ảnh hưởng của tôn giá đối với đời sống gia đình trẻ vị thành niên ở anh quốc nghiên cứu quan điểm của giới trẻ và cha mẹ

JANHORWATHJAIMNET LEES" PETER SIDEBOTHAM"* Nghien dill TSngiio So 9«0(158), 2016,115-141 ANH HU-6NG CUA TON G L O DOI VOfI D d i SONG G U DINH TRE Vf T H A N H NIEN O ANH QUOCNGHIEN Ciru QUAN DIEM CUA GlOd TRE VA CHA ME' Tom lit: Phdn lan ngudi tnrdng thdnh dAnh cho rdng minh gan ket vai mot niim tin ton gido Tuy nhien, rdt it ngudi biit ton gmo ed anh hudng tdi ddi sdng gia Snh, ddc bii, lien quan den nhung phuang phdp nuoi dgy tri vi thdnh nien Cdc tdc gid bd sung cho nhOng hgn chi vi mat nhdn thdc ndy bdng vifc eong bo kit qua eua nghien cim Snh tinh vi gidi Iri vd cha me nhung nguai cd niim tin ton gido vd tham gia vdo cdc thuc hdnh ton gido khde Nhang phdt hifn ndy cho thd,- niim tin ton gtdo anh hudng ten cd nhOng diiu cha mf mong mudn ddi vdi cua hp vd ldi song eua gidi tre Han nua, quan diim nhdn thuc cua dng bd, bpn bi ddng trang lua vd nhung dp luc xd hpi len giai tre thdm nhudn thdi dp cua cd cha me vd gidi tri Tuy nhien, quan diim eita edc nhd lanh dao ton gido dudng nhu khong ed dnh hudng ndo Cde Idc gid dua kit ludn dua tren nhung ur lifu dupe phdt hifn cita nghien cuu ndy tir vifc khdo sdt nhung cdch thuc md gidi tre vd cha me thuang lupng vi su lua chpn ldi sdng cua tri vi thdnh nien Tir khda: Vj thdnh nien, Anh qude lua chpn, cupe sdng ldi song, nuoi dpy con, ton gido Dan nhap Mdc dii Weber vd Durkheira dy dodn rdng dudng nhu tdn gido dang khong suy gidm; rad hon till, ciu ttdc cua tdn gido dang tiiay doi tu sy tgp trung vdo tiiilt cbl chuyin sang tap ttung vdo tilm ndng "Univeriiiyof ShefTield England _Silcoaies School England •"Warwick Medical School England Bdi hdo dupe ddng atn Social Compass Vol 59 N June ^01 ^ 2S7 77s K de 771, Influence o/Rel.gi.m on Adolescem Family UfeinTn^Z^- ^ V , Study cf,he Views of Young People ami Parems * "*" EwUmatory 116 NgitiencOtiTSogiHo 569810-2016 ngudi (Blasi, 2002; Pargament, Magyar-Russel vd MurraySwank, 2005) Vl du, Davie (2007) md td vl bdi canh nude Anh, kit ludn rang ed nhan cdng sdn sdng bilu dgt nilm tin md khdng thudc ve mdt cpng ddng diic tin ndo Kit qua Id ban sdc tdn gido ed the Ud nen ldng leo, ngdy cang dugre djnh hinh bdi nilm tin ea nhdn va bdi cdnh hom la cdc thilt cbl tdn gido (Gibert vd Slay, 2007) Trong trudng hgrp thi anh hudng cua tdn gido din chuc ndng gia dinh nhung nam dlu thdp nien tali hai cua thl ky XXI ndy nhu thl nao? Cd nhirng ngudi van cdn U'ch eye taam gia vdo cdc c$ng dong due tin dugc hudng ddn bdi nhiing nha lanh dgo tdn gido hodc niem tin cd nhan ciia hp dupe uu lien? Gidi tre d Anh ed tti nhiing h? tadng nilm tin dupe hpc tii thdi tiio lu nhu Helve (1991) da phdt hien