Tổ chức phi chính phủ nước ngoài với thúc đẩy bình đẳng giới của các dân tộc thiểu số ở việt nam

Tap chi Ddn tpc hoc sd'4 - 2020 TO C H i r c PHI CHINH PHU NlTdC NGOAI VOn THUC DAY BINH D A N G Gl(n CIIA CAC D A N TOC THIEU SO VIET NAM' TS Nguyen Thi Tam Vien Dan tdc hoc Tdm tdt: Vdn de binh ddng gidi cdc nhdm ddn tdc thiiu so (DTTS), giira cdc nhdm DTTS vdi ddn tdc Kinh d Viet Nam den vdn cdn khodng cdch ddng ke vd ton tgi khdng chi giao tiep, irng xu md d cdc ITnh vuc ddi sdng kinh te - xd hpi Vi the, binh ddng gidi Id mot nhitng linh vuc iru tien hd tra hdng ddu cua cdc td chuc phi chinh phu nude ngodi (INGOs) tgi Viet Nam thdi gian qua Bdi viet de cap den vai trd cua INGOs thuc day binh ddng gidi cua cdc DTTS ve quyen, vi the xd hdi, vai trd cua phu nit DTTS phdt trien kinh te, gido due vd chdm sdc sire khde Qua ddnh gid nhihig thdnh tuu, hgn chi, tdc gid neu mdt sd khuyen nghi gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao hieu qud cua INGOs thuc hien cdc du dn lien quan den binh ddng gidi tgi viing DTTS vd mien niii nude ta thdi gian tdi Tkkhoa: Td chuc phi chinh phu nude ngodi, binh ddng gidi, ddn tdcthieusd, VietNam Abstract: Gender inequality amongst ethnic minority groups, between ethnic minority groups and the Kinh people and exists noticeably in Vietnam Many aspects of social life - su as communication, behaviors, and other aspects of socio-economic life- display gender inequality Therefore, gender equality, which has been one of the top priorities of internatio non-government organizations (INGOs), needs to be tackled by funding current projects in Vietnam This article discusses the roles of INGOs in promoting gender equality in rights, social status, women's roles in economic development, education, and health care for ethni minority groups By assessing achievements and shortcomings of INGOs in Vietnam, the author presents some recommendations and solutions to improve the effectiveness of INGOs implementing projects related to gender inequality among ethnic minority and mountainous regions in Vietnam in the near future Keywords: International non-government organization, gender inequality, ethnic minor groups, Vietnam Ngdy nhdn bdi: 22/6/2020; ngdy gui phdn bien: 5/7/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 27/7/2020 ' Bai vi6t la kk qua ciia dk tai cSp Nha nuac "Danh gid hieu qud, tdc dgng a'la chuong trinh, du dn cua cdc to chirc quoc IS thuc hien a vung ddn igc thieu so vd miSn nin lit nam 1990 din nay" Ma s6: CTDT.40.18/16-20 Uy ban Dan tpc quan ly, Vi?n Dan tpc hpe chu tri, TS TrSn Minh HSng lam Chu nhiem _i6 Mgu, \mZ^ Mddau Su tham gia tich cue ciia eac td chiic phi chinh phu nude ngodi (INGO-;) tr Hnh vuc binh dang gidi thdi gian qua tai cdc qudc gia tren thi gidi la nhdn td rdt quan trpng ddi voi hoat ddng ciia Uy ban ve Vi the eua Phu nil (CSW) Uy ban