vai trd - THQ] Thi du, tham gia v i o viee xet xu" ehinh l i t h i hien vai trd quan tda Ca nhin vj quan tda khong hinh dpng 'thep y minh', m i vdi ty eich cOa mpt vj quan tda Ke d i n vai trd t h i hiSn c i mpt mang ludi bap g i m nhu'ng cich xir s g nhit djnh treng Idng djnh c h l Vai trd cOa vj quan tda n i m moi lien h i vdi c i c vai trd khie, v i toin b l eie vai trd i y eiu tao nSn ajnh c h l luit phip Vj quan tda hinh aSng nhu ngudi aai dien eho dinh c h l niy" (tr 92) Bjnh c h l dupe Berger v i Luckmann vi nhu m|t "kjch bin chua dupe viet cua mSt v d kjch', dd c i c hinh dpng v i xO' sy cua c i c vai trd d i u "da dupe l i p trinh" s i n (tr 92) "Sy hien thyc hda vd kjch phy thu|c v i o viec c i c diln viSn/tic nhin [actors) c6ndang-slng diln di diln lai nhO'ng vai [roles] d i duac an djnh vd kjch C i c diin vien/tac nhin l i hien thin eua c i c vai va hiSn thyc hda vd kjch bing c i c h trinh diSn nd tren s i n khau hiiu quan C i v d kjch l i n dinh che d i u khong t i n tai thyc sy b i n ngoai s g trinh dien trd di trd lai n i y ' (tr 92) Ndi khic di, n l u khong cd diln vISn, n l u vd kjch khdng dyac trinh diSn, thi sS khong ed vd kjch, khong ed dinh c h l "[C]hinh eie vai trd l i m cho c i c dinh c h l ed the t i n tai v i luon luon t i n tai nhy mOt s g hien dien ed thgc kinh nghiim eua c i c e i nhin dang sing" (tr 92) SU BI6N C H O ' N G CCIA X A HOI Chinh d dilm vu'a neu doan trSn m i chOng ta thiy bpc Id "sy bien chiing can ban eua x i h|i" xet nhu "mgt hiSn tuang mang tinh tpin c i u ' (tr 96): v l m i t trat tu djnh chl, " x i hpi chi t i n tai cae c i nhin cd y thD'c v l nd' v i c i c c i nhin hiin thyc hda trat tg djnh c h l thdng qua nhu'ng vai m i hp ddng Cdn v l m i t vai trd e i nhin, "y thDc c i nhin dype djnh deal v l mat x i hdi", bdi IS 'chinh l i xuat phit tu' trit tg dinh c h l niy m i [cic vai trd] mdi cd dupe y nghia khich quan cua chDng" (tr 96) Theo Berger v i Luckmann, s u bien chirng cua xa hpi bae gem ba mdmen'^' ein ban sau day: sg ngeai t h i hda {externalization), su khach t h i hda (objectlvation), va sy ndi t i m hda (internalization) (tr 149) Ndi mpt eich v i n tat: treng eu|c sing cua minh, ngudi t y ngoai the hoa, tu xuit nhupng chinh minh ben ngoii (thdng qua ngon ngO', thdng qua viSc TRAN HCrU QUANG - SU BIEN CHCTNG C O A X A HQI diSn dat suy nghi v i cam xuc, thong qua hinh dpng, v.v.), khich the hda nhO'ng dilu di-dudc-ngoai-thl-hda thinh thue tai khieh quan (sin phim culi eOng eua tiln trinh l i trit ty djnh che, l i thyc tai "the gidi x i h|l"), v i ngl tam hoa c i i thue tai ay, tiic l i tien trinh m i nhd dd "the gidi xa hdi von d i dupe khieh t h i hda se aupc phdng chieu ngupe trd lai v i o y thue suit tiln trinh x i hpi hda" (tr 78-79) Ba md-men niy khong diln tuan ty theo thdi gian, bdi IS " c i x i h|i va mdi b | phan cua nd deu mang d i e tryng l i cd dong thdi ea ba md-men i y " (tr 149), nhyng chDng vira song hinh vdi nhau, vua t i c dpng lan - chinh vi t h i mdi gpi diy l i sy bipn chyng M i l c i nhan thinh viSn eua xa hpi "cOng mpt lue vu'a ngeai t h i hda ehinh eon ngydi eua minh v i e treng the gidi x i hpi, vira ndi tam hda t h i gidi x i hdi niy nhy mdt thyc tai khieh quan' (tr 149) Ndi cich khie, "song xa hpi l i tham gia v i p sy bien ehiing eua nd" (tr 149) Bd la dilu m i n h i triet hpe hiSn sinh Phip Jean-Paul Sartre eung tirng ndi khai trien y tydng thee hudng eua Hegel: dd l i "qui trinh npi t i m hda eii ngeai tai v i q u i trinh ngoai the hda eai npi tai"''' Thep Berger va Luckmann, chDng ta cd t h i md ta "ba md-men bien ehung" nSu trSn bing ba mSnh d l can b i n sau diy; " X i hdi l i mpt s i n pham cua cen ngydi Xa hpi la mpt thyc tai khich quan Con ngydi l i mpt s i n pham eua xa hpi' (tr 79, dp chinh hai t i c g i i nhin manh).'" V i hai t i c gia luu y ring "mpt s y phin tich v l t h i gidi x i hpi m i bd quen b i t ky m|t trpng ba md-men n i y thi se bj mSo md" (tr 79) Theo hai t i e g i i , gidi xa hpi hpe My "dyang dai' (tu'c tinh tdi giO'a thap nISn 1960, IDc x u i t ban cuIn s i c h niy) thydng "bd quen" c i i md-men d i u tien (tiie l i s u ngoai thi hda, tyang irng vdi menh a l "xa h|i l i mpt s i n phim eua cen ngydi") Chinh vi the, "nhin quan cua hp ve xa hpi ed xu hydng den c i i m i Marx gpi l i mpt su v i t hda (Verdinglichung), nghia l i , mdt sy bdp m i o mang tinh chit phi bien chirng d i i vdi thyc tai x i hpi, [sy bdp mep niy] l i m che khuit c i i d i e tinh cua thuc tai xa hpi xet nhy l i mpt q u i trinh s i n x u i t dang tiep diln eua eon ngydi, v i thay v i e do, nd nhin thyc tai xa hpi thdng qua nhu'ng pham trii giing nhy d l v i t [thing-like] v i n ehi thieh hap vdi t h i gidi tu nhiSn' (ChO thich s i 29, tr 222)'°' Thep Berger v i Luckmann, thuc sy "vit hda' chinh l i "chang tdt cDng cua tiln tnnh khieh the hda, dd t h i gidi di-dyae-khich-thl-hca m i t di k h i ning dupe linh h|i nhy m§t eong trinh eua cen ngudi, v i di d i n c h l i m anh [con ngudi] gilng nhu the nd l i mpt kiSn tinh phi nhin tinh, khdng the nhin tinh hda, v i d i y quin tinh" (tr 106) NhO'ng cen ngudi e i nhin treng ddi sing thudng nhit khdng cdn nhin t h i gidi la "cdng trinh eua minh' nDa "Mil quan h i thyc thu giO'a cen ngydi vdi t h i gidi cOa minh thudng bj TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s i |202) 2015 dao ngyac y thirc", bdi le mpt mat "[c]pn ngydi, n h i s i n xuit mpt the gidi, dyac nhin nhy san phim eua the gidi", v i mat khae, "ho?t ddng cua ngudi dupe nhin nhu mdt hien typng phy di kem theo nhO'ng q u i trinh n i m ngpii ngydi" (tr 106107) Nhyng "[n]gay e i dang lanh hpi t h i gidi nhy l i e i i da duac v i t hda, thi ngudi v i n ( l p tge s i n xuit nd" (tr 107) Ndi c i c h khie, "mSteich d i y nghjch ly, cen ngudi cd k h i ning s i n x u i t mpt thyc tai se