Chính sách và thực trạng sinh kế của một số dân tộc thiểu số ở việt nam

Tap chi Ddn tgc hpc sd5 - 2019 CHfNH SACH VA THlTC TRANG PHAT TRIEN SINH KE CUA MOT SO DAN TOC THifeU S 6 VIET NAM' ThS Vu Dinh MirM Vien Dan toe hoc Tom tdt: Thai gian qua, Viet Nam da dgt duac nhiiu thdnh tuu vi xoa doi vd gidm ngheo, timg buac ndng cao muc song cua nguai ddn, vay vdn de bdt 6n sinh ke, ngheo doi a cdc ddn toe thieu so (DTTS) vdn mang tinh thai su Ben cgnh nhung nguyen nhdn npi tai, co nguyen nhdn tic cdc chinh sdch cdi thien, phdt trien sinh ke vd gidm ngheo a cdc DTTS nuac ta Mac du he thong chinh sdch phdt trien ddnh cho cdc DTTS da khd todn dien, bao qudt moi ITnh vue nhdm tgo nhimg chuyen bien ca bdn a viing dong bdo DTTS, nhien hien vdn ton tgi nhieu bdt cap Qua tong quan tdi lieu vd mot so nghien cicu tiudng hpp cu the, bdi viet gop phdn ldm ro them vdn de ndy Tie khda: Viet Nam, chinh sdch, phdt trien sinh ke, ddn tpc thieu so Ngdy nhdn bdi: 21/8/2019; ngdy giii phdn bien: 28/8/2019; ngdy duyet ddng: 13/10/2019 Dat van de Viet Nam la mot quoc gia da dan toe, gan vai sn da dang ve van hoa va ton giao, do van de dan tgc luon c6 vj tri dac biet chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi va an ninh quoc phong su6t qua trinh lich sii ciia Nha nuac ta Tuy dan so cua cac DTTS chi chigm hon 14% t6ng dan s6 tren toan qu6c^ song dong bao lai cu tru chu ygu a khu virc mihn nui, viing bien giai, nhiing nai co tdm quan trgng chien luge ve dia chinh tri, tai nguyen va moi trucmg Y thuc dugc tam quan trgng ciia vin dS dan tgc viec on djnh va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, an ninh qu6c phong ciia dk nuac, tii doi, dac biet la tu Doi mai (1986) den nay, Dang va Nha nuac ta da ban hanh va triln khai thuc hien hang loat chinh sach huong tcri nang cao doi s6ng cua cac DTTS, giam su chenh lech ve trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi giira cac dan tgc, giira DTTS va da s6 Tuy chiu nhiSu he luy lich sii chinh sach "chia dg tri" ciia thuc dan va su chong pha ciia cac th8 luc thu dich, song Viet Nam da dugc nhilu hgc gia va ngoai nuac danh gia la quoc gia thuc hien rat tot chinh sach ' Bai via la kk qua nghien ciru ciia dh tai edp Ca sa 2019: Nghien cuii sinh ke cac tdc nguin a Viet Nam, ThS, Vu Dinh Mirm va ThS Tru'cmg Van Cucmg lam Dong chii nhiem Theo T6ng diSu tra dan s6 nam 2009 vo Dinh Mudi dan tgc lich sir dau tranh gianh dgc lap, th6ng nhSt dSt nuac cung nhu viec nang cao doi s6ng, huong toi su binh ding giiia cac tgc nguoi hien nay, dac biet ia cac D (Rambo, 2003, tr 108-135) Trong hai thap ky vua qua, viec thuc hien chinh sach dan tgc ciia Vijt Nam da dat nhigu tuu quan trgng dugc qu6c tg ghi nhan, nhign hien van ton tai khong it van dg, biic thiet nhat la tinh trang ngheo doi va bSt 6n ve sinh ke o cac DTTS Ngheo doi, bat 6n sinh kg o nuac ta dang co xu huang tap trung nhigu hon o ngum DTTS Thuc trang ciing vai nhirng dign bign phuc tap khu vue va trgn thg gioi gan day dat nhigu thach thirc va nguy co tigm in doi voi su 6n djnh chinh trj - xa hgi cua dat nuoc hau het cac nuoc, dg cung ch va phat tridn m6i quan he giira cac tgc nguoi va quoc gia, nha nuac thuang ap dung nhik chinh sach khac nhau, tren tdt ca cac linh vue tir chinh tri, kinh tg, xa hgi dgn van hoa, Trong do, cac chinh sach vg kinh tg luon dong vai tro trung tam, vira la phuong tien - tao ca so cho viec thuc hien cac chinh sach tren nhimg ITnh vue khac, vira la muc dich tang cuong ky nang nganh nghg, thiic ddy san xuat, kich thich sy tham gia va gan kgt cua cac tgc nguoi voi ngn kinh te chung ciia qu6c gia (Vii Dinh Muai, 2016, tr 66-75) Tir nhirng vkn de tren, ngi dung bai viet tap trung phan tich cac tuu ca ban va nhirng win de dat doi vai viec thuc hien chinh sach dan tgc o Viet Nam, nhat la eac chinh sach phat trign sinh ke, giam ngheo giai doan tir nam 1986 dgn De lam ro thgm nhung phan tich, bai vigt co dua cac nghien ciiu trudng hgp gan day cgng dong nguoi Hmong, Niing, Pu Peo (tinh Ha Giang) va nguoi Kha-me (tinh Tra Vinh) Chinh sach va thu-c trang phat trien sinh ke cua cae DTTS a Viet Nam LL Chinh sdch phdt trien sinh ke ddi v&i cdc DTTScua Nhd nu&c