Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dai hoe Cdn Tho Phdn D: Khoa hgc Chinh trj Kinh le vd Phdp lugf 26 (201 Tap chi Khoa hgc TrL/dng Dai hpc Can Thrf website: sj.ctu.edu.vn THirC TRANG BINH 0ANG GlOfI CUA CONG DONG DAN TOC KHMER KHU VlTC NONG THON DONG B A N G SONG CUtJ LONG V6 Hdng Tii va Nguyen Thuy Trang Khoa Phdt trien Ndng thdn, Truong Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Thdng tin chung: Ngdy nhgn: 16/11/2012 Ngdy chdp nhgn: 19/06/2013 Title: The real state ofgender equality of Khmer community at rural areas of Mekong Delta Tit khda: Binh ddng gidi, vai trd gidi, vai trd sdn xudt vd vai trd tdi san xudt Keywords: Gender equality, gender roles, production role and reproduction role ABSTRACT Gender equality is one out of the important goals that many countries over the world have been pursuing for last years, in which includes Vietnam Although this aspect's importance was recognized, the real state and implementing performance of gender equality are still facing difficulties, especially in rural areas where Khmer people are living in However, still lack of research relating to this area has been conducted These are the reasons why the research M'OS implemented to provide answers to three following objectives: (J) investigating the status of gender equality in aspects of economic, social, health, education, (2) investigating the status of task allocation according to three gender roles and (3) suggesting solutions for better situation of gender equality PRA (KIP and focus group discussion) and household survey have been applied to collect data Study results show that the gender equality's situation is quite good, women contribute about 58% of total household' income, women approach better in education opportunities than men, both men and women participate in resource management Regarding to activity allocation, women spend 1.5 hours more than men TOM T A T Binh ddng gidi (BDG) Id mdt nhirng miu: hiu quan trgng md cdc nude trin the gidi dd vd dang deo dudi thdi gian qua, ke cd Viet Nam Mac dii vdn de ndy da dugc nhgn Id rdt quan ti-gng nhung tinh hinh BDG vd thyc thi BDG vdn cdn nhiiu bdt cap, dgc biet Id khu vytc ndng thon cd dong bdo ddn tgc Khmer Tuy nhien, cho din vdn cdn rdt d nghiin cuu ve Imh vuc ndy Dd chinh Id nhiing ly nghiin cuu dugc thuc hiin vdi ba muc tieu cii thi sau: (I) lim hiiu thuc trgng BDG cdc ITnh vuc kink ti, xd hdi, y ti, gido due, ; (2) thuc trgng phdn cdng lao ddng gia dinh theo ba vai trd gidi vd (3) cdc giai phdp thiic ddy BDG Phuang phdp PRA (KIP vd thdo ludn nhdm) vd diiu tra hd da dugc su dung de thu thdp sd lieu Kit qud nghien cuu cho thdy thuc trgng BDG Id tuang ddi tdt, phu nie ddng gdp khodng 58% tdng thu nhap, tiip can gido due cua phu nif cd khi^h hudng cao han nam, tiep cgn vd kiim sodtnguSn luc cd sir tham gia cua cd hai gidi Vi phdn cong lao dgng cho thdy tdng thdi gian ldm viec ngdy cm nit nhiiu han kljodng 1.5 gia so vdi nam gidi Tap chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dai hoc Cdn Tho Phdn D' Khoa hgc Chinh tri Kinh le vd Phdp lugl 26 (2013): 1-8 GlOrr THIEU BDG gida nam va nii la muc tieu deo dudi cua tat ca cac nude yen the gidi yong nhieu thap nien qua Trong nhung nam gdn day, tinh hinh kinh te xa hpi ciia thd gidi ndi chung da cd nhieu budc tien vugt bac nhung vin cdn rat nhieu