phu nhin ehinh anh ta" (tr 107)"°' Tuy nhien, Berger v i Luckmann nhin manh ring chuyen quan trpng m i u chit m i ChOng ta c i n ghi nhin, dd l i "mil quan he giu'a ngydi, [xet nhu l i ] n h i s i n xuit, vdi t h i gidi xa hpi, [xet nhu la] san phim eua anh ta, l i v i ludn ludn l i mpt m i i quan he mang tinh biSn chiing": nghia l i , mpt mat "ccn ngudi [ ] v i t h i gidi xa hpi cDa tUdng t i e l i n nhau", va m i t khie, "[s]in phim t i e dpng ngupe trd lai n h i san x u i t ' (tr 78) T R A O L U U K | £ N TAO LUAN XA HQI Mac du tu tudng ting quit v l "sy kiln tao x i hdi" {social construction) thyc cOng d i hinh thinh vdi nhO'ng s i c thii khic nai mpt s i t i c gia x i hpi hpc khie nhy Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu hay Anthony Giddens (xem P Coreuff, 1995, tr 21-54; NguySn X u i n NghTa, 2012, tr 71-82; Pham V i n Bleh, 2012b, tr 105115),'"' nhung phai dpi den cuIn s i c h cOa Berger v i Luckmann thi mdi xuit hien edng thiie dISn dat "social construction' Nhanh chdng sau dd, ngydi ta thiy xuit hiSn c i m|t trio luu nghien eiiu mdi gidi khoa hpc x i hdi mang tSn l i "kiin tao luin xa hot (social constructionism hay social constructivism) (P Cprcutf, 1995, tr 55) Thee n h i x i h|i hpe Phip Philippe Ccrcuff (1995, tr 17), d i y khdng phai l i mpt "trudng p h i i ' mdi, m i thyc chi l i mpt hydng tilp c i n mdi, m|t "lli d i t v i n d l thee hydng kiln tao luin" Nhilu n h i nghiSn ciru khoa hpe x i hdi coi cong trinh cua Berger v i Luckmann nhy mpt nguIn eim hirng v i v i n dung l l i nhin niy mpt each ed hieu qua v i o edng vipc cua minh, mic dO cum tu' "sy kiln tac x i hpi" cung cd nhO'ng IDc bj lam dgng mpt cich bira b i i , nhit la cum tu' niy trd thinh nhy m|t thD' m i t thdi trang (1 Hacking 2000, tr 3; D Martuccelli, 2012, tr 15) Coreuff nhin djnh rang i l l d i t v i n d l kiln tae luan x i hdi thyc la "mpt su chuyin dich ciia chinh dii tugng ciia nginh xa hdi hoc: dd khdng phai l i x i hdi, cDng ehing phii c i c e i nhan, x i t nhy nhO'ng thuc t h i bipt lap nhau, nhung l i c i c mil liin hi giu'a cic ci nhan vdi (hiiu thee nghia ring, v i khong chi c i c moi tuang giao tryc dien), cOng nhy cac vu tm da-dugckhach-thi-hda m i c i c m i i lien he i y san sinh v i chuyen chd, xet nhy ChDng mang tinh chit can b i n d i i vdi c i c e i nhin v i eie hien tyang xa hpi" (P Ccrcuff, 1995, tr 16, nhO'ng chd nhin manh l i de chung tdi, THQ) TRAN HQU QUANG - SU BIgN C H U N G CIlAXA HQI Theo Coreuff, n h i n quan kiln tae luin eho ring "eac thyc tai xa hpi dudC hiiu l i nhu'ng su kiln tao mang tinh Ijch si> v i tinh thudng nhit [constmetions historiques et quoHdiennes] ciia cae t i e nhin e i nhin v i t i p t h i " (P Ccrcuff, 1995, tr 17) Su kiln t?io d a i y aupc hiiu theo e i nghia q u i trinh l i n nghia k i t qua D i i vdi c i c n h i kiln tae luin, van thee Coreuff, sii tinh (historicite) la mdt khii niem h i