ttong mii lien hf vdi gidi tr6 d Phan Lan khdng? Hay tte vj tadnh nien Anh cd coi tdn gido nhu sy ty lya chpn cupe sdng ddi vdi nhung ngudi thiy tdn gido hip din, nhu Hughes, Suwanbubbha vd Chaisri (2008) da chi ttong gi(5i Ue Austtalia hay khdng Day Id nhiing edu hdi md cdc tdc gia sd gidi quyet bdi viet ndy, vdi viec tap trung cy thl vdo ddi sdng gia dinh, ddi song vj thdnh nien ciia nhumg ngudi md cd nilm tin tdn gido vd tham gia thye hdnh tdn gido d Anh Cde bge cha m? ddng vai Ud quan ttpng ttong viec trao ttuyln quan diem, gid trj vd niem tin bdi chi'nh hp tgo mdi Oirdng phdt ttiln dau tien eho vi?e xd hpi hda diia tre Tuy nhien, d dp tudi vj thdnh nien, gidi tte bdt ddu phdt ttien ed ti'nh, tai gidi quan vd nilm tin riSng ciia minh (Aldgate, Jones, Rose vd Jeffery, 2006) Bdi ae vj tadnh niSn s& trd thdnh ngudi ttirdng thdnh ngn giiii tte ngdy cdng trd n6n dpe Ifip vdi gia dinh vd nhirng mdi trudng thii hai nhu trudng hpc, cpng ding vd cdc mgng ludi xd hpi Nhiing mdi ttudng dd cd till dnh hudng din tai gidi quan eua hp (Helve, 1991) Khdng ke din ylu td nilm tin tdn gido, ed cha me vd tre vj thdnh nien van gdp phdi nhirng thdch thiic xa hpi Phuang Tdy duong dai Nhiing thdch thiic ndy bao gdm sy chuin bj cho liia lull vj thdnh nien ttong vai ttd ngudi trudng thdnh, sy tdng nhiing nii ro hay nh$n thuc ve sy rui ro nguy hilm dli vdi tre vj thdnh niSn d thl gitW bSn ngodi gia dinh vd sy xdi mdn cua gia dinh vd trp gitjp xa hpi (Small ^nHorM!th,]annetlees,Pe!berSiti^x*tam Anh hudfigaJa tdn giaa 117 vd Easttnan, 1991) Hon niia, Coleman (2000) lap ludn ring su taay ddi nhanh chdng ve kinh tl vd xa hdi ttong vdi thap nien gin day khien cho gitji tte dudng nhu suy nghi khac vdi cha me minh vl eae van de nhu cdng vi|c, gia dinh, giditt'nhva tinh due Diiu cd thl din din cang tadng giiia gidi tte vd cha me Nhiing su khac biet dd cd tae md rdng sang tdn gido Vf dy, Davie (2007) ttfch din nghien cuu cdc gid trj Chau Au (European Values Study) [nghien cuu vl su fliay ddi cbi'nh tti, vdn hda - xd hpi d Chau Au tii nam 1945; xem: Halraan, Antiiony, Abela, Harding vd cac cdng sy (2001)], phin ldn cdc dii lieu gdn ddy dupe tau tadp dupe tu ndra 1999 tdi nam 2001, cho tady gidi tte kem silng dgo so vdi tai he ldn ttidi hon Tuy nhien, phdt hign ndy chi rdng tte vj tiidnh nien cd kha ndng ban ttxing vigc ttai nghigm nhirng logi hinh tdn gido mdi Davie kit ludn: "Day Id the hg md phan ldn hp bj tau hut bdi y nifm sy bign hiiu cua Chua khdp vu ti\f (Chua d ttxing tdi) vd nilm tin rdng cd "cupe sdng sau chit" (Halman vd edc cpng sy, 2001: 239) Mdc dd gan ddy da ed taem nhiing nghien cuu vl tdn gido vd gia dinh nhung khodng ttdng nghien cuu ndy vin cdn ,dt ldn Chdng hgn, tdng quan tdi hgu vl cdc nghien