nude dac biet la cac nude ed thu nhap thap, cai hd ngan each vd than phan giua nam va nil' van chua duoc sang bang (Que, 2000) Van de cung dugc xem la mdt yong nhiing trd ngai Idn yong phat yien kinh te xa hgi eua Viet Nam theo dinh hudng thi trudng, ban ch^ sy ddng gdp vao phat yien eua nu gidi Vi thd, vao 21/11/2006 luat BDG da dugc Quoc hdi khda XI thdng qua tai ky hgp thu X va luat ed hieu luc thi hanh vao 1/7/2007 Ke tu luat dugc di vao cugc sdng cho d^n theo danh gia so bg eiia Ha Phuang nSm 2010 thi da cd nhung budc dau thay ddi dang kd yong nhan thdc ciia nhan dan ve BDG giiia nam va nii Tuy nhien, tinh hinh thye thi van eon nhieu bat cap, d^c biet la d khu vuc ndng thdn cd dong bao dan tdc Khmer dang sinh s6ng Dieu da lam eho luat BDG chua thye su di sau vao cugc sdng (Trang, 2011 va Hoang Anh, 2010) Ben canh dd, mpt nhiing nguyen nhan dan ddn sy yeu thd ciia nu gidi so vdi nam gidi la vai yd eua hg chua duge khang dinh cac ITnh vuc phat tridn kinh td va xa hdi Cho d€n van cdn rdt it cac de tai nghien cdu ve thye trang BDG ciia ddng bao dan tdc Khmer tai khu vuc ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Ciru Long (DBSCL) yong cac ITnh vyc (kinh t^, v ^ hda, xa hdi, y te, giao due va tiep can ciing nhu hudng lgi td nhung qua ma hg tao ra), vi vay dd tai nghien cuu nham gdp phan khang dinh vai trd cua nii gidi ddng thdi de xuat cac giai phap giiip nang cao nhan thuc cila ngudi dan dia ban nghien eun v^ BDG PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN C t r u 2.1 Cach tiep can Theo Qud nam 2008 thi BDG la mdt ITnh vyc da khia canh ve kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, tidp can va kidm soat ngudn lye va vai yd eua tung gidi gia dinh ma d dd hai gidi deu ed CO hdi nhu viec tham gia va quyet dinh Nghien cdu se ap dgng each tiep can ba khia canh \t BDG de danh gia tinh hinh BDG tai dia ban nghien cdu Mpt cgng ddng dugc xem la binh dang vS gidi hg tiiuc su binh dang ve ba vai ciia gidi (phSn cdng hgp ly ve vai yd san xuat, tai san xuat va cdng ddng), binh dang ve co hdi tham gia va tiep can cac ITnh vyc kinh td, van hda, xa hdi, y tg, giao due va cudi ciing la tiep can va quyet dinh vai tro gidi Ti4p can va quy£t dinh Kinh tl, van hda, xa h^U y tl, giao due Hinh 1: Khung tilp c^n tam gidc BDG Nguon: tdc gid, 2012 2.2 Pham vi khdng gian nghien cu-u Nghien cdu dugc thuc hien d khu vyc ndng thdn thudc hai tinh Soc Trang va Kidn Giang vi day la hai tinh dai dien ed ty le ngudi Khmer ddng nhat nhi d DBSCL, dd Sdc Trang la 30,7% tap trung d cac huyen VTnh Chau, My Xuyen, My Tii va Long Phu (Van phdng UBND tinh Sdc Trang) va Kien Giang la 12.68% so vdi dan sd cua tinh (Van phong UBND tinh Kien Giang) Tap ehi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn D: Khoa hgc Chinh tri Kinh U vd Phdp lugl: 26 (2013): IS^ 2.3 Phirimg phap thu thap so lieu 2.3.1 Thu thdp sd lieu thir cap Sd lieu dugc thu thap tu nhidu ngudn bao gdm: Hdi Phu nii eiia tinh, huyen va xa thudc eac dia ban nghien ciiu Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat tri^n Ndng thdn; cac tap chi phu nd; eac giao yinh; cac bai luan van da nghien cuu yudc va cac ngudn thdng tin tu Internet; Nien giam thdng ke Muc dich chinh ciia viec thu thap thdng tin la dd md ta thuc trang BDG va vai trd eiia phu nii phat trien kinh tehd 2.3.2 Thu thdp sd lieu sa cap Trong