Tổ chức phi chính phủ nước ngoài với nâng cao năng lực của các dân tộc thiểu số ở việt nam

Tgp chi Ddn idc hgc sd'3 - 2020 TO CHlTC PHI CHINH PHU NlTdC NGOAI V d l NANG CAO NANG L y c CUA CAC DAN XQC THIEU SO O VIET NAM' PGS.TS ViTOTig Xuan Tinh Vien Dan toe hoc Tdm tdt: Tic Ddi mdi (1986) Viet Nam dd thu hut ngdy cdng nhiiu dir dn ciia cdc td chicc phi chinh phii nudc ngodi (INGOs) Trong 63 tinh, thdnh p/id dicac INGOs dau tir co 24 tinh d vitng ddn tgc thieu so vd mien niii nhgn dugc 2iyo tdngsd vien tra cua INGOs Cdc die dn thugc INGOs trien khai tgi vung ndy gom nhieu hgp phdn song thuong co hgp phdn lien quan den ndng cao nang luc d cdc linh vuc: y le gido due chdm soc vd bdo ve nhdm yeu the; hogt dgng sinh ke; td chirc, qudn ly gia dinh vd phdt tiien cong dong Hogt dong ndng cao ndng luc cda INGOs tdc dqng tich cue den phdt trien ngudn nhdn luc cua cdc ddn tgc thieu so, thay doi ca cdu kinh te, cdi thien cdc quyen cua nhom yeu the giic gin vd phdt huy bd sdc vdn hoa tgc ngudi, xdy dung md hinh phdt tiien d vitng ddn tgc thieu so vd mien niii Song, hogt dgng ndy cUng nhitng hgn che nguon von cda INGOs hgn hep co mo hinh chua phu hgp vtn dieu kien dia phuang, su quan lieu d mgt so cdn bo ciia ca quan doi tdc Td- khda: To chuc phi chinh phii nudc ngodi, ndng cao ndng luc, ddn tgc thieu so vUng ddn tgc thieu so vd mien mii, Viet Nam Ngdy nhdn bdi: 7/4/2020; ngdy guiplidn bien: 27/4/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 30/5/2020 MOT dau De phit trien vung din tdc thieu sd (DTTS) va mien nui, Viet Nam chu trpng moi ngudn Iuc, dd cd ngudn lire cua cac Id chuc phi chinh phu nudc ngoii (INGOs) Sau Ihdng nhal dit nudc vao nim 1975, phan ldn INGOs cham dut hoat dpng d mien Nam Song, cd chinh sich Ddi mdi, chi tinh den nam 2017, da cd hem 1.100 INGOs hoat ddng, vdi gia trj vien tro cho Viet Nam ding ke theo cic nim Gii tri iy ting tu 79 trieu USD nim 1996 len 304,7 trieu USD nim 2011, va nim 2017 dat 279,5 trieu USD Tdng gii tri vien tra cua INGOs cho Viet Nam hj nim 1996 - 2017 dat tren 4,1 ty USD Hoat dong vien trp ciia INGOs dugc trien khai tai 63 lmh, thinh phd, tap trung vio cic linh vuc nhu y te ' Bai y\cl la ket qua nghien ciiu cua De tai cip Nha nuoc v^ '•Ddnh gid hieu qua ldc dong cua chucmg rrinh dir an ciia cdc id chiic quoc te ihifc hi^n a vung ddn lgc ihiSu so vd mien nui lir ndm 1990 din nay", ma s6: CTDT 40.18/16-20 Vipn Dan tpc hpc chii tri, TS Tran Minh H ^ g lam chu nhiem gKioduc sinh ke, binh ding gidi mdi tmdng- Ban Dilu phdi \ icn trp nhan dan (2001 -201 ) cho bill, irong tdng gia tri vdn \ien m? cua INGOs giai doan 2001 - 20! \ icn trp cho y K chilm 34%, phat iricn kinh ll - xa hoi - 18% giao due - dio tao - I4"'o, giii quyet c;ic %an dc \ii hpi - ^J.21%, lii ngu\cn - moi tnrong - 8% \a cac Unh vuc khic - 16,79% Trong ^^^ '^la phuang ndi tren gia ui vien tra cia INGO.s cho 24 tinh cd ty le cao \c dan idc ihieu so (DTTS), chilm 21% ldng gii tri vien tra cua cac id chiic niy cho ca nudc (Lan Chi 2016) Hoat ddng va vai trd cua l\GOs d \ung DTTS va mien nui X'lel '^-mi rat pliong phu, song din van cdn it nghien cuu chuyen siu Khoang hai thap ky qua nidi xuat hien mot sd cdng trinh chuyen khao, luin in tiln sT, luan van thac si bii bao khoa hpc dc cap vc INGOs d Viel N.im Trong cdng trinh tim hilu \ I INGOs Dinh Quy Dp (Chu bien 2012) da gidi thieu mdt s6 INGOs \a cac hoat dgng mi lien tai Viet Nam, phan tich chinh sach cua the gidi va Vict Nam dc vira thu hut INGOs song \an quan ly dirac hoat ddng ciia hp lrong khtidn khd luat phap quik gia Nghien cdu vl INGOs Ddn Tuin Phong (2018) khdng chi gidi lhi?u mi phin lich danh gia \ trd cua INGOs phat trien kinh te - xi hdi d Vicl Nam ddng thdi dl xu5t kiln nghi Nha nudc c6 chinh sich huy dpng va quin ly tdt ngudn li;c ciia INGOs Ben canh cong trinh cd tinh khii quit ncu tren mdt sd nghien ciru cdn lim hilu vai ird cua INGOs d ITnh vuc cu the Chang han, Dd Phuang Huyen (2018) di tim hicu hoal dpng ciia INGOs xoa doi giam ngheo khu vuc Tay Bic; Nguyen Quynh Anh (2018) xem \cl \ trd cua INGOs \ c nang cao nhan thirc bien ddi hau; Nguyen Due Nhat va cdng sir (2015) nghien cim md hinh giim ngheo ciia cic ddi tic quoc le, dd cd iNGOs a Vict Nam Nhimg nghien cuu ncu tren deu de cap d mirc dp khac lien quan ldi cac tpc ngudi a \ img DTTS \ a mien nui Trong bai \ lot chung loi de cap vai trd ciia INGOs vdi nang cao nang lire d viing DTTS \a mien niii ciia \'ici Nam \'icc nang cao nang lire kJiong chi dinh cho ngudi DTTS, ma cho ca can bp thudc din lpc da sd lam viec tai viing Cach tiep can cua INGOs la tir dudi Icn (bouom up), nen dii du in dirac tii trp d ITnh virc vi dia phucmg nao thi nang cao nang lire cho ngudi din d cpng ddng la mpt nhihig muc tieu quan trpng Vdi phuang chim \ icn trp "cho can cau khdng cho ca" hiu het du in cua INGOs deu cd hgp phin ning cao ky nang dam bio ddi sdng cho ngudi dan nhat la nhdm yeu the; dong thdi cung nang cao nang luc dpi ngu cin bp cd trach nhiem doi vdi hp Theo dd, chung ldi tip trung lim hicu viec Il.ing cao ning lire cho cac DTTS cua INGOs d nhdm ITnh vuc sau diy: (I) ning cao nang lire \ e \' tc giao due, cham sdc va bio \ c nhdm yeu the; (2) nang cao nang lire hoat dpng sinh ke: (3) nang cao ning luc to chuc quan ly gia dinh va phat trien cdng ddng " Tu\ ihco muc ticu phan uch ma cach phan loai hoat dong cua INGOs cung khac Chang han dt/ui i.( M} kinh tc chinh in Dinh Qu\ Dp (Chu bien 2012) lai phan chia hoal dpng ciia INGOs ITnh \ u c ku li' x.! hoi Ion ui.io, nhiin qu>(:n \a miii inrong Tgp chi Pan lor hoc so - 2020 L Nang cao nang Im: v§ y t^, giao due, cham soc va bio ve nhdm yeu the - Ndng cao ndng luc viy te: ITnh vyc y le, dau nr cua INGOs tai vung DTTS va mien nui, tinh trung binh cd 15 dir in vdi mdi tinh d khu virc Ddng Bic; tucmg tu, sd dir an trung binh cua moi tinh d khu virc Tiy Bic li 16, Tay Nguyen - 12, Tiy Nam Bg - (Lai Lim Anh, Nguyin Thanh Due, 2017, tr 67-74) Ngoii gdp phin cung cip djch vu cho td chirc, ci nhan cd nhu ciu, tham gia thyc hien chuang trinh y te qudc gia, INGOs cdn hd tra nang cao ning lire chuyen mdn vi quin ly cua dpi ngd can bp y te, nhat li cin bp d myen tinh, huyen, xi vi thdn Td chiic Atlantic Philanthropies (AP) tir nim 1999 dSn 2013 vdi muc dich nang cao chit lugng cugc sdng vi cdng bing cham sdc siic khde tai Viet Nam, di tai tra 129 du an ve ITnh vyc y te, dd cd nhieu du an tai vung DTTS va mi^n nui vdi tdng gii tri li 259 trieu USD (Ddn Tuin Phong, 2018, tr 108-109) Tir nim 2008 dSn 2013 (nam AP ddng cua van phdng d Viet Nam), muc tieu chim sdc siic klioe ban diu, AP rat chu trpng cic DTTS Thdng qua dy an "Cii thien