t sD'c quan trpng, bap g i m ba n|i h i m sau l i y : (a) t h i gidi x i hpi aupc kiln tao "khdi sy tu' nhirng su kiln tao d i ed trudc q u i khu' theo dDng nhu Marx da ndi: "Con ngudi l i m Ijch sii cua ehinh minh, nhung khdng phii lam theo y muln tDy tiSn cua minh, nhO'ng dilu kiSn ty minh ehpn liy, m i l i trpng nhu'ng dilu ki0n trye tilp cd tryde mit, da che s i n v i q u i khu' de lai""^'; (b) eie hinh thii x i hpi q u i khir dype t i i s i n xuit, thich irng, chuyen dich v i chuyin hda, treng dd, nhirng hinh thii mdi dupe sing tap ra, cic hinh ddng vi cic mdi tuong giao giu'a c i c t i c nhin vdi ddi sdng thudng nhit, (c) eii di s i n q u i khD i y v i hoat dpng hing ngiy i y "md mpt lanh dja eua nhO'ng dieu k h i the tuang lai" (P Coreuff, 1995, tr 17-18) Theo n h i trilt hpc ngudi Canada lan Hacking, y tudng ve 'sg kiln tao xa hpi" thgc sy mang tinh chit "giii p/idng" Liy thi dg, "nd nhac nhd Chung ta ring m i l lien he mau tU' v i c i c y nghia eua m i l liSn he niy khong phii l i dype i n djnh mpt l i n cho m i l m i l v i khdng the thay d i i , nhyng chOng phg thu|o vao chuySn sinh nd v i ehuySn day ChOng l i hS qua eua nhO'ng biln c l Ijch sii, cua nhO'ng luc x i h|i v i cua y thD'c he' (1 Hacking, 2000, tr 2) I Hacking cho ring t3iem khd nhit v i thich thuc Idn nhit i n chiia y tudng ve "sy kien tao x i hdi", dd l i iam sac linh hpi dupe ring ludn ludn diSn si/ tuang giao vi tie ddng tin giira cic quan ni$m, eie hinh ddng vi cic ci nhin ngudi (I Hacking, 2000, ti 29) Theo Hacking, c i n phin biSt rach rdi giOa "dii v i f {objeci) vdi "y niSm" (idea) C i c "dii v i t ' l i nhO'ng y l u t l nam treng the gidi, nhu "gia dinh, ngudi chu n h i , v i i c quet dpn n h i ciia, tien thue n h i , n i m mic, viSc bj chD duoi khdi n h i , ong thu'a phit lai, viee ehiem dit, thdi tham lam v i biln Caspian' Cdn "y nipm' l i nhO'ng e i i n i m treng dau, treng y thu'c ngudi, nhu eae "y tudng, quan niem, khii niem, nilm tin, thii d | , ly thuyet" (I Hacking, 2000, tr 21-22) Trong s i nhO'ng "dii vit" vD'a neu tren, ed nhu'ng eai m i chDng ta cd t h i ndi nhu n h i triet hpe ngudi MJ John Searle ring "chOng l i nhO'ng yeu t l mang tinh c h i t chu quan ve mat b i n t h i luin, nhung mang tinh chit khach quan ve mat nhin thiic luin"'^" Ching han, tiln thue n h i m i ban phii tra l i chuyin q u i u khieh quan (nd n i m t h i gidi), nhung phii thdng qua eie hinh ddng cua eon ngudi thi nd mdi t i n tai No "mang tinh chit chD qDan ve mat ban t h i luin', vl n l u TAP CHl KHQA HQC XA HQI so (202) 2015 khdng c6 c i c ehu t h i ngudi v i c i c ajnh che thi khong ed eai gpi l i tien thus n h i Nhung tiln thue n h i "mang tinh chit khich quan v l mat nhan thire luin", v i ban du bilt ring cD' d i u thing l i phai t r i 850 dd-la (khdng ed gi chD quan d day c i ) (i Hacking, 2000, tr 22) t tudng trSn d i y eua J Searie ed t h i dupe col nhu b l khuylt