hai tinh thudc dia ban nghien cuu ciia dd tai se chgn bdn huyen eo ty le ddng bao dan tdc Khmer ddng nhat va ed dac diem ve van hda va phong tuc tap quan khae nham tao tinh dai dien cho nghien cdu Trong moi huyen se ehpn mdt xa cd ed ty le Khmer dong nhit dd thu thap thdng tin Trong mdi xa tac gia se tidn hanh ehpn mau thuan tien de phdng van tryc tiep ndng hd vdi tdng mau nghien cuu eua moi xa la 50 quan sat mau (tdng hai tinh la 200 quan sat mau) du Idn de dai dien eho quy md nghien cuu mgt tinh - Phuong phap PRA: Phuong phap dugc ap dung de danh gia thye yang BDG va vai trd eiia phu nu yong phat triSn kinh td hd eua cdng ddng vung nghien cdu Cac cdng cu chinh cho thyc hien nghien cuu la KIP (phdng van chuyen gia) va phdng van nhdm tap dung PRA dugc thyc hien d cap khae nhau: chinh quyen dja phuong cap huyen (bao gom cae ban nganh eo lien quan cd thd eung cap cac thdng tin vd thuc trang thuc thi chinh sach BDG va cdng viee (vai yd) cua phu nu Khmer phat tridn kinh te hd, chinh quydn dia phuong cap xa va edp cdng ddng (vdi cac ddi tugng la hd ngheo, trung binh va kha/giau) Di^u tra ndng ho: Sd dung bang eau hdi da soan san tien hanh thu thap thdng tin dk tim hieu yach nhiem, vi di, sy phat huy vai yd va nang lyc ciia phu nii yong kinh t^ hd, kha nang tiep can va kiem soat cae ngudn lyc yong gia dinh eung nhu thyc trang BDG Chgn hd dieu ya nglu nhien nhung theo tieu chi la bao gdm cac hd kha/giau (21%), yung binh (36%) va ngheo la (43%) Dap vien phai bao ^dm ca nam va nii vdi ty le la 40 va 60% Tdng so quan sat la201 2.4 Phuong phap phan tich so lieu Trong nghidn cdu nay, cac cdng cu dugc sir dung chmh la thdng ke mo ta, tSn suit d^ phan tich thye ygng BDG, ty Ie nu tham gia vao eac hoat dgng kinh te, van hda, dich vu, y te va hudng thu qua lao ddng, phan tfch bang eheo de xac dinh thuc trang BDG d cac ITnh vyc tai dia ban nghien eihi nhu mdi tuang quan giira cac bien ve BDG ( ^ Ie nam nd tham gia vao cac hoat ddng kinh te, ty le nam nd quyet dinh dong ndng hd, ) K E T QUA NGHIEN C t t J 3.1 Tinh hinh BDG 3.1.1 Binh dang ve kinh te BDG vd ITnh vuc kinh tS duge the hien thdng qua ^ le nam, nii tham gia vao eac boat ddng san xuat, ty le ddng gdp vao tdng thu nhap ndng hd va quyet djnh yong cae boat ddng san xuat khac Kdt qua nghien cdu Hinh eho thay phu nii ddng gdp rdt Idn vao hoat ddng phat yien kinh td hd, yong dd ddng gdp vao hoat ddng san xudt Ilia chidm 37% yong tdng thu nhap tiir boat ddng nay, chii ydu tham gia cae khau cay giam, nho cd va quan ly ehi tieu eiing dugc xem la hoat ddng ed ddng gdp eiia phu nii it nhat, phan Idn eac cdng doan yeu cau nhieu v6 sue lyc chi nam gidi mdi ed the dap dng dugc nhu: sa phan, phun thudc, sa liia, bom nude, Ddi vdi cae hoat ddng san xuat cdn lai, vai yd eua ngudi phu nii rat to Idn tao thu nhap, dao ddng td 57-70% dong tdng thu nh|p eua timg boat ddng, ddi vdi chan nudi len den 70% (tham gia va quydt dinh rat nhieu khau tu chgn gidng, cham soc, cho an va quan ly ehi tieu), lam thue ndng nghiep la 57%, lam can bd la 58%, lam thue ndng nghiep la 68% Nhu vay, chiing ta ed thd kdt luan rang vai yd ciia nii gidi dong phat yien kinh te la rat quan trgng va hg co duge co hdi dong tham ^ia va quydt dinh yong cac boat ddng san xuat cua gia dinh Con so cung gdp phan ndi len su binh dang yong tham gia vao cac hoat ddng kinh td cua hai gidi Tgp