he thdng y te ca sd", dir an da tai tra eho tinh Yen Bai xay dung 84 tram xi xi, tinh Thai Nguyen - 154, tinh Dik Lik - 158, tinh VTnh Long - 96, linh Ci Mau -101 Trung binh, mdi tram xa duac nhin 2,5 ti ddng Cin bg y te cdng ddng tuyen chgn da tham gia cac khda huan luyen ve cham sdc sii'c khoe ban dau dupc thiet ke rieng cho ddng bio DTTS, sau dd trd ve phuc vu cdng ddng ciia minh Nhung can bp dupc hpc ve cic md hinh benh tat, thdi quen giii gin sire khoe, Ihuat ngu y khoa va truyen thdng (Lien Hoing, 2018, tr 22-51) Cimg vdi AP, mpl so dya an ciia cic td chiic khic ciing cd hoat ddng nang cao nang luc Dy in "Ting cudng nang lyc he thdng y te ca sd mpt sd tinh trpng diem" cua GAVI tai linh Tuyen Quang, nam 2012 da dao tao 394 nlian vien y te thdn bin, tap huan ve thyc hanh tiem ehiing cho tren 700 can bp y te Du an "Phat trien chim sdc mit toan dien" ciia FHF d tinh Hi Giang, ttr nam 2010 den 2015 di giup dao tao can bd cho cac tuyen tinh, huyen vi xi, dd dao lao dirpc bac sT ve mil, bic sT phau thuit, I bic sT nhi, khuc xa vien, giing vien ngudn cham sdc mit ban dau, nhan vien y le ve sir dung va bao tri cic ihiet bj, 110 nhan vien y le cpng ddng ve ky ning truyen thdng va cham sdc mat ban dau, 524 nhin vien y te thdn ban ve ky ning truyen thdng vi cham sdc mat ban dau Tai tinh Bac Kan, nhung nam 1999 - 2018, cac du an cua APHEDA da md nhieu ldp dio tao, bdi dudng cho gin 700 nhin vien y te thdn ban Thyc hien cic dy in d huyen Mirdng Te, tinh Lai Chau hi nim 2006 den 2015, td chiic CWS giiip tap huan ldp ning cao nang Iuc cho cin bg tram y te xi va nhin vien y te thdn bin; tap huan ve each tiep can ve sinh tdng the cgng ddng Iim chil cho cac lhanh vicn ndng cdt vi cdng tic vien; dio tao nhin vien y te thon bin cd trinh dp - thing (Dd Phuang Huydn, 2018, tr 64-71) Nhu vay, viec nang cao nang lyc ve y tc ciia INGOs chu yeu tap trung hd tra dpi ngu can bd d myen tinh, huyen, xa vi thdn bin cd nhiem vu tryc tiep cham sdc sire khde cho ngudi dan cua cic DTTS Tuy nhien, cung cd dy in cdn gdp phan nang cao ning lyc tilp nhin djch vu y tl ciia ngudi dan (Lai Lam Anh, Nguyin Thanh Dure, 2017, tr 67-74) giao due sinh i^e binh dang gicri moi miong" Ban Dicu phoi \ ion trg nhan dan (2001 - - ^ cho biC-l t6ng gia tri \6n \ien Oq ciia INGOs giai doan 2001 - 2017 vicn iru cho \ iichiam 34" o phat tri^n kinh ti - xa hpi - IS"o, giao due - dao tao - 14% giai quyci o.ic ^J" i*-' xa hpi - 9.21 "o tai nguyen - moi tnidmg - S"o \ a cae linh virc khac - 16.7')", Trong so dia phtrong noi tren, gia tri \ien trp ciia l\G qua moi xuiit hicn mpt s6 cong trinh chuyen khao luan an liSn si luan \an thac si bai bao khoa hpc de cap \ c INGOs Vict Nam Trong cong trinh tim hidu \ c INGOs Dinh Quy Dp (Chu bien, 2012) da gioi thicu mpl s6 INGOs va cae hoat dpng ira tien lai N'icl Nam, phan tich chinh sach cua the gioi va \'icl Nam di vira thu hiit INGOs song \an quiin ly dirpc hpat dpng cua hp khuon khii luat phap qufie gia Nghien ciru \ i INGOs, Don Tudn Phong (2018) khong chi giiri thi?u ma phan tich danh gui lai Iro cua FNGOs phat tricn kinh te - xa hpi a Vicl Nam di'mg thiri ii xuit kiin nghi M u nucrc co chinh sach huy dpng va quan ly tot nguon lire ciia INGOs Ben eanh cpng n-inh eo tinh khai quat neu tren, mpt sp nghien ciru cpn tim hiiu vai tro ciia INGOs linh virc cu thi Ching han Do Phiremg Huyin (2018) da lim hiiu hoat dpng cua INGOs Ironu xoa doi giam ngheo khu virc Tay Bae; Nguyin Quynh Anh (2018) xem \ c t \ a i tro cua INGOs \ i nang eao nhan thirc bien doi hau; Nguyin Dire Nhat 111 cpng sir (2015) nghien eim mo hinh giam ngheo ciia cac doi tac quic te, co INGOs or \'icl Nam Nhung ngliicn eim ncu tren deu dc cap a mirc dp khae lien quan toi eac tpc ngutri a \ung DTTS \a mien nui Trong bai \ icl chung tpi dc cap vai tro cua INGOs voi nang cao nang lire a viing DTTS \a mien nui ciia \'icl Nam \ i c c niing cao nang lire khong chi danh cho nguoi DTTS, mil cho cii can bp thuoc dan tpc da so lam vice tai viing Cach tiep can ciia INGOs la tir dircri Icn (bottom up), nen dii dir an dupe tai tra a linh vuc va dja phuong nao thi nang cao nang lire cho nguoi dan o cpng dpng lii mpt nhirng muc tieu quan trpng Vai phuong cham vien trp "cho can eau kliong eho ca"' hau het du an cua INGOs deu co hpp phan nang eao ky n.ang dam bao dtii song cho nguai dan nhat la nhom yeu the; dong thai cung nang cao nang lire dpi ngu can bp co trach nhiem doi vcri hp Theo do, chiing toi tap trung tim hicu viec nang cao nang lire eho eac DTTS cua INGOs a nhom linh vue sau day: (1) nang cao nang lire \ c \ te giao due cham soe \ ii bao \ e nhom yeu the; (2) nang cao nang lire hoat dpng sinh ke; 0) niing cao niing lire to ehire quan ly gia dinh va phat n-ien cpng dong • Tii> Ihco muc ticu phan itch ma each phan loai hoat dgng cua INGOs cung khac Chang han duoi goi, kinh lc chinh Irj Dinh Quy Di? (Chu bien, 2012) tai phan chia hoal dong ciia INGOs lhanh ITnh v\rc: kmh lc \.i hiu, ton ciao nhan quyen \a mot Inrong Tgp chi Pan tdc hgc sd3 - 2020 L Nang cao nang lyc v^ y tg, giao due, chare soc va bao ve nhom yeu th^ - Ndng cao ndng luc viy ti: ITnh vyc y te, dau tu ciia INGOs tai vung DTTS vi mien nui, tinh trung binh cd 15 dy an vdi mdi tinh d khu w c Ddng Bac; tirang ty, sd du an trung binh ciia moi tinh d khu vyc Tiy Bic li 16, Tiy Nguyen - 12, Tiy Nam Bp - (Lai Lim Anh, Nguyen Thanh Diic, 2017, tr 67-74) Ngoai gdp phin cung cap dich vu cho td chtic, ci nhan cd nhu cau, tham gia thyc hien chuang trinh y te qudc gia, INGOs cdn hd trp nang cao nang lyc chuyen mdn vi quin Iy cua dpi ngii can bp y tl, nhit la cin bg d myln tinh, huyen, xa vi thdn Td chiic Atlantic Philanthropies (AP), tir nim 1999 din 2013 vdi muc dich nang cao chat luang cudc sdng vi cong bing chim sdc sue khoe tai Viet Nam, da tii tra 129 dy an ve ITnh vyc y te, dd cd nhieu dy in tai viing DTTS va mien niii vdi tdng gia trj Ii 259 trieu USD (Don Tuin Phong, 2018, tr 108-109) Tir nam 2008 din 2013 (nam AP dong cira van phdng d Viet Nam), muc tieu cham sdc siic klide ban diu, AP rit chu trgng cic DTTS Thong qua dy an "Cii thien he thong y te ca sd", dir in da tai trp cho tinh Yen Bai xay dyng 84 tram xa xa, tinh Thai Nguyen - 154, tinh Dak Lik - 158, tinh VTnh Long - 96, tinh Ca Mau -101 Trung binh, moi tram xi dupc nlian 2,5 ti ddng Can bp y te cpng ddng tuyen chgn da tham gia cic klida huan luyen ve chim sdc su'c khde ban diu dupc thiet ke rieng cho dong bio DTTS, sau trd ve phuc vu cgng dong cua minh Nhung can bg niy dirpc hgc ve cic md hinli benh tat, thoi quen giii gin sue khde, thuat ngu y khoa vi truyen thdng (Lien Hoing, 2018, tr 22-51) Cung vdi AP, mpl