So van ban chinh sach dan tgc Viet Nam rat lan, theo Dang Kim Son va cgng su, vao thoi diem nam 2011, co tai 32 Nghi dinh, Nghi quygt Chinh phu ban hanh va 150 Quygt dinh Thu tuong Chinh phii ban hanh dang dugc trign khai thuc hien Cac nghi dinh, nghj quyet cua Chinh phii quy dinh chinh sach tren cac linh vue phat trien kinh te - xa hgi nhu xay dung co so tang, xoa doi giam ngheo, sir dung dat dai, tin dung, thuong mai, can bg, dan vi hanh chinh, van hoa, giao due, y te (Vucmg Xuan Tinh, 2015; Dang Kim Son va cgng su, 2012) Theo do, cac chinh sach co huang tiep can chinh, bao g6m: (1) Cac chinh sach tiep can theo huong toan dien - tong the voi muc dich eai thien tat ca cac khia canh cugc song cua nhiing hg gia dinli ngheo: tir ea so tang, ho trg thuc ddy san xudt va lien ket thi trudng, dao tao nghe, tham gia vao thi truang lao dgng, dgn tiep can y tg, giao due , nhu Nghi quyet 80 vg dinh huang giam ngheo ben virng thdi ky 2011 - 2020 hay Chucmg trinh 30A (Nghi quygt 30/Ay2008/NQ-CP) ho trg giam ngheo nhanh va bgn vimg doi vdi 62 huyen ngheo nhat ca nude; (2) Cae ehinh sach tiep can theo ITnh vue nhu ddt dai nude sach, nha d, rirng, y te, giao due , nhu Chuong trinh 134 - ho trg tigp can ddt dai, nha d va nude sach, ho trg nha d cho hg gia dinh ngheo; (3) Cac chinh sach tigp can theo vung, tap trung ho trg eho mgt so vimg mien, khu vue dia ly nhat dinh, nhu Chuang trinh Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc sd5 - 2019 phat ttiin kinh te - xa hdi cho cac xa bien gidi Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia (Quyit dinh 160/2007/QD-TTg) hay Chuong trinh tao vice lam cho ding bao DTTS miin Tay Nam Bo (Quyit dinh 74/2008/QD-TTg), Chuong ttinh phat triin kinh ti - xa hoi d Tay Nguyen (Nghi quyit si 10/NQ-TW) (Nguyin Thi Lan Huong chit bien, 2014, tr 35-36) 1.2 Thdnh tuu, hgn che vd nhirng vdn di dgt Viet Nam nhtmg nam qua da dugc thi gidi chu y bdi nhOng tiiu xda ddi giam ngheo va nang cao mtic sdng cho ngudi dan Theo Chuang trinh Phat ttiin Lien Hiep quic (UNDP), diiu kien kinh ti - xa hdi ctia minh, so vdi cac nude cd citng ting san phim qudc noi (GDP), Viet Nam da sti dung ngudn lite cd duoc mot each hieu qua vao viec nang cao mile sdng ngudi dan, trinh dan tri, ttiii tho, Khoang 30 ttieu ngudi d Viet Nam da thoat ngheo ttong giai doan 1993 - 2008 Tuy vay, kit qua dat dugc xda ddi, giam ngheo la khdng deu Ty le ngheo d eac DTTS van cao hon nhiiu so vdi ngudi Kinh (va ngitdi Hoa) Dang lo ngai nhat la co cau ngheo, ty le hd ngheo cd chti hg la ngudi DTTS tang manh ttt 17,7% (1993) len 40,7% (2008) va len 56% (2012), hg ngheo CO chti hd la ngudi Kinh lien tuc giam manh Ty le hd ngheo d vung sau, vting xa, viing DTTS cao gap - lan so vdi mirc binh quan cit nude Nhiiu ngudi DTTS dang sing canh ngheo kinh nien, hg ngheo ca thdi ky nen kinh te dang di len va cdn ngheo hon nen kinh te gap khd khan Tu dd hg cung it cd dieu kien tiep can vdi djch vit xa hdi CO ban (Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xii hdi Viet Nam, 2011, tr 15) Nghien cttu mdi day theo chuan ngheo da chieu cho thay muc sdng cua eac hd gia dinh DTTS van hit hau kha xa so vdi mat bang chung ctta ca nude, tap trung nhieu nhat d khu vye mien nui phia Bac va Tay Nguyen Hai khu virc cd ti le hd ngudi dan tgc thieu sd ngheo tren dudi 70% (Bd Thuang Binh - Lao dgng va Xa hgi, 2018, tr 60 - 64) Ben canh dd, nhung tuu xda ddi giam ngheo da dat dugc d viing DTTS, cdn thieu ttnh ben vimg, nguy co tai ngheo cdn cao Kha nang bi tdn thuong ciia ngudi ngheo tmdc nhimg nii ro cugc sdng van hien hiru d nhieu noi Nude ta nam khu vye xay thien tai, bao lut thudng xuyen va 80% ngudi ngheo lam viec ndng nghiep cd the dan din nguy co cao vi tai ngheo Mat khac, khong it hg gia dinh khdng thudc dien ngheo nhung mite thu nhap bip benli nSm giap ranh chuin ngheo ddi cdng cd nguy co tai ddi ngheo Ngoai ra, ngheo ddi cdn cd moi lien quan mat thiit vdt tinh trang suy thoai mdi tnidng Nd co thi khiin cho ngudi dan khai thac qua mite nguon tai nguyen vdn da han hep va cang lam cho tinh trang trd nen trim trgng hon (Nguyin Thi Lan Huong chu bien, 2014; World Bank, 