ciiu taye nghigm ttong ITnh vyc ndy dupe edc tac gid sir dyng dii hgu dien ni ttong giai doan 1996 2006, ket qua cho taly sy ddng nhit ciia 72 nghien ciiu thye nghigra dupe xudt ban tten cdc tgp chf (xem: Horwata vd Lees, 2010) Nghien ciiu ndy sir dyng tir khda ton gido vd cdc biln sd nhurinhton gido kit hpp vdi qud trinh nuoi dgy cdi tri em, tri v / thdnh niin, vd sp nuoi dgy edi diing vd du, ddi sdng gia Snh vd nhirng tir ddng nghTa (chdng hgn nhu cha/me tudi teen, gia Snh) Trong cdc nghien ciiu dupe xdc djnh, 34 dupe tiln hdnh d Hoa Ky vd 20 dupe tiln hdnh d Vuong quIc Anh; cdc nghien ciiu ndy chu ylu Id nghien cim djnh lupng quy md nhd Cdc nghien ciiu ndy cd khuynh hudng nghien ciiu mpt tdn gido cy the: 55 bdi vilt tap nung vao Do Thai gido - Kitd gido hodc Islam gido Chi cd 26 nghien cihi lien quan din ue vitadnhnien tir 12 din 18 tudi Nhung nghien ciiu ndy cd xu hudng tap ttung vdo khfa egnh cua qua trinh nudi dgy eon cdi, nhu sy trao ttuyln nilm tin tdn gido (Flor va Knapp, 2001) \d tt'nh ky lugt tdn gido (Gershoff, MdlervdHolden, 1999) ^ ^^ Nghien alli tftri 'gko Sdsmo - 2016 Muc dich bdi vilt ldm phong phu taem nghien eiiu ttong ITnh vyc Muc dfch dgt dupe dua txin nhirng kit qud cua nghien cim djnh tuih quy rad nhd nhdm xdc djnh nhiing Ilnh vyc cua ddi sdng tte vj tiidnh nien mattongdo cha ra? vd gidi d^ taupe cde tdn gido khde tin rdng tdn gido cd dnh hudng tdi qud ttinh nudi dgy cdi, gid tti vd niera tin cua gidi tte Bai vilt dua kit lugn dya tt^n nhiing phuong phdp khdo ciiu khde nhau, ttong cha me vd tte vi tiianh nien, nhihig ngudi dd taam gia vao nghign ciiu ndy dua cdc y kiln kbdc nhutte vjtadnhnien nen nhu tai ndo, ldm nhiing gi, qudn tti cupe sdng eua minh vd dua nhihig sy lya chpn eude sdng nhu tai nao Phinmg phap nghien eiru Nghien ciiu ndy sii dyng edc phuang phdp nghien cim djnh tinh bdi nd cho phep tau tiidp vd phdn tfch da ligu dya trgn taye tgi xd hpi ciia nhiing ngudi taam gia (Participants - dli tupng nghien eiiu - ND) Nhiing phuang phdp ndy tgo diiu kifn khdo cim vdn dk phirc tgp vd tl nhj nhu tdn gido vd qud ttinh nudi dgy edi Hon niia, nhiing phan ling mang ti'nh xung dpi vd khong rd rdng dupe nghiSn cim qua cupe dieu tra khde (Denscombe, 1998) Nghign cuu sir dyng cdc nhdm tgp ttung (focus groups) de thu tadp dii ligu vl nhiing nhdm ndy tgo ca hpi cho ngudi taam gia tado luan cdu hdi nghien cuu vdi nhiing ngudi khde, vd eho phep cdc nhd nghifn ciiu khdo sdt nhiing quan dilm tuong ddng vd bdt ddng (Kitzinger, 2000) Trong Kitd gido vin Id tdn gido chilm uu tai, nude Anh ngdy cdng tto tadnh rapt xa hpi da tdn gido vd nhiing ngudi theo Islam gido dan tgo tadnh mpt tdn gido Idn Diiu ndy dupe minh chiing bdng so 1,6 ttieu ngudi dang sing d Anh nhgn minh