ndy gdm 45 qudc gia vien, gap gd hang nam tai New York (My) de ddnh gia nhiing tiin bp vi binh ddng gicri' ^^^ ^^ nhimg thach thiic, thiet lap cdc tieu chudn todn eau, de xuat chinh sdch thuc day binh dang gidi va ndng eao quyen cho phu nir todn the gidi INGOs cd dnh hudng rat Idn viec dinh hinh khung chinh sach toan cdu ve viec tang quyin cho phu nii va thuc day binh dang gidi, tao dp luc vdi cdc nha lanh dao qudc te vd qudc gia chiu trdch nhiem thuc hien nhirng cam kit ma hp da dua khuon khd hanh ddng (L6 Thi Thiiy Huong, 2013, tr 19) CJ Viet Nam, cd rdt nhiiu ddng gdp ciia ENGOs tren tat ed eac cap, tu vipc gdp y cho soan thdo ludt din phuang phdp tiip can cdng ddng nhdm ddm bao edng bang gidi, gidm thiiu bao luc gia dmh Song, mdi chi cd 56,4% INGOs hoat ddng ITnh vuc binh ddng gidi va quyin phu nir hdi Idng vdi ket qua cdng viec (iSEE, 2010, tr 23-24) Dieu ndy chiing td nhung thay ddi xa hpi vi niim tin, vdn hda se khd hon nhieu so vdi nhiing thay ddi ve kinh ti hoae dieh vu cdng Tai cac cgng ddng ngudi DTTS, phu nii va tre em gdi thudng la nhiing doi tugng thiet thdi vi kha nang tiep can eae eo hdi, ngudn lire, su dai dien Cac van di lien quan din gidi d viing DTTS chua dugc phan tich mdt each he thdng sd lieu chua taeh biet gidi va chua dugc thu thdp day dii Dieu gay cdn trd cho viec xdy dung, thuc hien, giam sat cdc chinh sdch, ehuang trinh phdt trien vimg DTTS va mien mii mdt each c6 trdch nhiem ve van de lien quan den gidi Han che tiep can cac dieh vu xa hpi ddi vdi tre em gdi DTTS khdng nhimg dnh hudng den quyen lgi cua hp ma cdn han che tiep can vdi nhirng co hdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ndi ehung Xuat phdt tir thiic te do, binh dang gidi ludn la mdt nhiing ITnh vuc uu tien hdng ddu ciia INGOs tai Viet Nam Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi thu thap cde sd lieu thdng ke vd thdng tin lien quan den cac ehuang trinh, du an qudc te ve binh dang gidi thuc hien d vimg DTTS va mien niii Song, ngudn tu lieu chii yeu cua bai viet dugc dua tren ket qud ciiru thuc dia tai cdc tinh VTnh Phiie, Ldo Cai, Ninh Thuan nam 2018 va 2019 de ddnh gid vai trd cua ENGOs thiic ddy binh dang gidi d vung DTTS vd mien mii Do! net ve bat binh dang gidi d vung DTTS va mien niii Viet Nam Trong Viet Nam dang gat hdi dugc nhirng tuu dang ke ve tang tradng kinh te nhung thap ky dau Ddi mdi, thi nhdm phu nir DTTS hdu nhu chua dugc hudng lgi cdng bang tir nhung tuu dd Hp nam nhdm ngheo nhat ve kinh te, it dugc tham gia binh ddng vao cac co hdi kinh te - xa hdi vd bi han che tieng ndi cac quyet dinh ,nh hudng tdi ehinh hp (Dinh Quy Dp, 2012, tr 61) Theo thdng ke, vimg DTTS va miin niii n u-, ta la dia ban cu Xm ehu yiu eiia 53 DTTS vdi 13,38 hieu ngudi, chiim 14,52% ddn sd ca n.