ehi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hoe Cdn Tho Phdn D: Khoa hoc Chinh tri Kinh ti vd Phdp lugt: 26 (2013): 1-8 3.1.3 Binh ddng ve chinh tri I Lu '" n Fi n h Chuiu Hinh 2: Ty trpng dong gop cua phu nfr vao ngudn thu oh^p va dp lech chuSn Nguon: Kit qud dieu tra nong hg 2012 n=20 3.1.2 Binh ddng ve xd hdi Theo ket qua nghien cuu cho thay cd 9% y kien cho ring co quan diem dgng nam khinh nu yong ddng bao dan tdc Khmer, quan diem duge the hien thdng qua eac bidu hien nhu thich eon yai ban nen mudn sinh duge trai dd ndi ddng, ndi ddi, yai thi lam nhieu tien ban va sau se chju yach nhiem thd cung cha me, sinh dugc trai thi td chuc sinh nhat, Tuy nhien, cd ddn hon 90% sd hd cho rang eon yai va gai deu nhu va ddu la cua minh, nhung ddi cdn cd mdt vai quan didm thuong gai nhieu ban va thich sdng chung vdi eon gai ve gia (4% y kien), hdi ly thi ngudi dan ehi tra Idi don gian la gai se cham sdc va lo lang eho tdi nhieu hon eon dai (KIP/PRA can bg phu nii cdp xa) V^ ty Ie phu nii tham gia vao cac td chdc xa hdi thi chi cd 25 bd cd vien nu tham gia vao chi hgi phu nii, chidm khoang 12% so vdi tdng so hd dugc phdng van Tdm Iai, vd mat xa hgi thi van dh BDG la kha tdt d khu vyc nghien cdu, quan diem dpng nam khinh nd la khdng dang ke nhien ciing cdn cd nhung no lyc tiep theo dd xda bd hoan toan quan diem Idch lac ' Ty trpng dong gop cua phu nxc vao cac ngudn thu nhap dugc ludng dya Uen kit qua phdng van ve thdi gian tham gia s5 ngudi tham gia Uong tdng hoat dpng san xuat, vai tro va muc dp dong gdp uong tiing nguon thu nhap theo danh gia ciia chinh ngudi dugc phdng van Theo kdt qua bao cao ciia UBND eac huyen yong dia ban nghien cuu la My Tu, My Xuyen eiia Sdc Trang va Gd Quao eua Kien Giang thi ty le nu tham gia vao Hdi ddng nhan dan edp huyen va xa vdn cdn thap (chi khoang 9-12%) nhidu hon so vdi chi tieu yung binh cua ca nude d cae cdp (khoang 20 - 23%) (Tap ehi Cgng san Dien tu, 2011) Tu day ta cd the kdt luan rang vai yd cua phu nd hay BDG vd ITnh vyc chinh y i hay vi y i lanh dao van rdt thap so vdi ehi tieu chung cua ca nude nen can cd mdt dinh hudng chien luge hon niia ve dao tao va nang cao yinh ca vd ly luan lan kien thdc chuyen mdn dd nang cao hon nua ty Ie nu- tham gia vao ITnh vyc chinh yi, dac biet la ngudi dan toe Khmer 3.1.4 Binh ddng ve y te - gido diic Theo kdt qua nghidn ciru eho thay khdng cd su khac biet nao van de tiep can dich vu y td giua nam va nii vdi t^ le tham gia bao hiem idn lugt la 1.08 va 1.1 ngudi/hd Hon nua, thdi gian gan day ed nhieu chuong trinh cdp phat thudc mien phi eho hd ngheo eiing nhu kham chCra benh cho cac phu nii vung ndng thdn nen phan Idn cae phu nu deu tidp can dugc dich vu y te (PRA,2012) Ve ITnh vyc giao due thi theo nghien cuu cho thay viee quyet dinh chuyen hgc hanh ciia phdn Idn la hai vg chdng quyet dinh, chidm 79% y kien va 10% y kidn eho'ring chdng la ngudi quydt dinh cdn lai 11% la vg quyet dinh Theo ket qua nghien cuu ciing cho thay co khuynh hudng yinh hoc vdn trung binh ciia nu la cao hon nam (Hinh 3) Ket qua tu Hinh cho thay ring ddi vdi nhiing nhdm tudi tu 20 yd len, hay ndi each khae la trudc nam 1990 thi yinh hgc van trung binh eiia nam ludn cao hon so vdi nu, trung binh cao hon khoang I - ldp Khoang each cang Idn nhdm tudi cang Idn dieu cd nghTa la dong qua khu ^uan niem trgng nam khinh nii yong van de