so dya an ciia cac to chitc khac ciing cd hoat dpng nang cao ning lyc Dy in "Tang cirdng nang Iuc he thdng y te ca sd mgl so tinh trgng diem" cua GAVI tai tinh Tuyen Quang, nam 2012 da dao tao 394 nhan vien y te thon ban, tap huin ve thyc hinh tiem chimg cho tren 700 cin bp y te Dir in "Phat trien cham sdc mat toan dien" cua FHF d tinh Ha Giang, tir nam 2010 den 2015 da gnip dio tao can bp cho cac tuyen tinh, huyen va xi, dio tao duac bac sT ve mat, bac sT phiu thuat, bic sT nhi, khuc xa vien, giang vien ngudn chim sdc mat ban dau, nhan vien y te ve sir dung vi bio tri cac thiet bj, 110 nhan vien y te cgng ddng ve ky nang tmyen thdng va chim sdc mat ban dau, 524 nhan vien y te thdn ban ve ky nang truyen thdng va chim sdc mat ban dau Tai tinh Bac Kan, nhiing nam 1999 - 2018, cic du in cua APHEDA da md nhieu Idp dio tao, boi dudng cho gin 700 iilian vien y tl thdn bin Thyc hien cac dy an d huyen Mudng Te, tinh Lai Chau tir nam 2006 den 2015, td chuc CWS giup tip huan ldp ning cao nang Iuc cho can bd tram y te xa va nhan vien y te thdn ban; tap huin vl each tiep can ve sinh tong the cgng dong lim chu cho cac thinh vien ndng cdt vi cpng tic vien; dao tao nhan vien y te thon ban cd trinh dp - thang (Do Phuang Huyin, 2018, tr 64-71) Nhu vay, viec nang cao nang Iuc ve y te ciia INGOs chii yeu tip trung h6 tra dpi ngd can bp d myen tinh, huyen, xa vi thdn ban cd nhiem vu true tiep cham sdc sire khde cho ngudi din cua cac DTTS Tuy nhien, cung cd dy in gdp phin nang cao nang lyc tilp nhin dich vu y tl ciia ngudi dan (Lai Lam Anh, Nguyin Thanh Dire, 2017, Xr 61-14) • \dng cao ndng luc ve gido due: cic dy in ve giao d\ic ciia INGOs thudng l^ip '^un^ xay dyng ca sd \ai chit (trudng ldp thill bj giang day hpc tap), tai trp \at chat cho nhung hgc sinh ngheo song hpp phin ning cao ning lyc cho giio vien, hpc sinh dpi ngu lain cong tic quin ly giao due \ a cpng ddng ciing dupc coi trpng, chiem khoang 30'\ yong tdng "gan sach tai trp nhung nim 2001 - 2017 (Ban Dilu phdi vien y p nhan din, 2001 -2017) Trong giao due ning cao nang lyc cho giao \ icn v i dgi ngu quin ly giao due cd vai tro rit quan trpng Dy in cua td chiic E&D triln khai tai Yen Bii tir 2003 - 2011 da chii trpng nang cao chit lui^ng giing day va quin K qua thiel lip mang ludi giing vien nguai dia phuang xay dyng phuang phip day hgc lich cue va md hinh Idp mau Du in thudc Id chuc CWS tai huy?n Mudng Te, tinh Lai Chau, tir 2006 - 2015 da md nhilu ldp tap huin cho giio vien cdt cin cac trudng lieu hpc va tmng hpc ca sd \ e ddi mdi cdng tic day hgc, day lieng din tpc La Hii cho giao \ icn trudng mam non d nai Uirdng cd hpc sinh thudc tpc ngudi Vipc ning cao nang lyc cho giao vien khdng chi cd nghiep vu su pham ma cdn c i tri thiic khic nhal li tri thiic \ l phil triln cua tre em Dilu dd cd the thiy qua hoat dpng cua dy in thupc Id chirc World Vision d huyen Kim Boi tinh Hda Binh Ning cao nang lyc cho hpc sinh DTTS ciing dupc cac dy an ciia INGOs hd trp Ve ITnh vyc nay, cd thi ke tdi viec nang cao nang lyc tieng phd Ihdng cho tre em mdi den trudng, de cac cm liep thu bai giing bing song ngir lieng phd thdng - din tdc thieu sd N i m 2010, td chtic Sa\c for Children da ho trp hpc sinh DTTS d mpt sd trudng thudc viing die biet khd khan ciia ba tinh Yen Bai Dien Bien \ a Quang Tri dupc nang cao tieng phd thdng, nghe giing bai bing song ngir phd thdng - tieng DTTS, v i hpc bii bang phucmg phap tham dy Cd dy an nhu ciia to chtic ChildFund dugc trien klial d tinh Hda Binh tir nam 1997 cdn giilp hpc sinh dan tpc Mudng tiep can vdi dieu kien giao due chat luang cao Mdt sd dy i n chil trpng den nang cao ning luc giao due ctia c i phu huynh hpc sinh v i chinh quyen dia phuang Nam 2010, dy an ciia ChildFund trien khai d huyen Kim Bdi, tinh Hda Binh da c6 hpp phin van ddng chinh quyen dia phuong xiy dyng ke hoach, chien luac phit trien giio due vdi sy tham gia ciia phta huynh hgc sinh (Dd Phuang Huyin, 2018, tr 72-80) - Ndng cao ndng luc ve bdo ve vd chdm soc nhom yeu the: nhdm yeu the duac de cip lii tre em va phu nii - nhirng ngudi de bi tdn thuang q u i trinh phit trien Theo ChildFund, bio ve chim soc tre em li cac hanh dgng ngan ngira hoac giii quyit van de ve bao lyc, bdc lot xam hai xao nhang tre em (ChildFund, 2015-2018); song d day, chiing loi chi tim hieu viec nudi dudng va an sinh cho tre em (Child security) Co nhilu td chirc INGOs quan tam den ITnh vyc d i neu, nhung ding chu y la cac td chiic nhu Save for Children ChildFund World Vision, ActionAid Vdi id chuc Sa\e for Children, nhimg dy an dupc trien khai d cac tinh thupc vung DTTS va mien niii cua \ i e t Nam nhu tai Lao Cai, ngoii ITnh vyc giao due d i trinh bay lap trung \ao ITnh vuc lien quan den bao \ e chim sdc Ire em: (I) siic khde va dinh duong, vdi cac hgp plian cham sdc ba me va ire sa sinh, nang cao nang lyc cho b i dd va nhin vicn lap chi Pan tdc hgc sd3 - 2020 y tl cpng ddng, cung cip thilt bi y te cho tre so sinh, ning cao tmh trang dinh dudng cho tre em, eung cip vitamin A; (2) bao ve tre em: nang cao ning lyc vi chat lugng cua he thong bio v? tre em, chdng bao lyc vdi tre em; (3) quin tri quyen tre em: gdp phin trien khai cdng udc ve Quyen tre em cua Lien hiep qudc; (4) giim tinh trang ddi ngheo ddi vdi tre em; (5) giam thiiu rui ro tai nan vi iing phd vdi tinh trang khan cap'' Cic linh vyc da neu cung dug'c nhieu td chiic quan tam, nhu dy in cua CARE ed hoat dgng ngan chin nan dudi nudc cua tre em DTTS d huyen Mai Chiu, tinh Hda Binh; dy in cua td chiie APHEDA tai tinh Bac Kan (1999) c6 hgp phin thyc hien chuang trinh muc tieu qudc gia vl tiem chung cho tre em*^; dy in cua ActionAid tai eac tinh Hi Giang, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, San La, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Tra Vinh, Sde Tring (2001 - 2017) cung cd nhung hprp phin lien quan den chim sdc sire khde ban diu cho bi me va tre sa sinh, giim tinh trang ddi ngheo cho tre em, tao dieu kien vit chit cho tre em dupe tdi trudng, chdng bao lyc tre em, thiic day quyen tre em trudng hge (ActionAid, Bio cio thudng nien, 2005 - 2018) Vdi cac dy in ciia ChildFund tai ba tinh Hda Binh, Bic Kan, Cao Bang hoat ddng tir nim 1995 den nay, cd ba muc tieu va hoat ddng chinh: (1) cii thien sy tham gia ciia tre em, tieng ndi va quyen dai dien cua tre em; (2) ting cudng ning ty thich img eua tre, die biet la lrong bao ve tre em; (3) xiy dyng nang lyc vi mdi lien ket giira cac cpng dong va chinh quyen dia phuang yong viec bio ve Ire em (ChildFund, 2015-2018, tr 11) Nang eao nang lyc cua phu nii dupc the hien hoal ddng cua cac du in lien quan den binh ding gidi vi chdng bao hinh phu