2012; Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, 2011, tt 16, 83) Ngheo ddi via la nguyen nhan, vita la kit qua eiia su bit binh dSng xa hgi, khoang each giau ngheo, chenh lech phat triin giira ndng thdn va thj, ding bJng va miin niii, giiia cac DTTS vdi tpc ngudi da sd Mgt si td chiic quic ti da canh bao, tinh ttang ngheo ddi va bat dn sinh ki, nhit la d cac DTTS, cd thi gay tinh trang bit in dinh chinh tti xa hdi (Nguyen Thi Lan Huong chii bien, 2014) Ndi rdng ra, ddi ngheo dang la luc can chii yeu den viec phat trien 40 VuBinhJ^^ ddi s6ng chinh tri, xa hgi va van hoa ciia cac DTTS d nude ta Tir tac dgng tieu cue den m6i quan he tgc ngudi vdi qu6c gia, dSn khoi doan kgt cgng dong quoc gia - dan tgc Cac nghign ciiu gdn day cho thdy c6 nhigu nguyen nhan ddn tdi thuc trang neu tren, g6m Thir nhdt, cac DTTS nude ta s6ng chii yeu d vimg cao, nhimg nai co digu kien rat khd khan cho phat tngn dia hinh chia edt phiic tap, dan cu phan tan, dieu kien hau khac nghiet, co sd tdng thdp kem Phdn Idn cac DTTS s6 dua trgn kinh tg nong - lam nghiep, do ddt dai va rimg la ngu6n tu Heu san xudt quan trgng nhat Hien rimg dang bi tan pha nghiem trgng da anh hudng Idn den sinh ke eiia dong bao Da phan dat dai noi cac DTTS so sinh song co dja hinh d6c, chia cdt, manh miin, khong thuan lgi cho canh tac, ti le dat tot rat thdp Thu hai, dan s6 cua eac DTTS tang lign tuc ca vg quy mo va ti trgng, gay siic ep len ngudn tai nguyen tu nhien Chdt lugng ngudn nhan lire d eac tgc ngudi da dugc eai thien nhung kha thdp so vdi trung binh ca nude: binh quan cii 10 ngudi DTTS trgn 15 tu6i thi CO ngudi chua bao gid dgn trudng hoac chua tot nghiep tieu hgc Ky nang lam viec cua d6ng bao han chg, phdn Idn lam viec nong nghiep va phi chinh thirc Do kha nang ap dung khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat han chg ngn nang xuat lao dgng thap, kho thoat ly khoi nong nghiep Dong bao rat kho co dugc viec lam cdng an lucmg, kg ca nign, khong dap ung dugc ygu cau ciia ngudi sir dung lao dgng va khu vue chinh thirc chua phat trign d viing DTTS Kho khan va bat on vg sinh ke khign cho di cu tu phat cang gia tang Thic ba, suot nhieu nam qua, dugc dau tu nhigu ngudn lire nhung dieu kien ca sd tang va djch vu xa hdi d vung DTTS edn yeu kem Dieu da gay nhidu khd khan cho ddng bao viec tiep can va lien kgt vdi thi trudng Them vao do, thu nhap thdp, ddng bao it ed kha nang tich liiy tao vdn tai dau tu phat trien hay md rdng san xudt, chuygn ddi nganh nghg Hon niia, rao can vg ngdn ngu, kha nang tigp can thdng tin han chg, dinh kign ciia edng ddng vg sy thap kem, mac cam ciing la nhiing ygu td can trd ngudi DTTS hdi nhap va tan dung ca hgi de phat trign nang cao ddi sdng Su tham gia eua ddng bao vao eac CO quan cdng quygn hay qua trinh hoach dinh, xay dung chinh sach cho ban than vdn cdn nhigu han ehg Ngoai ra, dong bao DTTS phai ddi mat vdi nhigu rui ro khac nhu cii sdc thien tai va bign ddi hau, d nhidm mdi trudng, sau va dieh benh san xudt, tai nan va dm dau, bien ddng gia ca ndng san va ehi phi dau vao san xudt, rui ro qua trinh phat tridn kinh tg - xa hdi va eo sd tang chung nhu lam dudng, xay dung thiiy dien, khai khoang, ndng lam trudng (Nguyen Thj Lan Huong Chii bien, 2014, tr 16-30) Mgt khia canh khae tac ddng den thuc trang tren, d6 la hieu qua ciia cac ehinh sach, chuong trinh, dy an phat trign da va dang trien kliai nhdm giam ngheo, cai thien sinh kd cua cac DTTS d nude ta Trong do, vg ca ban, he thdng cac chinh sach phat tridn ddi vdi ddng bao DTTS kha toan dien nham tao nhiing chuygn bign Idn d vimg ddng bao, song vdn cdn ton tai nhimg bat cap eae ehinh sach Thic nhdt, chinh sach qua nhidu, chdng cheo ve ndi dung, tning lap ve ddi tugng va dia ban thu hudng, gay kho khan cho viec thuc hidn va danh gia hieu qua Thic hai, van de dau tu phat trien dg khai thac tigm nang thg manh cua vimg DTTS chua dugc chu trgng, mgt sd chinh sach nang ve cho khdng Thic ba, chinh s ' h Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sdS -2019 hi ttg cho ddng bao chua chu y din sir khac biet giua cae nhdm DTTS, chua phii hgp vdi dac thit ciia hg Thir tu, mgt sd chinh sach dugc xay dung, thiet ke chua phii hgp vdi thuc te nen