cho y tudng eua Berger v i Luckmann ve khieh t h i tinh eua thuc tai x i h|i Hai t i c g i i n i y cho ring "mic du eon ngudi frai nghiSm the gidi x i hpi nhu l i eii ed tinh chit khieh quan, t h i gidi i y van khdng vi t h i m i ed dupe mdt vj t h i ban t h i luin n i m ben ngoil eie hoat ddng eua ngudi von da s i n sinh nd" (tr 78) Nhung ndi theo l l i lap luin eua J Searle, q u i l i thyc tai x i lipi khdng mang tinh chit khieh quan v l mat b i n the luin, nhyng nd "mang tinh chit ehu quan v l mat b i n t h i luin", v i d i n g thdi nd "mang tinh chit khich quan ve m i t nhin thdc luin' Nlu mue tieu cua Berger v i Luckmann cuon saeh Sir kiin tao xa hdi ve thue tai l i "tmy tim eich thiic m i thyc tai [xa hpi] dupe kiln tao nSn" (tr 30)"'", thi ngeai nhu'ng lli ly giai eua I Hacking v i P Coreuff m i chOng tdi vua neu v l "su kiln tae x i hpi ve thyc t^i", n h i trilt hpe ngydi Phip JeanPierre Dupuy cOng d l xydng mdt quan niim h i t sue ding chu y lien quan tdi muc tiiu Theo Dupuy, "nguySn ly sinh thinh hinh thai x i hdi phO'c tap nhit v i ky la nhit: [dd li] vi$c dua chinh minh thinh ngoai t h i tinh so vdi chinh minh" (J.-p Dupuy, 1992, tr 37)"°' l5ng gpi day l i sy "ty ngoai t h i hda" (autoexteriorisation) hay s u "tu sieu vuot' (auto-transeendance) va thep chin mpt s i n h i h i thing luin, png da mupn Isi thuit ngu' 'bootstrapping ciia nginh ca hpc lupng tu' d l l i m i n du md ta hiSn tuang n i y (J.-P Dupuy, 1992, tr v i ) Trong tieng Anh, bootstrap l i diy giiy Bootstrapping thudng dupe dDng theo nghia bdng l i dung n l luc eua ehinh minh de l i m viSe gi dd, vupt qua mpt khd khin n i p dd Cdn hiSu thep nghia den thi bootstrapping l i tu ning minh len bing cich l i y hai tay n i m hai chile d i y giiy cua minh m i nhic minh ISn (dilu m i khong l i m dupe thyc tl!) - chinh l i theo nghia niy m i nginh cd hpc lupng tii eOng nhu Dupuy muln ndi den d day 6ng giii thieh bootstrapping cd nghia l i 'mpi chuySn xay gilng nhu the x u i t lup'ng da 'trd nen tu trj' so vdi nguyen ly sinh thinh cOa nd" (J.-P Dupuy, 1992, tr 39)"°' J.-P Dupuy b i c bd quan niem d i i l i p giO'a e i nhin vdi x i hdi, phin bic c i khuynh hudng t i n g t h i luin (holisme) l i n khuynh hudng c i nhin luin (individualisme), va cho ring m i i quan he giO'a xa hpi vdi c i nhin l i mdt m i l quan hS theo kilu "trit tu thu' bic r l i nhang nhjf (J.-P Dupuy, 1992, tr 290-292)"" "'Trit ty thD' bac rli nhing nhjf n i y thyc l i hinh thyc 'ty ngeai the hda' [auto-extiriorisation] (hay l i 'bootstrapping') ciia mpt ting t h i x i h l i q u i trinh hinh thinh hoic treng qua trinh tan r i , xet T R A N HCfU QUANG - S U BIEN CHO'NG C Q A X A H Q I - moi tyang quan vdi nhung y l u to c i t h i v i n c i u thinh ehinh tong t h i niy" (J.