nii Ching han, uu lien lhudc cac chuang trinh hinh ddng cua ActionAid, cd uu tien ve xiy dyng cac giii phip xi hpi vi chinh tri cho phy nil vi tre em gii (AcitonAid, 2014, tr 8) Trong ITnh vyc hoat ddng cua CARE, c6 ITnh vyc quan tam den DTTS, die biet vdi phu nii O tam nhin dai han, lat ci cic dy in, CARE ludn xem xet cich lim viec vdi phu nir DTTS de cho ben viJng^ Vin de binh dang gidi chu yeu duac tiep can dudi gdc dp ve quyen, vdi diem then chot li ning cao vj the ciia phu nil tao thu nhap vi sy tham gia cua hp de phat trien cdng ddng Cd the neu vi du qua dy an ciia ba td ehiic SNV, OXFARM, CARE ve "Trao quyin cho phu nir qua nang cao gii tri cua chudi sin pham ndng nghiep", dupc frien khai tai hai tinh Lio Cai va Bic Kan tir 2016 - 2019 Qua ho trg viec trdng que, chin nuoi lgn d tinh Lao Cai, trdng chudi d tinh B5c Kan, dy an di lao sy kit ndi giiia phu nir viing dy in vdi cac doanh nhin va ddi lic khic, ning cao co hdi cho cic hoat dgng tip the cua phu nii, day manh sy lien ket giira phu nir vi cic lac nhan ciia chudi gii tri de thuc day ca hdi tham gia hoat ddng kinh te cua phu nd^ ^ Xem Save for Children, https://vietnam.savethechiIdren.net/what-we-do (Tray cap 16/3/2020) * Xem: Union Aid Abroad APHEDA, https://www.apheda.org.au/tagyvielnam/ (Truy cap 16/3/2020) ' Xem ' T o chirc CARE Quoc te tai Viet Nam: H6 Hg nang cao vi th6 ciia phu nu dan toe tfiieu s6'\ tren Irang: https:// vvww.care.org.vn/\vT>content/uDloads/2niQ/n-i/cVN REMW-summarv final-VN.pdf (Truy cap 16/3/2020) '"Women's Economic Empowerment through Agricultural Value Chain Enhancement (WEAVE)", in: hltps://snv.org/projecfwomens-economic-empowerment-thTough-agricultura!-value-chain-enhancement-weave {Truyc9P 16/3/2020) - \'dng cao ndng luc ve gido due: cic dy in \ e giao dye ciia INGO.- thudng tap trung \ay dyng ca sd vit chat (trudng, Idp, thilt bj giing da\ hgc lap), lai Up vat chat clio nhung hgc sinh ngheo song hop phin nang cao nang iyc cho giao vien, hpc sinh dpi ngu lam '-t'ng tac quan ly giio due vi cpng ddng ciing dupc coi upng, chiem khoang 30°o yong long nga sich tii yp nhiing nam 2001 - 2017 (Ban Dilu phdi vien trp nhin din, 2001 - 2017) Trong giao diic, ning cao nang lyc cho giio vien \ a dpi ngy quin 1\ giio due co \ rit quan trpng Dy in ciia id chiic E&D triln khai tai Yen Bai tir 2003 - 2011 da chu trpng nang cao chit lugng giang day vi quin ly qua thiel lap mang ludi giang vien ngiroi dia phuang, xiy dyng phuang phap day hpc lich cyc vi md hinh Idp miu Dy in thupc td chuc CWS tai huyen Mudng Te linh Ui Chau, ni 2006 - 2015 di md nhilu Idp lap huan cho giio \ien cdt cin cac trudng tieu hpc \a trung hpc co sd \e doi mdi cdng lac day hpc, day tieng dan tdc La Hu cho giio vien trudng mim non d nai trudng co hpc sinh thugc tdc ngudi niy Vipc nang cao nang lyc cho giio \ icn khong chi cd nghi?p vy su pham ma cdn ci tri thue khac, nhit la ni thuc \c phat triln ciia tre em Dilu dd co thi thiy qua ho^t dpng ciia dy in thupc id chirc World Vision d huy?n Kim Bdi tinh Hda Binh Nang cao ning lyc cho hpc sinh DTTS cung dupc cac dy in ciia INGOs hd trp Ve ITnh vyc niiy cd Ihl kc tdi viec ning cao ning lyc lieng phd thdng cho Ire em mdi den irudng, dl cac cm tilp Ihu bii giing bing song ngiir lieng phd thdng - dan tdc thieu sd Nim 2010, tl chirc S;uc for Children da ho trp hpc sinh DTTS d mpl sd trudng lhudc viing die bi?t khd khan cua ba tinh ^'cn Bii, Dien Bien va Quang Tri dupc nang cao tieng phd thong, nghe giing bai bing song ngir Ihdng - liing DTTS, va hpc bii b5ng phuang phap tham dy Cd dy in nhu cua td chirc ChildFund dupc trien khai d tinh Hda Binh tir nim 1997 cdn giup hpc sinh din tgc MutTng liep can vdi dieu kien giao due chat luong cao Mgt sd dy in chii trpng dcn ning cao ning lyc giao dye ciia ca phu huynh hgc sinh vi chinh quyen dia phuang Nam 2010 dy an ciia ChildFund tnen khai d huyen Kim Bdi, tinh Hoa Binh di c6 hpp phan van dpng chinh quyen dia phuang xiy dung ke hoach, chien lugc phal trien giio dye vdi sy tham gia ciia phu hu>mh hpc sinh (Dd Phucmg Huyen, 2018, tr 72-80) - \'(//)^' cao ndng lire ve bdo ve vd chdm soc nhom yeu the: nhdm yeu the dupc de cap la tro em \ a phu nir - nhiimg ngudi de bi ton thuong qui trinh phit trien Theo ChildFund bao \e chim sdc tre em li cac hanh ddng ngan ngira hoic giai quyit van dc ve bao lyc, bdc lot, xim hai xao nhang ye em (ChildFund, 2015-2018); song d day, chimg tdi chi tim hieu viec nudi dudng va an sinh cho tre em (Child security) C6 nhieu td chirc INGOs quan lam den ITnh vuc da neu, nhung dang chii y li cic td chirc nhu Save for Children ChildFund, Worid Vision ActionAid \'di td chuc Sa\'e for Children, nhiing dy in dupc trien khai d cic tinh thugc \ iing DTTS va mien niii ciia \'iet Nam nhu tai Lao Cai ngoai ITnh vyc giao due da trinh bay tap trung vio ITnh vyc lien quan din bio ve, cham sdc tre em: (I) siic khde va dinh dudng, \ dl cac hgp phan: chim soc ba me vi tre so sinh, nang cao nang lyc cho bi dd va nhin \ iCn / gp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'3 - 2020 y tl cpng ddng, cung cip thilt bj y te cho tre so sinh, nang cao tinh trang dinh dudng cho tre em, eung cip vitamin A; (2) bio ve tre em: ning cao nang lyc va chit Iupng cua he thdng bao v^ tre em, chdng bao lyc vdi ye em; (3) quin tri quyen tre em: gdp phin trien khai cdng udc vl Quyin fre em ciia Lien hiep qude; (4) giim tinh frang ddi ngheo ddi vdi tre em; (5) giim thieu rui ro tai nan va iing phd vdi tinh frang khin cip Cac ITnh XTIC da neu ciing duge nhieu Id chiic quan tim, nhu dy in cua CARE cd hoat ddng ngin chin nan dudi nudc cua tre em DTTS d huyen Mai Chau, tinh Hda Binh; dy an ciia td chuc APHEDA tai tinh Bic Kan (1999) cd hgp phin thyc hien chuang trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve tiem chung cho tre em"*; dy in cua ActionAid tai cic tinh Ha Giang, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Som La, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang (2001 - 2017) ciing cd nhirng hpp phan lien quan den cham sdc sire khde ban diu cho bi me va tre so sinh, giim linh trang ddi ngheo cho fre em, tao dieu kien vat chit cho tre em duge tdi trudng, chdng bao lyc tre em, thuc day quyen fre em trudng hgc (ActionAid, Bio cio thudng nien, 2005 - 2018) Vdi cie du an cua ChildFund tai ba tinh Hda Binh, Bic Kan, Cao Bang hoat ddng tir nam 1995 den nay, ed ba mye tieu vi hoat ddng ehinh: (1) cii thien su tham gia ciia fre em, tieng ndi vi quyen dai dien cua fre em; (2) ling cudng ning frr thich irng ciia tre, die biet li bio ve tre em; (3) xiy dyng ning luc vi mdi lien ket giira cic cgng ddng va chinh quyen dja phucmg