-r, irong so dd, nam gidi la 6,72 hieu ngudi, chiim 50,2%; nir la 6,66 trieu ngudi, chiem 49.,v ;, (Vu Tap chi Pan tpc hoc so -2020 r7_ Minh Hue, 2020) Kit qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, khoang each gidi cde nhdm DTTS va giiia cac nhdm DTTS vdi ddn tdc Kinh cdn Idn va tdn tai dai dang d nhiiu ITnh vuc kinh ti, xa hdi, dd phu nu DTTS la nhdm hi thiet thdi vd d l bi tdn thuong i) Quyen vd vi the cua phu nit DTTS: kha nang tham gia cua nil gidi vao viec quyit dinh nhirng vdn d i lien quan den san xuat va tdi sdn xuat nhu tai san gia dinh, ddu tu vao san xuat, sd sinh va sir tham gia ciia hp vao nhirng quyet dinh xa hdi ehinh la thi hien vi the ciia hp Thuc te cd the xudt phat tu nhiing khd khan v i kinh t i gia dinh, quan niem gai khdng can di hpe, hay nhiing khd khan ve eo sd vat ehdt khac Du cho ly la gi thi han che ve kha nang sir dung tieng Viet eiing anh hudng din tieng ndi ciia hg cd gia dinh va ngoai xa hdi Ben canh do, ty le phu nii DTTS tham chmh d cdp to chiic Dang, Qudc hdi, Hdi ddng nhan dan, chinh quyen kha thdp Day ciing la mdt nguyen nhan gay nen tinh trang bat bmh dang gidi ndi ehung va bat binh ddng d phu nii DTTS ndi rieng Thdng ke cho thay, nil can bp, cdng chiic la ngudi DTTS chi chiem 23,79% tdng sd can bd, cdng chiec cac xa vung DTTS Dieu dang quan tam, d khu vuc ed dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi cang thap vd cang ddng ddng bao DTTS sirih sdng thi ty le nii tdng sd can bg, cdng chiic la ngudi DTTS cang thap (Uy ban Van hda Giao due Thanh thieu nien va Nhi ddng ciia Qudc hdi, 2019) ii) Trong linh virc kinh te: phu nil DTTS it dugc tiep can vdi cdng viec lam cdng hudng luong, cd 83,81% viec lam cua lao ddng nii DTTS la tir lam ITnh vuc ndng nghiep, so vdi ty le tuong ling cua nam DTTS la 79,16% va dan tdc Kinh la 40,72%; ty le phu nii DTTS lam cdng viec chuyen mdn ky thuat rat thap, khoang 6%, bang 1/3 so vdi dan tgc Kinh Hg it tham gia vao qua trinh xay dung, trien khai, giam sat, danh gia cac chinh sach, chuang trinh, du an lien quan den ngudi DTTS Dieu dd dan tdi viec phu nii DTTS thudng xuyen phai lao dgng cue nhpc nhung khdng dugc tra cdng Chi cd khoang 26% phu nii DTTS diing ten sd hiru dat dai va tdi san, phu nii Kinh la 56% (Hdi Lien hiep phu nii Viet Nam, 2019) Su phan cdng lao dpng theo xu hudng gdn vdi nhiing dac diem gidi va quan niem ve gidi gay bat lgi cho phu nil, ddn den phu nii thudng yeu the hem vai trd quyet dinh iii) Trong linh vuc gido due: tiip can giao due cua h-e em vimg DTTS cdn nhieu khd khan, nhat la tre em gai Ty le biit chii, trinh hgc van ciia phu nii DTTS Idn tudi thdp hon nhiiu so vdi phu nii nhdm ngudi Kinh va Hoa: 26,56% phu nii DTTS khdng biit dgc, biet viet (ty le phu nu vd tre em gai biit dpe, biet viit chii phd thdng thdp d dan tgc Lu: 23,22%, La Hu: 25,1% ); chi cd 3 % nii sinh DTTS di hoc phd thdng tiimg hpe dung dp hidi; 7,2% lao ddng nir DTTS dugc ddo tao chuyen mdn ky thudt (Hdi lien hiep phu nir Viet Nam, 2019) So vdi dan tgc Kinh, ty le lao ddng DTTS lam cdng viec chuyen mdn ky thudt rat thdp Cd tdi 12/53 DTTS cd ty le ngudi tir 15 tudi trd len da qua dao tao dudi 2% nhu: Xtieng 0,81% (nam 0,83%, nir 0,78%), Mang 0,89% (nam 1,35%, nu 0,45%), Brau 1,06% (nam 2,03%, nir 0,16%) (Tdng cue Thong ke, Dieu tra thuc trang kinh ti-xa hdi 53 DTTS nam 2015) i^ ^ Ngi^y.