-P Dupuy, 1992, tr 292) Neu i n ban n i m 1995 cua cuIn Cic If thuyit xa hgi hgc mdi, P Coreuff cpi xu hudng "kiln tao luin xa hpi' nhy e i i true chinh d l giai quyet s y d i i l i p giO'a c i i t i p the vdi eai ea nhin, giO'a eich tiep ein ting the luin vdi each tilp can c i nhin luin, thi den i n ban l i n thu' ba v i o nam 2011, Coreuff dilu chinh lai suy nghT cua minh v i eho ring cich tilp ein "kiln tae luin x i hpi' thyc khdng n i m trSn cung mdt binh dipn de ed t h i hda giii sy d i i lap ay Treng Ldi bat cDa an b i n n i m 2007 v i n i m 2011, d l vypt qua s y d i i lap i y , Cpreuff de xydng i l l tiep can m i dng gpi l i "tuang quan luin phuang phip" (relationnalisme mithodologique), xSt nhu mdt "chuang trinh thD' ba" thay the cho hudng ting t h i luin v i hudng c i nhin luin Theo Coreuff, "(cich tilp cin] tuang quan luin phuang phip cpi eie m i l liSn he x i hdi nhu nhu'ng thyc the quan trpng hing d i u , v i viy, coi c i c e i nhin v i c i c djnh che l i nhO'ng thuc the quan trpng a hing thD' hai, xet nhu la nhO'ng sy k i t tinh d i e thu cua eac m i i lien hS x i hdi" (P Coreuff, 2011, tr 111) Nhu v i y , lupc d l kiln tap luin se chi l i mpt nhu'ng l l i tilp c i n cd t h i cd cua xu hudng tuang quan luin phuang phip Nhung sau dd Coreuff nhin manh ring xSt b l i cinh cua mdt t h i gidi ngiy c i n g da dang v i phuc tap, n h i khoa hpc x i hpi khdng the n i d di den duac mdt luac d l ly thuyit bae quit t o i n bp the gidi, bdi vi, nhu Max Weber tirng ndi, chic chin se ed nhung thyc tai mdi d nhO'ng hoin cinh mdi thich thu'c v i ainh a l nhu'ng aien hinh y t h i (ideal types) m i nha nghien ciru da d i y eong x i y dyng DP viy, khd Idng m i ndi ring mpt ly thuyit 'vu/gl qua" hpac "bao trum len' mdt ly thuyet kia, vi moi ly thuyit thudng d i u chf ehu t i m v i e mdt s i khia canh nap ma thdi Vi the, Coreuff col l l i tiep can "tuang quan luin phuang phip" thyc cOng ehi l i mdt sy "chuyen djch" ve gde nhin de gdp p h i n l i m phong phD thSm kho kien thire chung cua c i c nganh khoa hpc x i hpi • CHU THiCH "' Xin ddn dpc ban d|ch tieng Vi#t cuIn Sir kiin tao xa hdi vi thw tai Khio luin vi xa hii hqc nhin thirc (The Social Construction of Reality A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge) ciia Peter L Beiger va Thomas Luckmann (xuat ban lan d i u n i m 1966) Nxb Tri thiic sip I n hinh Npi dung chO yeu n i m muc "djnh che hda" thupc phan cua cuon sach ay Cdn hai ndi dung quan trpng nCra cua cu6n sach, dd l i tien trinh chinh dang hda (legitimation) va t i l n trinh npi tam hda thuc tai {intemaiization of reality), nhung khudn kho bai viet ndn Chung tdi khdng t h i khai trien d day '*' Nguyen v n : " social order Is a human product, or, more precisely, an ongoing human production" (Berger va Luckmann, 1971, tr 69) Xin luu y thdm- cQng g i l n g nhu trudng hop TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI so (202) 2015 nliieu danii tip khae tieng Anh (v^ nhieu ngdn ngu- Au chau lng" (xem G W F Hegel, 2006, xem chu thich s6 cCia Bui Van Nam San, tr 4-5) ''^ Nguyen van: "int6riorisation de I'exterieur et exteriorisation de I'interieuf (J.