lrong viec bio ve tre em (ChildFund, 2015 - 2018, tr 11) Ning cao nang lyc ciia phu nir dugc the hien hoal ddng ciia cac du in lien quan den binh ding gidi vi chdng bao hinh phu nir Chang han, uu lien thupc cic chucmg trinh hinh ddng cua ActionAid, cd uu tien ve xiy dung cic giai phip xa hpi vi chinh tri cho phy nir vi tre em gai (AcitonAid, 2014, tr 8) Trong ITnh vuc hoat dpng cua CARE, c6 ITnh vuc quan tim din DTTS, die biet vol phu nir tam nhin dai han, tat ca cic du an, CARE ludn xem xet cich lam viec vdi phu nir DTTS de cho ben virng^ Van de binh ding gidi chu yeu duge tiep can dudi gdc dp ve quyen, vdi diem then chdt la nang cao vi the cua phu nu frong tao thu nhip vi sy tham gia cua hg de phat trien cdng ddng Cd the neu vi du qua dy in cua ba td chirc SNV, OXFARM, CARE ve "Trao quyen cho phu nii qua nang cao gii tri cua chudi sin pham ndng nghiep", dupc trien khai tai hai tinh Lio Cai vi Bic Kan tir 2016 - 2019 Qua hd trg viec frong qui, chin nuoi lgn d tinh Lio Cai, trdng chudi d tinh Bic Kan, dy in di tao sy kit ndi giiia phu nii frong vung dy an vdi cac doanh nhan va ddi tie khic, nang cao co hdi cho cic hoat ddng tap the cua phy nii, diy manh su lien ket giira phu nu vi cic tac nhin ciia chudi gii tri de thuc diy ca hdi tham gia hoat ddng kinh te ciia phu nir ' Xem Save for Children, https://vietnam.savethechildreDnet/what-we-do (Tray cap 16/3/2020) ' \ c m : Union Aid Abroad APHEDA, https.//www.apheda.org.au/tap/Vietnam/ (Tmy cap 16/3/2020) ^ Xem "To chuc CARE Quoc te tai Viet Nam: H6 trg nang cao \'i thi cua phu nir dan tgc thieu so" Iren Irang: https:// www.care.org.\WwT>content/uDloadis/2ni9/05/CVN REMW-summarv_final-VN pdftTnA'cap 16/3/2020) '"Women's Economic Empowerment through Agricultural Value Chain Enhancement (WEAVE)", in' https://snv,org/projccLwomens-economic-empowcrment-through-agricu]tural-\alue-chain-enhancement-weave (Truy cap 16'3 2020) S liff/ng.Vu.J't • •''•'' _ Cac dir an eiia t6 chirc CARE lien quan diin phu nir DTI S \ i c l Nam deu hirimg den ba muc tieu: (I) dam bao phu nir co the ti^p can dupc thu nhap; (2) phat trien cac nha liinh dao nir; (3) giai quyet bao lire gicri \'cri eac dir an na\ C.\RE luon long ghi-p, phong ngira va \ u ly bao l^^c dua tren ca so quan he gicri, Cae ehuan mire van hoa khac khien phii nil gap nhieu riii ro hem, vi di^ t6 chiJrc lam viec vcri ca nam \a nii- dc thay doi nhan dure nham giiip mpi nguai hieu dtrpc tie dpng tieu circ ciia bao lire cip quoc gia CARE van dpng eho nhirng thay dSi v6 bao lire gicri tap trung vao thtrc trang ciia phu nir DTTS \ a giam sat i6 dam bao cac di6u luat lien quan dirpe thire thi da\ dii tai vitng nong thon Vi du, phu nir lang eua du an lap nen mpt nhpm 6i tim hieu lpai hinh san xuat npng nghiep men, to chirc cung lam vice vai chfing eiia eac vien lrong nhom de giiip hp nhin nhan vai tro gicri va nhirng dinh kien gicri eimg nhac dang gop phiin gay bao lire Chi tinh nam 2017 du an eua CARE da eo anh huong iin 80.000 phu nir DTTS' Niin^ cao nang lire hoat dong sinh ke Sinh kc- eua eac DTTS thutmg la canh tac nong nghiep, lam nghiep va Iam nghc thu eong Cac hoat dpng nang cao nang lyc sinh ke cita INGOs rat da dang, co the dirpc long ghep nhimg du an vcri miie tieu chinh khong phai sinh ke, nhu img vcri bii;n doi hau, nang eao vai tro ciia phy nir gia dinh va cpng dong Cac d(r an eiia INGOs lien quan den nang eao nang lire eho cae DTTS de canh tae nong nghicp lam nghiep, eo xu huong khuyen khich hp phat huy the manh cua eay eon giong dia phucmg, k^t hpp voi ap dung tri thire ky thuat de tang nang suat; co tri thirc va lien kil voi thi truang Vi du, dir an "Phat trien lhi trucmg nong thon - Tang cucmg vc sinh va chuoi gia tri Ilia \ a lan % i sire klioe moi truang va an ninh lucmg thuc Viet Nam" to chire CODESPA trien khai tai hai tinh Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang tir 2010 - 2014, da ap dung each ticp can thj truong mpl sp linh \arc tac dpng den ngucri dan Hoat dpng cita dix an bao gom chuoi gia tn ehiin nuoi Itm thiim eanh liia biing ky thuat bon phan cat lien Sau nam trien khai dtr an da mang lai lai ich; thu nhap cita ngucri dan tang len nho liing nang suat lua; hang tram nghin hp nong dan ap dung phuang phap bon phan mcri tai 40% dicn tich liia a khu vuc du an, giiip tiing W„ nang suat Iiia; 500.000 nguoi dupc dam bao an ninh luang thuc, ti-ong eo 350.000 nguoi la DTTS (Don Tuin Phong, 2018, ti" 102-104) Ciing voi canh tac ciiy eon giong dja phuang, nhieu dir an tap huan cho ngucri dan canh tac gifing mai \ ii ap dung khoa hpc - ky thuat trpng qua trinh eanh tae, nhu trpng ngfi lai, mang bat dp, lam phan xanh \ i sinh, ky thuat canh tac tren dit doc, bao ve thtrc vat (Do Phuang Huyfin, 2018 tr 57-5S) Du an mang tay tren cat ciia ngucri Cham a thon Tuan Tu (xa An Hai huyen Ninh Phuoc tinh Ninh Thuan) to chirc SNV tai trp vap nam 2018 eung la diln hinh cho viee nang cao nang luc canh tac dua tren ap dung khoa hpe - ky thuat Tai ' Xctu "T^ chtic CARE Quoc Ie Iai Vtel Nam: Ho trg nang cao vj the cija phy nir dan lpc thieu so", iren trang: hnps «v™.carc.org.TO«p-conlenl/uploadsa019 05 C\'N_REMW-summary_nnaI-VN.pdf (Tmy cap nyay 16 -> 302111 Tgp chi Ddn loi hgc so 3-2020 thdn dit trdng liia rat it: quanh thdn ehu yeu li cdn eat va tnrdc diy chi dimg nai lim khu chin tha gia sue Dugc sy ho trp ve gidng va tip huin ky thual trdng mang tiy, 40 hd ciia ngudi Cham thupc du an da eanh tic ming tren cat, frong hg canh tac nhieu co tdi tren 20.000m", hp canh tic it - hem 1.000m" De canh tic, cin bdn phan cho ming, sir dung ngudn nudc tudi va chdng siu benh - nhiimg ky thual mi trudc day ngudi dan chua biet Vio miia thu hoach ming, cii 1.000m" mang se cho thu nhip khoang 400.000ddng/ngiy Viec nang cao nhin thirc dan den thay ddi tap quin canh tic da giup ngudi dan md rpng sinh ke, gdp phin xda ddi giim ngheo ITnh vyc lam nghiep, de nang cao thu nhap cic dy an thudng hudng vio rimg nguyen Heu ket hgp vdi chin nuoi dudi tin ning, phit trien lim sin ngoai go Dilu dd cd the thay qua dy in "Phat trien cay miy gnip cii thien sinli ke cho ndng dan ngheo tai huyen Tucmg Duong" OXFARM tii trg Dy in tap huin cho ngudi dan ky Ihuat uam trdng va cham sdc may - mpl loai ciy dia phuang; tham quan cic mo hinh tdt dc xay dung mo hinh trdng miy (cic md hinh vudn uom va md hinh trdng may tham canh); va lien ket thi Irudng lieu thu (ket ndi vdi cic doanh nghiep che bien, sin xuat hang thu cdng may fre dan, thiic day tieu thu nguyen lieu may ben viing va vdi gia trj cao) Do du anfrangbi nhirng kien thirc va ky ning phat trien sin xuat theo dieu kien cua dja phuang, nen di tao viec lim