-" -:::^ iv) Trong cdng tdc chdm sdc siec khde: thdng ke eho thdy, 25 dan tgc cd phu r'"^ > ' ^ tai nha ehiem tdi 50%, tiiam chi cd ddn tgc den 90% phu nir sinh tai nha IN 1? ^ vong ba me d mdt sd nhdm DTTS (Hmdng, Thai, Ba Na, Tdy, Dao, Nung) cao gip -* '^" ^° vdi phu nii Kinh vd Hoa; chi cd 70,9% phu nii DTTS tir 12 - 29 tudi mang thai cd den eo sd y te kham thai Bao luc tren ca sd gidi cung Id mdt vdn de ndi com Bao luc gia dinh DTTS xdy khd phd biin, dac biet d gia dinh nhiing dan tdc phu he Theo nghien cuu, b^o luc tinh thdn ddi vdi phu nii DTTS ngudi chdng gdy la 48,8%, cao gdp 1,7 Idn so vdi ty le chung cua ca nude (Trung tdm nghien euu ve gia dinh va gidi, 2019) Tu thuc ti tren, neu chiing ta khdng ed nhirng giai phap kip thdi thi khoang each ddi vdi phu nu DTTS se ngdy cang Idn hp dang hi han che bdi rdt nhiiu rao cdn da an sdu, bam ri su bdt binh dang ve eo hdi phdt trien Ngheo ve kinh ti, it co hdi tiep can vdi cac dich vu xa hpi co ban dang Id nhiing rao cdn ddn tdi viec phu nii DTTS hi bd lai phia sau qud hinh phdt triin (Nguyln Thi Thanh Tam, 2005; Doan Kim Thdng, 2007) Nhimg nam gdn day, su hd trg eua INGOs ITnh vuc binh ddng gidi da gdp phdn quan trpng giiip nang cao hon nua vai trd va quyen nang eua phu nii DTTS, giiip khdng it phu nii viing DTTS ed tieng ndi vd vi the hon gia dinh, cdng ddng va xa hdi Sy ho tro cua cdc to chuc phi chinh phu nvtdc ngoai qua cac dy dn binh dang gidi doi vdi cac dan toe thieu so d Viet Nam 2.1 Cdc dit dn ndng quyen vd vi the cua phu nit INGOs ddng vai trd di ddu viec thiic day thirc hien binh dang gidi, phdng chdng biio luc tren co sd gidi, dd cd bao hanh gia dinh Trong ITiih vyc cdng bang vi gidi, eac chuong trinh cd ddng gdp idn cho viec ndng cao nhdn thuc ve binh dang gidi, chinh sdch, phap ludt lien quan; hd trg phu nu DTTS tiep can cac djch vu phdp ly chinh thuc vd khdng chinh thirc Trong linh vuc phdng chdng bao luc tren ca sd gidi, INGOs tap trang ndng eao nhan thiic cho phu nil DTTS; cung cap dieh vu (y te, tu van phdp ly vd xa hdi, ddo tao nghe ) vd thdng tin; giao due nang cao nhdn thiie vd hanh ddng de gidm thiiu hdnh vi lam dung chat cdn, thay ddi each nhin trayen thdng ve thdi quen rugu bia eua nam gidi ngudi DTTS (Le Thi Thiiy Huong, 2013, h" 66) Mgt nhiing hoat ddng dugc nhieu INGOs thuc hien la nang cao ndng lyc cho ddi tdc ve binh dang gidi ciing nhu Idng ghep gidi vdo cdc chuong trinh phdt tiiin cu thi Ben canh nhiing quy dinh ro vi ty le ngudi hudng lgi