khdng the dat dugc muc tieu de Thic ndm, cdn cd sii chdng cheo quan ly, thieu sy phii hgp ttong thuc hien chinh sach ddi vdi ddng bao DTTS Thu sdu, cdng tac dieu tra, ta soat, ting hgp ddi tugng thu hudng chinh sach d mgt sd dja phucmg cdn thieu chinh xae dSn din thuc hien chinh sach khdng hieu qua Thu bdy, ngudn luc thuc hien chinh sach khong tuong ximg, bd tri dan trai, chua dam bao muc tieu ke hoach dugc phe duyet; muc hd trg thap nen tac dgng cua chinh sach chua cao Ngoai ra, van ban thuc hien mgt so chinh sach ban hanh cham; khdng it chinh sach khd thuc hien, khdng cdn phii hgp nhung khdng dugc sua chira, bd sung, thay the kip thdi (Nguyen Thi Lan Huong chii bien, 2014, tr 35-42; Dang Kim Son va cgng su, 2012, tr 58-79) Thirc trang sinh ki d mot so cpng dong dan toe thieu so Trong phin viit nay, tac gia dua bin nghien eiiu trudng hgp vi thuc trang ddi sdng ciia ngudi Hmdng, Niing, Pu Peo (d tinh Ha Giang) va ngudt Kho-me (d tinh Tra Vinh) nhim minh hga va lam rd phin nao tac ddng cua chinh sach dan tdc den ddi song smh ke cua ding bao va nhirng vin di dang dat d nhung tgc ngudi 2.1 Cgng ddng ngudi Hmdng dxa Thdi Phin Tdng Cho tdi gin day, ngirdi Hmdng vln sinh sing chit yiu d vimg cao, viing sau Ddi sdng kinh ti ciia ding bao phu thudc vao canh tac nuong riy, ehan nudi va kliai thac san pham timg Tai cac khu vue ngudi Hmdng sinh sing, rit it noi cd diiu kien dc canh tac rugng nude; noi cd rudng cdng chii yiu la rugng bac thang (Ly Hanh Son, 2018, tt 56-68) De thiic djy su phdt ttiin d cac DTTS, dd cd ngudi Hmdng, nhiiu chinh sach cua Nha nude da dugc han hanh, dd dang chit y la chinh sach dinh canh dinh cu, giao dat giao rimg Hoat dgng pha rimg lam riy, khai thae gd tu nhien, tring va budn ban thuoc phien vdn ed anh hudng rit Idn din thu nhap ciia ngudi Hmdng trude day, da bi cam Mae dii duge dau tu phat ttiin rudng nude, trdng va bao ve rimg, chuyin dii cay trdng vat nudi bang cac giing va ky thuat mdi, song nhiiu nguyen nhan, ddi sing cua ddng bao cdn gap nhieu khd khan, ngoai trii nhiing cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng sing gin cac eiia khau, khu du hch va thi, CO diiu kien chuyin ddi sinh ki nen dot sing kha hon, phin Idn cdn lai van chii yeu diia vao kinh ti ndng nghiep ttr cap tu ttic, cd mite sdng thip (Turner va Michaud, 2015) Ngudi Hmdng cung la tdc ngudi cd ti le ngheo ddi cao nhit nude ta: nam 2012, ti le ngheo d tgc ngudi la 75,7%, chiim tdi 19,6 % ting sd hg ngheo DTTS (Nguyen Thi Lan Huong chabien, 2014, tr.47) Theo hi lieu diin da ciia chiing tdi tai xa Thai Phin Tung, huyen Ding Van, hiu hit ngudi Hmdng chi lam nuong rSy va chiin nuoi, rit it hg cd rugng trdng lua Boat dgng budn ban va dich vu ehua phat triin va chua cd chg Ca thdn chi cd mgt vai hg ban hang tap hoa ' Viec Ir6ng va buon ban thuic phien bl cam theo Nghi Quycl 06/CP nam 1993 42 ^ - VIA Dinh Mudi " nhd Ngd la cay trdng chii ydu trgn nuang ray va chi trdng dugc mgt vu Bgn e^nh do, dong bao cung trdng cac loai rau, dau, bdu bi de phyc vu sinh hoat gia dinh Tai thon ^h^* *" Tung thuoc xa nay, mdi hd gia dinh trung binh c6 khoang 3.000m- ddt nuong nhung khong lign khoanh, mdi hd co - manh nuong phan tan, dugc khai khdn tren eac sudn doi nui da tai meo Do didu kien ddt dai va thdi tidt khdng thuan lgi, nang sudt ngo thudng thap va bap benh Gidng ngd mdi da dua vao trdng d dia phuong tir han chuc nam nay, dugc Nha nuae trg gia (50%), vay ba van kdt hgp trdng ea gidng truygn thong Ly chu yeu, theo ba eon la giong mdi cho nang sudt cao va dugc trg gia nhung doi hdi nhieu cdng cham soe, cay ydu de dd, hay bi mdi mgt Ngd lai thudng dugc dimg cho chan nudi, nau rugu va ban dg mua gao, rdt it dugc diing de an Chan nudi cua ngudi Hmdng d day van ehu yen theo Idi truygn thdng gdm bd, dd, lgn va ga vit Do kho khan vg noi chan tha va thdi tigt khde nghiet, bd va de thudng nudi nhdt tai gia dinh, so lugng han chg Gdn day, Nha nude da ho trg ba vay tien mua bo giong, CO voi, lam chuong trai tranh ret vao miia ddng ndn dan bd phat trien nhung sd lugng hd dugc hudng chinh saeh it Tir nam 2012 - 2014, chi cd hg d thdn Thai Phin Tung nhan duge hd trg Ngoai ra, cac hd gia dinh