va thu nhap dn dinh cho ngudi din tham gia, gdp phan giim ngheo ben viing (Don Tuan Phong, 2018, tr 102-104) Td chirc CARE cung gdp phan giup cac DTTS nhu Tiy, Niing d huyen Chp Ddn, tinh Bic Kan nang cao nang lyc phat trien rimg, vdi dy an "Nang cao nang luc cgng dong quin ly rirng", thyc hien tir 2006 - 2009 Dy in di tap huan cho ngu'di dan ky thuit rimg, chim sdc bao ve rirng vi tham quan, hpc tip md hinh kinh le dya vio rimg d nhung dia phuang khic Cd dy an vdi muc tieu ngoii sinh ke, song cung cd hgp phin nang cao sinh ke cho ngudi dan Dy in "Cau lae bg phip luil vi ddi sdng"' CARE hdfrp.dupc thyc hien tir 2007 - 2009 lai hai xi Ndng Ha va Ndng Thinh, huyen Chp Mdi, sau dugc nhan rpng hai xi Cdn Minh va Luong Thugng, huyen Na Ri, tinh Bic Kan la trudng hgp nhu vay Ngoii viec hd trp phu nir tich cyc tham gia giai quyet nliiing van de lien quan den quyen Igi ciia minh, cac Cau lac bg cdn tri sinh hoat djnh ky hing thing de lap huan ve sinh ke Theo dd, cd 290 tap huan vien li ndng dan thudc cic nhdm sd thich nuoi lgn, gi, trdng lua, lac, dau tuang, khoai lang, cay keo dugc nang cao nang Iyc; han 1.300 phu nir ngheo tham gia 167 nhdm sd thich dugc tap huin, chia se cac md hinh sinh kl Nhd dd, cd hem 90% thinh vien nhdm sd thich da ap dung kien thiic tap huan frong chan nudi, tring trpt nen ning suit liia dat 2,8 tan/ha/, dau tuang - 17.5 ta/ha lac - 23,3 ta/ha (Dd Phuang Huyin, 2018, tr 55-56) Ning cao ning lyc de phit frien lieu thii cong nghiep dam bao sinh ke cung la djnh hudng dugc cac dy an ciia INGOs quan tam Hiu nhu moi DTTS deu cd truyen thong lam mpl so nghe thii cong nao dd, nhu del thd cim (Mudng, Thii, Dao, Hmong, E-de), ren (Hmdng), dan lit (Kha-inu), gdm (Cham) Cic nghi trudc day chu ylu dip irng nhu ciu S i'lrang Mian "^'!i Cic dy in ciia id chtic CARE lien quan din phu nu DTTS d \"ict \am diu huiVng den ba myc tieu: (1) dam bio phu nii cd ihc tilp can dupc thu nhap; (2) phal frien cac nha lanh dao ntr; (3) giii qu\ct bao lyc gidi \di cic dy in C.VRE luon ldng ghep phdng ngira \a \ir ly bao luc dya fren ea sd quan he gidi Cic chuin myc \aii hda khic khien phy nii gap nhieu nii ro han vi the td chiic lam \ iec vdi ca nam va nii dc Uiay ddi nhin tinic nhim giilp mpi ngudi hieu dugc tic dpng tieu cyc cua bao lyc cap qudc gia CARE van dpng cho nhiing thay ddi ve bao lyc gidi dd tip frung vao thyc trang cua phu nd DTTS \a giam sit de dim bao CLIC dilu luit lien quan dupc thyc lhi day du tai \ img nong thdn Vi du phy nii: lang ciia du an lip nen mgl nhdm de rim hicu loai hinh san xuit nong nghiep mdi, td chirc niy ciing lam \ icc \ chdng cua cac lhanh \ ien nhom dc gitip hg nhin nhin vai trd gidi vi nhOmg dinh kien gidi cimg nhic dang gdp phan giy bao lyc Chi tinh lrong nim 2017 du an cua CARE da cd dnh hudng din 80.000 phu nu DTTS\ Nang cao nang lire hoat dpng sinh ke Sinh kl cua cac DTTS thudng la canh tic nong nghicp, lam nghiep va lam nghe thu ciing Cac hoat dgng nang cao nang lyc sinh kc cua INGOs rat da dang, cd the dupc long ghep lrong nhiing dy an vdi muc lieu chinh khong phai sinh ke, nhu ting phd vai bien ddi hiu nang cao vai trd cua phu nii lrong gia dinh vi cdng ddng Cic dy an ciia INGOs lien quan den nang cao nang luc cho cac DTTS de canh lic ndng nghiijp Iam nghicp cd xu hudng khuyen khich hp phat huy the manh ciia ciy giong dja phuang, ket hgp vdi ap dung tri thuc ky thuat dc tang ning suat; cd In thiic vi lien kci vdi thi Irudng Vi dy, dy an "Phat frien thi tnrdng ndng thon - Ting cudng ve sinh vi chuoi gia tri Iiia va lgn vi sire khoe mdi Inrdng va an ninh Iirang thyc d Viet Nam" to chirc CODESPA trien kliai tai hai tinh Yen Bii, Tuyen Quang tir 2010 - 2014, di ap dyng each liep can thj frudng mgt sd ITnh vyc tic dpng den ngirdi dan Hoat dpng ciia dy in bao gdm chuoi gia tri chan nudi lgn, tham canh bang ky thuit bon phan cai tien Sau nam fricn khai, dy in da mang lai lgi icii: thu nhip ciia ngudi dan tang Icn nhd lang nang suat Ilia; hang trim nghin hg ndng dan ap dyng phuang phap bon phan mdi tai 40% dicn tich Iiia a khu vuc du in, giup lang 30% nang sual liia; 500.000 ngudi dugc dam bao an ninh hrangthuc, dded 350.000 ngudi li DTTS (Ddn Tuin Phong, 2018, tr 102-104) Ciing \ai canh lac ciy gidng dia phuang nhieu dy an cdn tip huan cho ngudi din canh tic gidng mdi va ap dung khoa hgc - ky thual qui trinh canh tic, nhu trdng ngd lai, ming bat lam phan xanh vi sinh, ky thuit canh tic tren dil ddc, bio ve thyc vat (Dd Phuang Huyin 2018 li 57-58) Dy an irlng mang tiy fren cat ciia ngudi Cham d thdn Tuan Tii (xa An Hai huyen Ninh Phudc tinh Ninh Thuan) td chirc SNV tai trg vao nam 2018 cung la dien hinli cho viec ning cao ning Iyc canh tie, dua tren ip dyng khoa hpc - ky thuat Tai " \cm: "Td chitc C.\RE Quic 1^ l^i Vict Nam: Ho trg nang cao vj the ciia phy nii dan tpc thicu so", tren irang: https; , wv\-\v circ org \ n wp-conlent'upload&2019/05 C\'N_REMW-summary_nnal-VN.pdf (Tmy cap uj^jy 16? 2020) Tgp chi Pan tdc hgc so - 2020 thdn dit trdng lua rat it; quanh thdn chti yeu li cdn eat vi trudc diy chi dung noi lim khu chan thi gia sue Dugc su ho frp vl giong va lap huan ky thuat frdng mang tiy, 40 hg ciia ngudi Cham thudc dy in da canh tic ming tren cat, hg canh tic nhilu co tdi fren 20.000m^, hp canh tic it - hem OOOm" De eanh tic, cin bdn phan cho mang, sii dyng ngudn nudc tudi vi chdng sau benh - nhirng ky thuat mi tnrdc day ngudi dan chua biit Vio miia thu hoach ming, cii l.OOOm" ming se cho thu nhap khoing 400.000ddng/ngiy Viec nang cao nhan thirc dan den thay ddi tip quin canh tic di giiip ngudi din md rpng sinh ke gop phin xda ddi giim ngheo ITnh vyc Iim nghiep, de nang cao thu nhap, cic du in thudng hutmg vao trdng rimg nguyen lieu ket hgp vdi chan nuoi dudi tan rimg, phit tricn lam sin ngoai go Dilu cd thi thay qua du an "Phat trien cay may giup cii thien sinh ke cho ndng din ngheo tai huyen Tuong Duang" OXFARM lii trg Du in tap huin cho ngudi dan ky thuit uam lrong va chim sdc miy - mpl Ioai cay dia phucmg; tham quan cic mo hinh tdt de xay dung md hinh frdng may (cie md hinh vudn uam vi md hinh trdng may tham canh); va lien kit thj trudng tieu thu (ket ndi vdi cae doanh nghiep chl bien, san xuit hing thu cdng may tre dan, thuc day tieu thu nguyen lieu miy ben viing vi vdi gii trj cao) Do dy an trang bi nhung kien thuc va ky nang phil frien sin xuat theo dieu kien ciia dja phucmg, nen da tao viec lam va thu nhip dn djnh cho ngudi din tham gia, gdp phan giam ngheo ben vung (Ddn Tuan Phong, 2018, tr 102-104) To cliure CARE cung gdp phin giiip cic DTTS nhu Tay, Niing d huyen Chp Ddn, linh Bic Kan ning cao nang lyc phit trien rimg, vdi dy in "Nang cao nang lyc cdng ddng quin ly rimg", thyc hien tir 2006 - 2009 Dy an da tap huan cho ngudi dan ky thuat trdng rimg, chim sde bao ve rung va tham quan, hgc tip md hinh kinh te dya vio rimg d nhiing dia phuang khac C6 dy an vdi muc tieu ngoai sinh ke, song ciing cd hgp phin nang cao sinh ke cho ngudi dan Dy in "Cau lac bg phip luat va ddi song" CARE hd trp, dupc thyc hien tir 2007 - 2009 lai hai xi Ndng Ha va Ndng Thjnh, huyen Chp Mdi, sau dugc nhin rpng hai xi Cdn Minh vi Luang Thupng, huyen Na Ri, tinh Bic Kan li trudng hgp nhu vay Ngoai viec hd frg phy nir tich cyc tham gia giai quyet nhung vin de lien quan den quyen lpi cua minh, cac Cau lac bp cdn tri sinh hoat djnh ky hing thing de tap huan ve sinh ke Theo do, co 290 tap huin vicn la nong din thupc cic nhdm sd thich nudi lgn, ga, trdng lua, lac, dau tuang, khoai lang, cay keo dupe nang cao nang lyc; han 1.300 phu nii: ngheo tham gia 167 nhdm sd thich dugc tip huin, chia se cic md hinh sinh ke Nhd do, c6 hem 90% vien nhdm sd thich di ap dung kicn thtrc tip huin chin nudi, frdng trgt nen nang suit Iiia dat 2,8 tin/ha/, dau tucmg- 17,5 ta/ha lae-23,3 ta/ha (Dd Phuang Huyin, 2018, tr 55-56) Nang cao ning lyc dl phit triln lilu thu cong nghiep, dam bao sinh kl cung Ii dinh hudng dugc cac dy in eiia INGOs quan tam Hiu nhu moi DTTS diu cd truyin thong Iam mdt so nghc thii cdng nio do, nhu del thd cim (Mudng, Thii, Dao, Hmdng, E-de), ren (Hmdng) dan lit (Kho-mii), gom (Chim) Cac nghi trudc day chu ylu dip irng nhu ciu Vtrmig.\'u.:- I'i'H ty cip ty tiic Khi chuyen sang nen kinh to thi trudng, nhieu sin pham thu cdng CUJ cac DTTS frd thinh hing hda dugc ua chupng nhit la gan vdi phil trien du ljch Tai khu \ ^c mien ntii linh Thanh Hda, tinh din nim 2019, cd khoang 700 thdn/ban thupc 54 xa cd nghc v i ling nghe imyin thdng dang tri hoal ddng Cac nghe nhu d?t thd cam theu ren, dan lit may fre, dan cot, u rupu cin niu rugu sieu men li, ren da hinh tir lau ddi v i co nhieu sin pham ddc dio Trong sd niy, c6 khdng it sin pham frd hang hda v i din bien tren thj trudng, nhu mat hing may fre dan, thd cam, rugu can, rugu sieu men li N i m 2006, to chtic World Vision da hd trp "Nhdm del Mudng Lang Chanh" tip huin nghe det ta tim Sau hon chuc nam ton tai, sin pham ciia "Nhdm d?t Mudng Lang Chinh" cd chit lugng nen da lim dugc chd diing tren thj trudng va ed mat d nhieu hpi chp frong nudc, qudc tl Sin pham lam phin Itin bin cho khich du ljch nudc ngoii, mpt sd cdn dupc bin d thi trudng Nhil Ban, Singapore Viec fri va phal triln cae nghe truyin thdng d i gdp phan tao viec lim, ting thu nhip va frmg budc chuyen dich co cau kinh tc frong ndng nghiep, ndng thdn (Khdi Nguyen, 2019) Nang cao nang lyc quan ly tai chinh cua gia dinh va phit triln c^ng dong - Ndng cao ndng luc qudn lv tdi chinh cua gia dinh: INGOs rat chii frpng ning cao ning lyc quan ly lai chinh ciia gia dinh eic DTTS Vdn sdng nen kinh te ty cip la chinh dya vio nguon lgi thien nhien tir lau ddi nen nhieu gia dinh DTTS it quan tim hach toin Id Iai frong hoat ddng sinh ke v i chi tieu Nep sdng khien hg luin quan vdng np nin, ngheo ddi Bdi vay mdt so dy an cua INGOs da xay dyng quy tin dyng de giup cac hg ngheo cd vdn lim in, ning cao ning Iyc \ e hach toan lrong sin xuit, khien hp ed y thirc liet kiem Tai tinh Yen Bai, dy in cua to chuc World Vision vio nim 2004 da khuyin khieh ngudi din tiet ki^m va xay dyng he thdng tin dung nhd qua djch vu tii ehinh vi md Cac nim 2007 - 2009, dy in cua td chirc CARE frien khai tai tinh Bic Kan da thinh lap cic cau lac bd phip luil va ddi sdng, dd c6 viec xay dyng quy ciia cau lac bg, thyc hien cho vay bang cich binh xet (Dd Phuang Huyin, 2018, fr 54-55) Thiet lap he thdng tin dyng d i neu, cac du i n dua tren nguyen tic tin chap, phii hgp vdi vin hda, dieu kien ciia viing DTTS va mien niii Theo dd, ngudi vay khdng phai lim nhilu tini tyc hinh chinh v i khong cin die chap, chi cam ket vdi td chiic cho vay De xay dyng loai hinh tin dung dd, INGOs dya vao cac td chirc chinh tri - xa hdi d co sd, nhu Hpi Phu nir, Hdi Ndng din, Doin Thanh nien Nhimg to chuc ay cd the tryc tiep thyc hien, hoac cd lhanh phin tham gia vao djch vu lii chinh vi md Dieu dd the hien sy linh hoat cua INGOs, ludn thich ting vdi bdi canh ehinh tri - xa hdi d mdi nudc - \dng cao ndng lire lrong phdt Iriin cdng dong: de nang cao ning lyc phit triln cpng ddng ctia cic DTTS, cie dy in ciia INGOs da chii frpng xay dyng nhimg loai hinh t l chiic nhu nhdm sd thich, nhdm phat trien cpng ddng, cau lac bp hay mang ludi Qua ngudi din, nhit li nhirng ngudi ngheo cd them ca hpi dugc tham gia, bieu dat y kiln, nguyen vpng v i cic nhdm niy chinh la hat nhan cho su phat trien cua cgng ddng Trong Chuang trinh Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd3 - 2020 phit triln vting cua Worid Vision, cdn cd sy hgp tic vdi cie linh nguyen vien thdn bin Tinh nguy?n vien la ngudi dan dja phuong, dugc dio tao de van dpng cu din frong thdn xdm xay dyng kl ho^ch, thyc thi vi giim sit hoat dgng cua chuang trinh (Dinh Quy Dp chu bien, 2012, tr 74) Dy in "Ning cao nang lyc phy nii ngudi dan lgc thieu sdfrongtilp can cic ca hpi vi dich vu phit triln sinh ke" cua CARE, dugc trien khai tir 2010 - 2012 tai tinh Bie K^n da xay dyng 13 cau lac bd phap luit vi ddi sdng, tao thuin lgi eho phu nii ngheo chia se thong tin va kinh nghiep sin xuat, ning cao nang lyc, tham gia rich cue vio tiln trinh quyet djnh lien quan den ca hpi phat trien kinh te, cung cap dich vu vi thyc hien chinh sach d dja phucmg Ngoii ra, dy in cdn thinh lap dugc 40 nhdm sd thich vdi khoing 300 lhinh vien de phil trien kinh te, nhu eic nhdm frdng ming, lrong mia, frdng rau xanh, nudi lgn, nudi bd (Do Phuang Huyin, 2018, tr 55-58) ActionAid cdng uu tien viee lhinh lap eac nhdm phal trien cpng dong dya fren lgi ich chung de mpi ngudi cirng chdng lai ngheo ddi vi bit cdng Theo bio cio nim 2014 cua ActionAid, frong cic dy in da cd 409 nhdm dupc thinh lap va tri hoat dpng thudng ky Cic nhdm niy li tic nhan tao thay ddi cgng ddng, nang cao quyen ciia mdi ngudi bing cich hieu rd quyen cua minh, tti hinh dgng de bao ve quyen ay cing nhu huy ddng sy hd trg hi chinh quyen dja phucmg vi cic ben Hen quan Qua dd, viec tham gia vao cic nhdm giup tieng ndi cua hp manh me, ed trgng lugng han, vi vi vay su thay ddi se dien ben virng han Cic lhinh vien ludn dinh Ihdi gian cho boat ddng cua nhdm de xay dyng nhdm ngiy cing ldn manh Nhiing cam kel vi hoal dgng cpng ddng se dupc thye hien va cung ed thong qua cie nhdm phal trien cpng ddng (ActionAid, 2014, tr 8-10) Cung vdi thinh lap cac nhdm phat trien cdng dong, ActionAid xay dyng cic mang ludi phyc