phdi la phu nir DTTS, INGOs edn chii y din viec thay ddi can can quyin lire hoae giai quyit cac nguyen nhan ciia bdt binh ddng gidi, bgo lyc gia dinh Vi vay, ngodi viec nang cao vi thi cua phu nii, INGOs cung da chii ypng din vai ti^d ciia nam gidi, hudng hp quan tam bmh dang gidi, phdng chdng bao lire gia dinh Td chiie CARE da trien khai du an Ndng quyen cho Phg nir DTTS (IMWE) giai doan 2013 - 2017 tai hai tinh Dien Bien vd Bdc Kan nhdm no lyc ndng quyen caa phu nii DTTS vimg sau vung xa de hp ehii dpng tham gia vdo qud trinh quyet dinh vd l^p ki hoa h phdt r a p cM Ddn Idc hoc sd'4 - 2020 trien kinh tl - xa hgi Du an da h6 trcr 1.720 phu nu DTTS viing tim hieu ve cac quySn cua minh va tilp cin v6n vay phuc vu san xuat, gia tang thu nhap thong qua viec lap moi 41 nhom tiSt ki?m tin dung thon ban va cung c6 3016 nhom ciia phu nir Gioi thi$u voi chinh quyln c^c d p mo hinh ve doi thoai giira cgng dong DTTS, khiln ho san sang lang nghe cac mii quan tam va quan ngji cila phy nO DTTS Ben canh do, du an da hoan phan tich gioi co su tham gia de xac dinh vai tro, trach nhiem ciia phu nii va nam gioi, chuSn muc mang tinh dinh kien gioi va lam vi^c voi cac cong dong dl lap kl hoach hanh dgng nhim x6a bo c^c dinh kien (CARE, 2017) Nam 2018, tl chuc CARE cung Vi$n Phat triln sire khoe cong ding Anh sdng (LIGHT) dong triln khai voi su ho trg cila Trung tam Phat triln cpng ding tinh Di$n Bien (CCD) DliT dn Ndng cao nhdn thirc va tieng noi ctia CQng dong ddn tgc mien niii phia Bac ung vai bi)o life tren ca sa giai tai xa thugc huy?n Di$n BiSn, tinh Di$n Bien giai doan 2018 - 2021 DSy la lan dau tien t^i Dien Bi6n c6 mgt d\r an tap trung gidm thilu vdn dl bao Ivrc gidi c$ng ding ngudi DTTS nhdm thuc day binh ddng gidi Qua i\f dn, Gidm die To chiic CARE quoc tl tji Vi$t Nam cho rdng, bao l\rc gidi Id v4n de nhu "tdng bang chim" d Vi?t Nam Day khong phdi Id van de cda rigng nhdm thilu si, md Id ciia nhilu nhdm vd tang Idp xa hOi Tat nhien, phy nil DTTS gdp nhung rdo cdn vd thdch thiic djc thil so vdi phy nii da si, chdng hiin nhu h?n chl vl khd ndng giao tilp bdng tiing thong vd v i ^ di l^i, nen hg cdng khd tilp c ^ cdc djch vy hi trg bj b^o lyc Khdo sdt vdo thdng 7/2018 ciia CARE vdi 329 nii gidi vd 101 nam gidi t?i xa Mudng Phdng, Pa Khoang, Thanh Nua vdHua Thanh ciia huy?nDi?n Bien cho thiy, 12 thdng (tir thdng 12/2018trd vl trudc), c6 hon ba phin tu (77,5%) phy nii tiing chiu it nhat mgt d?ng b?o lyc Sl ngudi tiing hi bjo lyc tinh thin lln lugt Id 66,6%, 35% vd 32% hicmg ling vdi cdc hdnh vi chCri mdng, de dga, kilm sodt di Iji Kit qud khdo sdt vl djnh kiln gidi dnh hudng din hdnh vi ling xOc ciia phy nii vd nam gidi da phln ndo Vj gidi vl hdnh vi b?o hdnh cua nam gidi cung nhu nhOng phdn ling bj bjio hdnh ciia phy nO: 46,5% nam gidi dugc khdo sdt cho rdng mdng chiM khdng phdi Id b?o hdnh; hon 40% phy nii dong