d thon eung dugc Nha nude giao dat rimg dg khoanh nudi va bao ve, mdi hd khoang Iha Rimg d day chu ydu la rimg ngheo tai sinh, it cd gia tri kinh td Do phdn Idn ngudi Hmdng thudc dien ngheo nen khdng ed vdn dd md rdng va tri san xudt, thidu ky nang tidp thu khoa hge ky thuat vao san xuat Hien nay, mdt nhiing trd ngai Idn cho phat trign san xuat la da so ngudi Hmdng cd trinh hge van thap, khong thdng thao tigng thdng"^ Do ddi sdng khd khan va bat dn vd sinh ke, nhieu ngudi Hmdng da di lao dgng lam thue nude va xuygn bign gidi Theo thdng kg ciia UBND xa Thai Phin Tiing (2015), ca xa co khoang 600 - 700 ngudi di lam thug, ehu ygu sang ben bien gidi, dong nhat la vao vu ndng nhan Trir nhiing thdn cd nhieu rudng va gan huyen ly, cdn lai hau het di lam thue bdn Trung Quoc; cd hd di ca gia dinh, cudi nam mdi trd ve dm phucmg mgt lan Lam thue dang tao ngudn thu nhap chinh cua nhieu hg ngudi Hmdng d day Tidn cdng lam thud d bgn Trung Qudc kha cao: mgt lao dgng phd thong dugc tra tren 300 nghin ddng/ngay edng; ngudi c6 kinh nghiem, trudng nhdm hay ndi dugc tieng Trung Quoc thudng dugc tra cao hon Phan Idn di lam thud bdn bign gidi deu tu phat, qua dudng dan smh vdi danh nghTa tham than dg tranh phai lam thii tue va thue d Trung Qudc^ Tuy cd nhieu nii ro nhu bi bat, bj cudp hay quyt tign cong nhung cugc sdng kho khan ngn hg van chap nhan Ngudi Trung Qudc thudng thud ngudi lam dau moi tuyen dung lao ddng d dia phuang, ndu cd du sire khde va nhu cau di chi can ggi dien se dugc bo tri sang lam thug bgn bidn gidi, hg thudng di theo nhdm va ngudi co kinh nghiem dan nhung ngudi khac dl, Nhirng cdng vide lam thud ben Trung Qudc ciing thu hut ea mdt sd can bg, dang •" Viec phong van ciia chiing toi vai dai dien cac ho gia dinh o thon Thai Phin Tung hau het phai ihons aua phien dich Mac du thon chi each tmng tam xa va qu6c 1Q C chua day km, nhung rat it nguoi Hmong dav noi thong thao tieng thong ^ Theo quy dinh ciia Trung Quoc, nguoi daoc phep lam thue o nuac phai dong thue cho nha nuoc u chi Ddn tgc hoc sd -2019 vien ngudi Hmdng Hien tugng dang gay khd khan rit Idn cho viec quan ly hd khau, hd tjch va sir dn dinh chlnh tri - xa hgi d dia phugng Hon nita, sd ngudi di lam thue da phin thugc hd ngheo, vice phd bien, ttiyen truyin va thirc hien chinh saeh, chu tnrong ctia Nha nude den nhung cu dan rat khd khan vi hg khdng thudng xuyen cd mat tai nai cu ttii 2.2 Cgng dong ngudi Pu Peo d thdn Chung Chdi, xa Phd Ld Khac vdi ngudi Hmdng, cgng ddng ngudi Pu Peo d thdn Chiing Chai, xa Phi La, huyen Ding Van, tinh Ha Giang cd hoat dgng sinh ki kha da dang, ben canh lua nude va nuong riy, ba cdn chan nudi, ttong rimg, lam nghi thti cdng va khai thac ngudn Igi tu nhien Gin day, mot sd hd ngudi Pu Peo tham gia ttao ddi budn ban d dia phuong va qua bien gidi Hien nay, hau het cac loai dat thd cu, vucm, rudng va ray ciia cac hd gia dinh thdn da dugc cip giay chimg nhan quyen sd hilu, trung binh moi hg cd 2.700 m^ rugng va 3.400m^ dit nuong ray Nuong chii yeu di trdng ngd vdi gidng ngd lai la chii dao, nen chi diing di niu rugu, chan nudi va ban Ngoai ra, ddng bao cdn trdng khoai, sin, dau cac loai, tam giac mach, cac loai tau xanh; bau, bi, dt thi ttdng xen d ria cac manh nuong Ngudi Pu Peo ciing nudi nhieu loai gia sue, gia cam nhu trau, bd, lgn, de, chd, meo, ga, vjt, ngan, ngdng, chim bi cau, ong, Toan thdn ed khoang 120ha rimg phdng hg bao quanh, tit nam 1993 dien tieh rimg da dugc giao cho thdn va cac hd d&n cham sdc, bao ve; theo dd ngudi dan chi duge phep khai thac etii khd, mang, rau dai tir rimg phdng hg Vi vay, hai lugm van dugc ngudi Pu Peo tri de bd simg rau xanh va thuc pham cho biia an hang va phuc vu chan nudi Cac san pham hai lugm gdm rau rimg nhu rau ddn, rau dang, chudi rimg; cac loai mang; cac loai oil va cay cd bdt nhu cii mai, cu nau, cay bang; cac loai lam san khac nhu mgc nhi, nam huong, ciii dun; eac loai eay, la thuic Ngoai ra, ngudi Pu Peo edn nau rugu de ban g trgng thon va tai cac chg phien viing Tit nam 1986 din nay, dugc su diu tu phat ttien cd trgng tam cua Nha nude, ddi sdng sinh ke eua ngudi Pu Peo d day da duge cai thien Nhd cac Chuong trinh 135, 134 va 30A, dac