-P Sartre, Questions de methode (1960), Paris, Gallimard, Coll "Tel", 1986, tr 90-92, dan Igi theo P Coreuff, 1995, tr 18) '°' Nguyen van: "Society is a human product Society is an objective reality Man is a social product" (Berger v^ Luckmann, 1971, tr 79) '^' 6" mpt dogn sau, Berger va Luckmann d i i n giai ve s y vgt hoa {relocation) nhu- sau: "Sy v | t hoa la s y ISnh hgi cac hien tu'O'ng cua ngu-ai nhu' the ehiing la nhyng d6 v$t, ti>c la, theo nghTa n^m ngocii eon ngyd'i [non-human] hay cung co the n^m ben tren ngu-oi [supra-human] Mgt each d i i n dgt khae vh dieu nay: s y vat hoa la s y lanh hpi cac san pham cua hogt dgng cua eon ngyai nhy th^ chung la eai gi khfing phai la san phim eua eon ngu-oi - gi6ng nhu' cac s y kign cua thien nhien, cac k i t qua cua cac djnh luat vij tru, hoac nhOng s y bieu hi$n ciJa y chi than thanh" (Berger va Luckmann, 1971, tr 106) ""' Trong chii thich s6 , Berger vd Luckmann giai thfch th§m r i n g "chinh vi ly ma Marx da ggi ^ thire vdt h6a [reifying consciousness] la mgt y thipc l^m lac [false consciousness]", vd d i i u n^y cung c6 liSn quan tai "khai niem 'nguy tin' {mauvaise foi) eiJa Sartre" (P Berger v^ T Luckmann, 1971, tr 225) ' " ' Theo P Coreuff, nh^ x§ h6i hgc Phap Pierre Bourdieu di theo hyang kien tgo luan cau trOc (constructivisme structuraliste), khai s y ttr cac eau true xa hOi, Berger va Luckmann thi di theo hu-ong k i i n tgo lugn hi$n tygng lugn {constructivisme phdnomdnologique), khai s y tir cac ca nhSn va nhirng s y tyang giao giira hg v6i (xem P Coreuff, 1995, tr 56) ' " ' Karl Marx, Ngdy muoi tam thdng Swang mu cua Louis Bonaparte (1852) (in Cac MSc va Phri-drich Ang-ghen, 1981, tr 386) '^^' NguySn van "[S]ome of these items are ontologically subjective but epistemologically objective items" (I Hacking 2000, tr 22, d i i n dat lai y tyang cua John Searle cuon The Constniction of Social Reality New York, Free Press, 1995) *^*' €>k dgt du'g'c myc tidu do, Berger va Luckmann da dat eau hoi c6t tir cua nganh xa hgi hgc mS Chung tdi nghT can nhle Igi a day, la: "Lam the nao ma nhii-ng y nghTa chO quan T R A N HCrU QUANG - S t / BIgN CHO'NG C Q A X A H Q I , ^ [ CO the trd* nhirng kien tinh khSch quan?' hay ndi each khae, "lam the n i o hoat ddng cua ngu^i Igi ed t h i san x u i t d y g c mdt t h i gid-i dd vgt?" (tr 30, chd n h i n manh 1^ hai tdc gia) ' " ' NguySn v§n:" le principe morphogSnetique de la forme sociale la plus complexe et la plus etrange: la mise en exteriorite de soi par rapport d soi" (J.-P Dupuy, 1992, tr 37) *'^* Nguyen van: 'Tout se passe eomme si Toutput s"autonomisait' par rapport a son principe g^nerateur" (J.