tiep can giao due la rdt Idn Tuy nhien, tu nhiing nam sau 1990 hay ndi each khae la Tgp chi Khoa hoc Truong Dgi hoc Cdn Tha Phdn D: Khoa hge Chinh tri Kinh ti vd Phdp lugt: 26 (2013): 1-8 ' nhdm tudi nhd hon 20 thi trinh hoe van yung binh eua nu Iai cao hon so vdi nam, mac dii khoang each cao hon khdng nhidu nhung lai thd hien mpt kdt qua hdt sue cd y nghTa ve 10-20 20-30 30^0 mat BDG yong linh vyc giao due, hay ndi each khac la nft cung cd ea hdi nhu nam yong vSn de hgc hanh va khdng cdn tdn tai quan niem phan biet nua 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Tooi ETinh 3: Trinh dp hpc vdn trung binh theo nhom tuoi va dp l^ch chuSn Nguon: Ket qud dieu tra nong hg 2012, n=201 3.1.5 Binh dans quyet dinh vd kiem soat ngudn lire Tiep can va kiem soat ngudn luc la mdt yong nhdng tieu chi the hien quyen eon ngudi va vai trd eung nhu vi yi ciia ngudi phu nii Ket qua nghien cdu cho thay ehii hd phdn Idn la nam gidi, chiem 73% y kidn va chi ed 9% y kien eho rang nir lam chii hd, cdn lai la cha va me lam chu hd, trudng hgp phdn Idn la cdn sdng chung vdi cha me ma cha me cdn kha nang quan ly va quyet djnh cae viec quan trpng yong gia dinh De thay rd hon ve viec thu hudng lgi ich giiia nam va nu, nghidn cuu ciing tap trung den viec ddng ten dong chii quySn sd hiJu cac tai san Idn dong gia dinh vi day la tieu chi thd hien quydn va lgi ich eua ngudi phu nu cd chuyen xung dot xay dong gia dinh thi quyen lgi eua ngudi phu nu duge bao ve tdt bon Kdt qua nghien ciru cung eho thdy phdn Idn tai san la ngudi chdng dung ten yong quyen sd huu tai san (58% y kiln), vg thi chi chidm (9%) va ea hai vg chdng la (12%); eon lai % thi cha me cdn ddng ten dong gidy quydn sd hiiu sd dung ddt, yong dd cha chidm 10% va me la 11% - day khdng phai la eon sd ndi len duge quyen quan ly va tiep can tai san giiia hai gidi vi phan Idn gia dinh diem nghien cdu chi cdn cha hoac me nen cha mat me se dung ten va ngugc lai Ve vide quyet dinh dong cae hoat ddng cua gia dinh thi ket qua nghien cdu cho thdy, mac dil vai yd ddng gdp ciia ngudi phii nii phat yidn kinh te hg la rdt quan dgng nhung quydn kiem soat va quyet dinh vl su dung tai san cua ngudi phu nii lai bi ban che, dac biet la cac trudng hgp quyet djnh cae van dd quan dgng hoac cd gia yi Idn nhu mua tai san Idn, mua ban dat va sua chiia nha cda (Hinh 4) Ddi vdi viee quyet dinh nhirng chuyen nhd thi phan Idn phu nii dam nhan nhu ehi tieu hang ngay, di chg, mua thue an, va mua dd diing ndi trg (Hinh 4) Tuy nhien, cd ddn hon 60% eac hp cd y kien cho rang cd su tham gia cda phu nii quyet dinh cac chuyen Idn cua gia dinh Day la mdt sd hdt sue quan ygng the hien quyen luc kiem soat va quyet djnh ciia ngudi phu nu Khi su tham gia cua phu nir cang Idn thi hieu qua yong boat ddng san xudt va kinh te ciia gia dinh cang tdt han Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn D: Khoa hoc Chinh Iri Kinh ti vd Phdp luat: 26 (2013): 1-8 200 - • Nam D Ku* D Cahai 150 - 0" /-/, 100 SO "'^ 0- chi lieu hai^ MuadBomtrtf •MtHtaisankJn L"^ Muatan^t Xay^sLfadia Hinh 4: Ra quy£t dinh boat ddng sinh boat hdng Nguon: Kit qud diiu tia ndng ho 2012 n=201 Nhu vay, quyen tiep can va quan Iy tai san cua ngudi phu nii vin cdn han ehi nen cd xung dot va chuyen khdng mong dgi xay thi quyen lgi cua ngudi phu nii se hi thua thiet hoan toan dong vai yd ciia ngudi phu nir la r t