biet la du an ho trg, phat triin dan tdc Pu Peo d tinh Ha Giang 2005 - 20 lO', co sd tang d viing ding bao sinh sing da dugc xay dung, nang ciip Ducmg giao thdng dugc lam kien ci, tao diiu kien cho ngudi dan di lai va giao Itm hang hda giiia cac viing, giiia cac tdc ngudi He thing dien ludi dugc xay dung va 100% hg gia dinh ngudi Pu Peo sii dung dien ttong sinh hoat, san xuit He thing kenh muong dugc be tdng hda He thdng thuy lgi dugc xay dung kien ed, dien tich rudng da md rdng hon Ngoai ra, viec ap dung gidng va cac ky thuat mdi canh tac giiip nang suit cay trdng dugc nang cao Hg ngheo dugc vay vdn san xuat uu dai, cao nhit len tdi 50 trieu, duge hi ttg tiin mua lgn, bd gidng, siia ehiia chuing ttai Ben canh dd, nhiiu hg edn dugc hd trg xay bi chira nude, mai Igp, gidng cay hang hda nhu cay thao qua, cay dc chd, sa mgc, le, 'Danh cho tpc ngucii co s6 dan duoi 10.000 nguoi, theo Quygt djnh s i 238/QD-UBDT 16/5/2005 cua Uy ban Dan tpc 44 VuDinhMuffi_ Cugc song eiia ngudi Pu Peo hien kha dn djnh Miic sdng dang timg budc nang len, nha cua dugc xay dung khang trang han Trong nha cua ngudi Pu Peo da co cae may mdc phuc vu san xuSt, phuong tien di lai, phuong tien thdng tin Hen lac va eac dd gia dung hien dai Ty le hd ngheo da giam xudng Nam 2015, ti le hd ngheo eua thon la 16,7%, e^n ngheo 38,5%, nhung vdi xu hudng phat tridn d dia phuong hien nay^thi kha nang vuon len thoat ngheo cua cac hd la rdt cao Tuy vay, mdt sd khd khan van hien huu nhu thieu nude san xudt, ngudn gidng va vat tu ndng nghiep phu thudc nhidu vao thi trudng Trung Qudc, tinh trang sau benh, xdi Id dSt thudng xay Kinh td hg gia dinh ngudi Pu Peo chu ygu van la kinh tg ndng nghiep, phu thudc nhidu vao digu kien tu nhign; mirc san xuat hang hda va tham gia thj trudng thap Nhin chung, so vdi cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng cimg huyen Ddng Van neu trdn, ngudi Pu Peo cd sinh kg 6n dinh va nhigu tiem nang phat trign hon Vi vay, mac dii d giap bign gidi, rdt it ngudi Pu Peo di lam thug ben Trung qudc, ca thdn chi cd trudng hgp sang ben bidn gidi lam thud, chii ydu vao djp ndng nhan (nam 2015) Ngudi Pu Peo sang Trung Qude thudng dg mua hang hda smh hoat va vat tu ndng nghiep Vide dn dinh sinh kg cung la didu kien tdt giiip cho em cua ngudi Pu Peo dugc hgc hanh cao hon O thdn Chimg Chai cd ngudi da tdt nghiep va dang hgc dai hgc, cao dang Phdn Idn ngudi Pu Peo thdng thao tidng phd thdng va ndm dugc thdng tin lien quan ddn cac chinh sach phat trien d dia phuong 2.3 Cong dong ngw&i Niing & thon Dong Tinh, xd Quyet Tien Vg sinh kg, ngudi Niing d thon Ddng Tinh, xa Quyet Tien, huyen Quan Ba ciing dua chii yeu vao ndng nghiep, nhat la trdng trgt dat dai d day kha bang phang, mau md, thieh hgp nhidu loai cay trdng Hau hgt cac loai dat ciia hd gia dinh da duge cap sd do, trung binh mdi hg cd khoang 2.000m^ rudng va 2.600m^ dat ray, Nhiing nam gan day, viec thuc hidn Chuong trinh 30A va cac du an hgp phan ciia Chuang trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd giam ngheo, Chuang trinh ndng thdn mdi , da gop phan eai thien eac mat ddi sdng ciia ngudi Nung, dac biet la giao thdng, dien, thiiy lgi cho phat trign san xuat Nhd dd, ddi sdng kinh td ciia ngudi Nimg nai day da cd su thay ddi, chuydn bien nhanh chdng Dugc sir hd trg eua Nha nude vg gidng, vdn, tap huan ky thuat, phan bon va thiiy lgi, cac hd gia dinh da dua gidng mdi va ky thuat vao canh tae, nudi trdng Ngoai canh tac lua va ngd, ddng bao tham canh, md rdng dien tich nhidu loai cay cd gia trj hang hda nhu dd tuong, lac, cay duge lieu (chu ygu la nam linh chi va lim xanh) va cac loai rau dg ban Dac bigt, thdn da dugc quy hoaeh, hd trg vimg trdng rau diem eua xa va huyen Cac loai cai xanh, cai nggt, cai bap, su hao, siip la dang duoc nhidu hd gieo trdng tren cac nuong bai, vudn nha Nhieu hg dem rau di ban d cac chg huyen va trung tam tinh Ha Giang Ngoai ra, ngudi dan cdn nudi nhidu bd va lgn, dugc Nha nude hd trg ve gidng, vdn va udm phdng Thdn cd lOha dat rimg, dugc chia cho cac hd khoanh Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd5 -2019 nudi va bao ve Day la loai rimg ngheo tai sinh dang dugc Nha nude diu ttr di