-P Dupuy, 1992 tr 39, ch5 n h i n mgnh la Dupuy) '^^ "TrSt ty thir bac roi nhIng nhjt" {hidrarchie enchevdtrde) ed nghTa \d mgt t r | t t y ma yeu t i d- thi> bSc nSy cd t h i tac dpng tdi yeu to a mgt thir b$c khae, va cac thi> bgc khdng thyc s y taeh bgch mgt cdch rgeh rdi Cym tir flyg-c Dupuy djch tir cum ti> tieng Anh 'tangled hierarchies' eua Douglas Hofstadter, n g u ^ i My, giao su- dgi hpc chuyen v i cac khoa hpc tri nhgn {cognitive sciences) (trong Douglas R Hofeladter, Gddel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, Basic Books, 1979) ( d i n lai theo J.-P Dupuy 1992 tr 285) T A I Lieu TRiCH D A N Berger, Peter L 1963 Invitation to Sociology A Humanistic Perspective New York: Doubleday-Anchor Berger, Peter L., va Thomas Luckmann 1971 The Social Construction of Reality A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (1966) Harmondsworth (Anh): Penguin Books Berger, Peter va Thomas Luckmann 2012 La constnjction sociale de la rdalitd Pierre Taminiaux djch Paris: Anmand Colin Coreuff, Philippe 1995 Les nouvelles sociologies Constructions de la rdalitd sociale Paris: £d Nathan Coreuff Philippe 2011 Sociologies contemporaines Les nouvelles sociologies Entre le coilectif et I'lndividuel 3eme edition Paris: Armand Colin, Coll "128" Dupuy, Jean-Pierre 1992 Introduction aux sciences sociales Logique des phdnomdnes collectifs Paris: Ellipses, £cote polytechnique Hacking, lan 2000 The Social Construction of What? (1999) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 5lh printing Hegel, Georg W F 2006 Hi$n twgng hgc tinh thdn (1807) BOi V5n Nam San djch va ehii giai Ha Ndi: Nxb VSn hgc Mdc, Cac va Phri-drich Ang-ghen 1981 Tuyin tdp Tap II Hd Ndi: Nxb S y th$t 10 Martuccelli, Danilo 2012 Une sociologie phdnomdnologique quarante-cinq ans aprds P Berger va T Luckmann 2012 La construction sociale de la rdalitd Pierre Taminiaux djch Paris: Amiand Colin 11 Nguyen Xuan NghTa 2012 Pierre Bourdieu vd Anthony Giddens vi song de cau tnic/hanh dgng, Tgp chi Khoa hpc Xa hgi (TPHCM), s6 10(170) 12 Phgm VSn Bich 2012a Ldi mdi din v&i xa hgi hgc : Mgt lin mCn cuon hOt Tgp chi Xd hpi hgc, s i 3(119) 13 Phgm Van Bieh 2012b Ly thuyit Structuration cda A Giddens Tgp chi Xa hdi hpc, se 4(120) 14 SchQtz, Alfred 1962 Collected Papers I The Problem of Social Reality The Hague (Ha Lan): Martinus Nijhoff 1962 15 Tran Hiju Quang 2011 Xa hdi vd ngi/di theo Peter Berger Tgp chi Khoa hgc X5 hgi (TPHCM), s6 3(151)  ... si Toutput s"autonomisait' par rapport a son principe g^nerateur" (J. -P Dupuy, 1992 tr 39, ch5 n h i n mgnh la Dupuy) '^^ "TrSt ty thir bac roi nhIng nhjt" {hidrarchie enchevdtrde) ed nghTa d... eiJa Sartre" (P Berger v^ T Luckmann, 1971, tr 225) ' " ' Theo P Coreuff, nh^ x§ h6i hgc Phap Pierre Bourdieu di theo hyang kien tgo luan cau trOc (constructivisme structuraliste), khai s y ttr cac... sy "ty ngoai t h i hda" (autoexteriorisation) hay s u "tu sieu vuot' (auto-transeendance) va thep chin mpt s i n h i h i thing luin, png da mupn Isi thuit ngu' 'bootstrapping ciia nginh ca hpc