vu cho phit trien, ma Dy an "Xay dyng mang ludi xi hpi vi an ninh luang thyc" la mpt vi du Dy in niy dugc trien khai tu nam 2004 tai tinh, frong dd cd linh Dien Bien thupc vung DTTS va miln ntii Day li mang ludi frong khudn khd "Mang ludi an ninh luang thyc vi xda ddi giim ngheo" (CIFPEN) Ngoii viec giup dd lhinh vien dim bio an ninh lucmg thuc, mang ludi niy cdn khuyen khich vi tao dieu kien cho ngudi ngheo tryc tiep tham gia vio cic qua trinh hoach djnh chinh sich, thyc thi chinh sach hoic dieu chinh chinh sach (ActionAid, 2005,fr.37-38) Ket luan Trii qua gin ba thap ky, INGOs di vien frg nhieu dy in cho phit trien viing DTTS vi mien ntii ctia Vi?t Nam Vdi eich tilp can tir dudi len (bottom up), INGOs ludn chii trpng cap cpng ddng vi ddi hrpng chii ylu li ngudi ngheo, nhdm yeu the, cimg nhirng ngudi vi he thdng td chuc c6 trach nhiem fro giiip hp Cic dy in eiia INGOs thudng da hop phan, dd hiu hel deu cd hgp phan ning cao nang lye hoic lien quan den van de niy Tir quan diem "cho cin cau, khong cho ca", viec ning cao ning Iyc ciia ngudi din, cin bp vung DTTS vi mien niii li hoat dpng quan frpng cua nhimg dy in thugc INGOs Dya tren cic ITnh vuc ma l(«77ii:.Vi-i.' IfHt INGOs uu tien trien khai tai Viet Nam, bai viet di trinh biy, phan rich nhdm ITnh W^" "^n^ cao nang lyc d viing DTTS va mien ntii ciia INGOs, li ve nang cao nang lyc y i^giio dye, chim sdc vi bao \ e nhdm ylu the; hoat ddng sinh ke; td ehiic, quin ly gia dinh va phit trien cpng ddng Hoat dpng nang cao ning lyc ctia INGOs c6 tic dpng tich eye den phat trien nguon nhin lyc eua cic DTTS, ke tii vdn ngudi den lyc lugng lao dpng Nang cao nang luc lic dpng ttji sy thay ddi ca ciu kinh te vimg DTTS va mien nui: tti ea ciu ndng nghicp - khai thie tii nguyen vdi tinh chil ty cap, chuyen sang ca ciu ndng nghiep - tieu thu cdng nghiep dich vy,frongdd gin vdi sin xuit hing hda d cic miic dp nhat dinh Vdi nhdm yeu die ma chu yeu Ii ngudi ngheo, phy nir vi fre em, nang cao ning lyc cho hp di tic ddng den cii thien cic quyin cua hpfrongphit trien Hoat dgng ning cao ning lyc eua INGOs tic dpng ldi giu" gin va phil buy gii trj vin hda tpc ngudi, bdi cae dy an ludn chufrpngdie diem cua cgng ddng, phit huy Ihl manh, giim thieu han ehe frong qui trinh trien khai Viec nang cao ning Iyc cua INGOs tic dpng din xay dyng cae md hinh phat trien d vung DTTS vi mien nui Ben canh nhimg tic ddng tich cyc neu fren, hoat ddng ning cao ning lyc eua INGOs cho cic tpc ngudi tai viing DTTS vi mien nui d Viet Nam cting cd mdt sd han ehe Cie dy an ciia INGOs thudng vdi von dau tu khdng ldn, song \a,\ dan frii Phin nhieu vdn dy an ehi cd vai tram nghin dd la My nhung hd trp cho edng ddng d cae dja phuomg khic Vi the, ngoai kinh phi hanh chinh, vi?e dau tu cho ngudi din khdng nhieu Mpt sd md hinh ve ning eao nang lyc ma INGOs thyc hi?n thudng gidng nhau, cd the cdng tai dia phuomg niy nhung lai it cong d noi khac Hoat dgng cua INGOs dya vao dpi ngy can bp dia phuang de frien khai, song cung each quan Heu cua mpt ca nhan nao ciing lim giim hieu qui dy an Viec danh gii mtic dp tic dpng tich cyc tu cic dy in ciia INGOs d vung DTTS vi mien mii cd liic gap khd khin bdi c6 nhiing dy in bang vdn vay ODA vi vdn dau tu eua Nha nudc Vi$t Nam eimg trien khai vdi muc tieu khdng may khic biet Tai lieu tham khao ActionAid, "Bdo cdo thudng nien 2005-2018", tren frang: https://viemam.actionaid org/vi (Tmy cap ngiy 13/3/2020) ActionAid (2005), "Bdo cdo thudng nien", tren Irang: https://vietnarn.actionaid org/vi (Truy c^p ngiy 13/3/2020) ActionAid (2014), "Bdo cdo thudng niin", fren trang: https://viemam.actionaid org/vi (Truy c|p ngiy 13/3/2020) Lai Lam Anh - Nguyen Thanh Dtic (2017), "Cic INGOs boat dpng frong ITnh vyc y te d Vi?t Nam", Tgp chi Nhung vdn de kinh te vd chinh trf the gidi, Sd 5,fr.67-74 Nguyen Quynh Anh (2018), Hoat dgng cda cdc tS chuc phi chinh phd nudc ngaai ITnh xnrc ndng cao nhdn thuc vi bien ddi hgu tgi Viet Nam (1994 - 2017), Luan van Thac si qudc tl hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hdi vi Nhan vin, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noj Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd'3 - 2020 Ban Dilu phdi vien frp nhin din (2001 - 2017), Bdo cdo thong ke vien tra phi chinh phu nudc ngodi tgi ViitNam, Ha Npi Lan Chi (2016), ^'Cdc td chuc phi chinh phu nudc ngodi dong gop cho phdt triin vung ddn tdc thiiu so vd mien niir, fren trang: http://comingo.gov.vn/chitiet/thong-tin-hoatdong/cac-to-chuc-phi-chinh-phu-nuoc-ngoai-dong-gop-cho-phat-trien-vung-dan-toc-thieu so-va-mien-nui-2016-2-28-23-14-451 (Truy cap ngiy 15/8/2019) ChildFund Viet Nam, "Khung mo td chucmg trinh su tham gia cua tri em vd bdo ve tri em, 2015-2018",frenfranghttp://childftind.org.VTi/vi/an-pham-file/1044 (Truy cap ngiy 16/3/2020) Dinh Quy Dp (Chti bien, 2012), Cdc to chdc phi chinh phu quoc ti: Vdn de noi bdt, xu hudng ca bdn vd tdc dong chii yiu, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Hi Ndi 10 Lien Hoing (2018), "Quy tir thien Atlantic Viet Nam", fren trang: https://www.atlantic phiIantliropies.org/ (Truy cap ngiy 15/3/2020) 11 Dd Phuang Huyen (2018), Hogt dgng cua cdc to chirc phi chinh phu nudc ngodi lrong linh vuc xoa doi gidm ngheo khu vuc Tdy Bdc Viet Nam (1996 - 2015), Luin van Thac sT quoc te hge, Trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xi hpi va Nhan vin, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi 12 Nguyen Dtic Nhit vi cgng sy (2015), Nghien ciru cdc mo hinh gidm ngheo ciia cdc doi tdc quoc ti d Viet Nam, Bao cio, MOLISA, frish Aid, UNDP 13 Khdi Nguyen (2019), "Bio tdn va phit trien cic nghe truyen thdng viing dan tgc thieu sd: Can ddn bay manh me", fren trang https://baamoi.com/bao-ton-va-phat-trien-cacnghe-truyen-thong-vung-dan-toc-thieu-so-ean-don-bay-manh-me/c/31644053.epi (Truy cap 15/3/2020) 14 Ddn Tuan Phong (2018), Von vien trg ciia cdc to chuc phi chinh phu nudc ngodi phdt triin kinh ti - xd hgi a Viet Nam, Luan in Tien sT chuyen nganh Kinh te phit uien, Hpc vien Chinh tri qudc gia Hd Chi Minh  ... SNV tai trp vap nam 2018 eung la diln hinh cho viee nang cao nang luc canh tac dua tren ap dung khoa hpe - ky thuat Tai ' Xctu "T^ chtic CARE Quoc Ie Iai Vtel Nam: Ho trg nang cao vj the cija... SNV tai trg vao nam 2018 cung la dien hinli cho viec ning cao ning Iyc canh tie, dua tren ip dyng khoa hpc - ky thuat Tai " cm: "Td chitc C.RE Quic 1^ l^i Vict Nam: Ho trg nang cao vj the ciia... 2018, tr 102-104) To cliure CARE cung gdp phin giiip cic DTTS nhu Tay, Niing d huyen Chp Ddn, linh Bic Kan ning cao nang lyc phit trien rimg, vdi dy in "Nang cao nang lyc cdng ddng quin ly rimg",