trdng them cac loai cay cd gia tti kinh te cao Ngoai ndng lam nghiep, nhieu hg ngudi Niing cdn tham gia budn ban va lam dich vu Thon hien cd 10 hd ngudi Nung sd hihi d td van tai; cd mdt hg lap doanh nghiep hr nhan khai thac da vdi nhieu ttang thiit bi may mdc len tdi vai ti ddng Vao thdi diim khao sat, dion cd khoang 20 lao ddng lam thue d Trung Qudc vao vu ndng nhan Tuy nhien, khac vdi ngudi Hmdng - di lam thue chit yiu ngheo ddi, ngudi Niing thudng chi di lam thue vao thdi gian ndng nhan Nhin chung, dugc su ho ttg tit eac chinh sach cua Nha nude, ddi sing kinh ti cua ngudi Niing d day dang mdt dn dinh va phat triin Toan thdn chi edn khoang 4% sd hg ngheo (nam 2015) Ngoai canh tac ndng nghiep, hg cdn tham gia budn ban, kinh doanh va lam dich vu, tham nhap cang sau vao nin kinh ti thi trudng On dinh va phat triin vi ddi song kinh te la dieu kien thuan lgi de hg tiep can cac dich vu y ti, giao due, phat ttiin ddi song van hoa 2.4 Cong ddng ngudi Kha-me d dp Qui Ndng B, xd Hoa Lai Sinh ki ciia ngudi ECho-me d ip Qui Ndng B, xa Hda Lgi, huyen Chau Thanh chu yiu canh tac liia, bdi vay rugng la tu lieu san xuat quan trgng nhit Ngoai ra, hg cdn trdng rau mau, chan nudi, budn ban, boat dgng dieh vu va lam thue Mac dii dugc su hd trg rat Idn tir Nha nude, ca sd ting, giao thdng thuan tien, nhtmg ti le doi ngheo ciia thdn cdn cao, khoang 30% so hg Nhirng hd ngheo phan Idn khdng cd rugng, ky nang lao ddng thap; tham ehi nhieu hd edn khdng cd dat d Vao giira nam 2016, ap CO 117 hg khdng cd rugng, 25 hd khdng cd dat d Nhitng hg ngheo chu yeu di lam thue Gan day cd mgt sd hd thieu ddi, ng nan, mua mang that bat da phai ciim cd, cho thue, ban mgng dat chuyen sang lam thue nhu mgt nghe chinh Tre em Kho-me ciing thudng bd hgc sdm de di lam thue Do thieu ky niing nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep, thieu bang cap nen phan Ion lam lao ddng chan tay tai dia phuong va TP Hd ehi Minh, Binh Ducmg, Ddng Nai, Tay Nguyen, Cdng viec lam thue rit da dang, nhung chii yeu la trdng cay cdng nghiep, phu giup quan an, phu hi, giiip viec gia dinh, cdng nhan, Nhitng nam gan day, si lugng ngudi di lam xa que hucmg cang tang Khoang each giau ngheo cdng ding Kho-me gia tang hang nam Phin Idn cac hg Idia gia cd nhiiu dit mgng - cd hg sd hiiu tdi 50 cgng', cd than nhan sinh sdng d nude ngoai, nhiiu nhit la My va Canada Trong 25 hd cd than nhan d nude ngoai (bd me, con, anh chj em), trung binh mdi hd sd hiru tren 20 cdng rugng Hien cac hg vin dang tiep ttie tich tu, mua them dit nhd tiin trg giiip ctia than nhan tit nude nggai gtti ve M6i cong tuong ducmg OOOm^ 45 VuJ)inh_Mudi_ Viee trg giiip vi kinh ti cua Nha nude cho nhirng hd Kha-me ngheo gap rit nhieu khd khan va kem hieu qua vi phin Idn khdng ed dat san xuit, ky nang lao dgng nganli nghe thap, thudng xuyen di ving khdi dia phucmg Vi vay, cac chuong ttinh, chinh sach cua Nha nuoc cho ngudi Kha-me chii yiu la ho trg nha d, cho vay vin uu dai de kinh doanh, budn ban nhd, lam djch vu va chan nudi, md cac Idp tap huan ky thuat nganh nghe Do khdng dti ngudn luc, viec ho ttg cac hg Kho-me ngheo mua dat d va dat san xuat rat han che Nhd dugc vay vin uu dai va tap huin, mdt si hg Kha-me ngheo chuyen sang lain dich vu va budn ban nhd nhu ban tap hda, sira chira dan dung, budn ban rau qua, dd an, Tuy vay, si lugng hd tham gia cdn it, thu nhap bap benh nen chi giai quyit tinh thi Mgt vai nhan xet Nude ta nhirng nam qua da dat duge nhieu tuu to Ion ttong cdng tac xda ddi, giam ngheo va nang cao mirc sdng ciia ngudi dan, nhien ket quii dat dugc khdng diu Ty le ngheo d cac nhdm DTTS vin d mirc cao Tinh trang ngheo d nude ta dang cd xu hudng tap trung nhieu hem d ngudi DTTS, mac du da dugc Dang va Nha nude quan tam dac biet thdng qua mgt loat cac chinh saeh sudt may chuc nam qua Da sd ngudi DTTS it cd dieu kien tiep can vdi dich vu xa hgi co ban Ben canh dd, nhiing tuu xda ddi giam ngheo da dat duge, nhiit la d viing DTTS cdn thieu tinh ben viing, nguy co tai ngheo cao, "de bi tdn thuang" trude nhirng riii ro cua cugc sdng Cd nhieu nguyen nhan dan tdi thuc ttang ngheo, ben canh nhirng khd khan ndi tai, cdn ed han che tir cac chinh sach da va dang trien khai nham xda ddi giiim ngheo, eai thien sinh ke ciia cac DTTS d nude ta Ve ca ban, chinh sach phat trien ddi vdi ddng bao DTTS kha toan dien, bao quat eac linh virc, nhien nhu da de cap d tten, van cdn cd nhiing bSt cap va han che ttong cac chinh sach Qua bdn nghien cim trudng hgp cho thity, nhiing cdng dong dugc nghien curu diu hudng lgi tti cac chinh sach phat ttien eua Nha nude danh cho ddng bao DTTS, nhit la vi ca sd tang va cac ho trg giup hd gia dinh de thoat ngheo Tuy vay, hieu qua phat ttiin ttr diu tu ciia Nha nude chi thiy rd d edng ddng ngudi Niing va Pu Peo, chua rd d cgng ding Hmdng va Kho-me Trong ngudi Niing va ngudi Pu Peo kha chii ddng va cd su in dinh ttong ddi song sinh ke tai dia phuang thi ngudi Kha-me va ngudi Hmdng lai kha thu dgng, va cd xu hudng di chuyen eu tim viec tu phat, cd nguy eg chiu nhiiu rdi ro Tit ket qua nghien cim cho thiy, viec cu thi hda chinh sach d tting tdc ngudi, timg khu vitc la het site quan ttgng niu muin thuc hien cd hieu qua chinh sach Ndi mgt each khac, tinh daefliiitgc ngudi gan vdi cac diiu kien cu thi d dia phuang cin phai dugc nghien cuu va xem xet ky ludng sudt quri trinh tii xay dung din ttiin khai thuc hien chinh sach, nhit la chinh sach phat hien va nang cao sinh ki d cac cdng ding DTTS Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc sd5 - 2019 Tai lieu tham khao Bg Lag dgng - Thuong binh va Xa hgi (2018), Bdo cdo ngheo da chiiu a Viet Nam' Gidm ngheo a tdt cd cdc chiiu cgnh de ddm bdo cugc sdng cd chdt luang cho mgi ngudi, Bao cao hgp tac nghien cira vdi Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam va UNDP, Ha Ngi Nguyin Thi Lan Huang (Chit bien, 2014), An sinh xd hdi ddi vai cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd d Viit Nam, Nxb The gidi Ha Ndi Ngd Phuang Lan (2013), "Bat in smh ki va di cu lao dgng cua ngudi Kho-me d ding bing sdng Cim Long", Tgp chiDdn tgc hgc, Sd 4, tr 11-21 Vii Dinh Mudi (2016), "Quan he tdc ngudi vdi qude gia - dan tgc: Quan diim va chinh sach ciia mdt sd nude d chau A", Tgp chi Ddn tge hgc, Sd 5, tr 66-75 Nguyen Thi Thu Phugng and Bgb Baulch (2007), A review of ethnic minority policies and programs in Vietnam, Bao cao du thao cho thao luan: Centre for Analysis and Forecasting, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi and Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Dang Kim Scm va cdng sir (2012), Nghien cicu rd sodt, phdn tich cde chinh sdch ddn tgc thieu sd vd hd trg xdy dung khung chinh sdch cho liy ban Ddn tgc, Bao cao du thao lan Du an Tiing cudng nang lire cho cdng tac xay dung va thuc hien cac chinh sach dan tde, UNDP va CEMA, Ha Ngi Ly Hanh Son (2018), "Dan tdc Hmdng", trong: Cdc ddn a Viet Nam: Nhdm ngdn ngir Hmdng-Dao vd Tang Miin, Tap 4, Quyin 1, Vuang Xuan Tinh (Chu bien), Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia Sir that, tt 21 -166 Vuong Xuan Tinh (2016), "Tdng quan chinh sach dan tgc d Viet Nam tit nam 1980 den nay", Tgp chiDdn tgc hgc, sd 1&2, tr 17-27 Tumer, C Sarah and Bonn, J Michaud (2015), Frontier livelihoods: Hmong in the Sino • Vietnamese borderlands, Seattle, Washington University Press 10 Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam (2011), Gidm ngheo a Viet Nam: Thdnh im vd thdch thue, Bao cao Ha Ndi 11 Rambo, A Terry (2003), "Vietnam", in: Ethnicity in Asia, Colin Mackerras (ed.), London: RoutlegeCurzon, pp 108-135 12 Worid Bank (2012), Well Begun, Not Yet Done: Vietnam's Remarkable Progress on Poverty Reduction and the Emerging Challenges, Vietaam Poverty Assessment report, Hanoi  ... trien sinh ke cua cae DTTS a Viet Nam LL Chinh sdch phdt trien sinh ke ddi v&i cdc DTTScua Nhd nu&c So van ban chinh sach dan tgc Viet Nam rat lan, theo Dang Kim Son va cgng su, vao thoi diem nam. .. win de dat doi vai viec thuc hien chinh sach dan tgc o Viet Nam, nhat la eac chinh sach phat trign sinh ke, giam ngheo giai doan tir nam 1986 dgn De lam ro thgm nhung phan tich, bai vigt co dua... Vijt Nam da dat nhigu tuu quan trgng dugc qu6c tg ghi nhan, nhign hien van ton tai khong it van dg, biic thiet nhat la tinh trang ngheo doi va bSt 6n ve sinh ke o cac DTTS Ngheo doi, bat 6n sinh