Id tin dl Islam gido ehiem khodng 2,8% tdng dan si nude Anh (Vdn phdng Thing kf Quoc gia, 2001), Tr€n linh thin nhu vgy, nghien ciiu dupe tiln hdnh tgi rapt tadnh phd phfa Bde nude Anh, noi ed ty If tin dl Islam gido cao hon ty If ttung binh: 16% (Vdn phdng Thing kg Qude gia, 2001) Thdnh ndy dupe chpn vi khd ndng tilp egn miu cao, bao gdm ea nn K,to g,do vd Islam gido Nghien eim dupe tiln hdnh theo cdc giai dogn nhu sau: Giai doan 1: Thilt Idp nhdm chu dao Jan Horwatti, Jannet Lees, Peter Sidebotham Anh hudng cda ton giaa 119 Thiet lap mdt nhdm chu dgo dja phuong de giam sat du an dupe xem la vifc lam can thiet Trong nghien ciiu, dieu quan ttpng taupe vl bdn chdl dd la cdc nha nghien cuu phdi cd sy tadu hieu tai gidi md nhiing ngudi tham gia dang song (Matthews, 2005) Nhdm ddng vai ut) ddng kg xuyen suit qud ttinh nghien eim Vi dy, hp tu vdn cho cdc nha nghien ciru ttong vigc chpn mau, phucmg phdp tau tadp du bfu vd 1^ gidi vg cdc tdi bfu dupe phdt hifn Cdc nhdm va cac id chuc tdn gido dja phuang lam vigc vtii cha me va gidi tre tren dja ban dk tadng bao ve cudc nghien cuu vd mdi hp taam gia vdo nhdm chu dgo bdng each gui td roi qua diln ddn tdn giao ciia tadnh phd (Nhimg td roi cung cap thdng lin ve mye dich, dli tupng cua cudc nghien ciiu nha tai trp cho nghien ciiu, tadnh vien ciia nhdm nghien ciiu, cdch tilp egn vd each thdc edng bd kit qud phdt hifn) Hai muoi id chute tdn gido da hudng iing Kit qud da lap dupe nhdm gdm ca nam vd nii (a mixed-sex group) la cdc tin dd Co Ddc gido, Hindu gido, Islam gido dang sinh sdng hojc ldm vifc cdng ddng Nhdm ndy bao gira cd nhirng ngudi cd sy hieu bill cd nhan hodc chuyfn nghifp vl vifc nudi dgy tre vjtadnhnign Giai doan 2: Xdc djnh chu dl nghien eiru va phmmg phdp thu thgp do- lifu Cdc nghign cuu ttong phin tdng quan lu lifu quan tdm din anh hudng cua ldn gido ddi vdi vifc nudi dgy tre vj thdnh nien, cd xu hudng sir dyng mau tir nhiing nhdm tdn gido cy thl d My Do dd, cdc nhd nghien ciru cdn ddm bdo rdng edu hdi nghien cim phdi phii hpp vdi ca gidi tre va ede bac cha m?, nhirng ngudi cd nifm tin vd dang taam gia taye hdnh cac tdn giao kbdc d Anh quIc Dl lam dupe diiu ndy vifc dlu tifn phai tham vin gidi tre Mpt mau ddnh cho gidi tre tir 13 din 15 tuli nhiing ngudi dang theo cdc tdn gido khde dupe lya chpn tii Irudng taupe cde tdn gido d dia phuang: Islam gido (n = nhdm: I nhdm nam vd nhdm nii); Cdng gido (n = nhdm: nhdm nara vd nhdm nu); Tin Lanh (n = nhdm: cd nam lln nu) Chung tdi chpn nhiing tre dp tuli tir 13 din 15 bdi d dp tudi ndy gidi tre khdng chi phdt triln md cdn bit dlu ly gidi the gidi taeo quan diem rieng eua minh, dd cd nilm tin tdn giao (Helve 1991) 120 Nghien ciiU Tdn giao 569810 - 2016 Bang Tong quan vl cdc chu dl chfnh vi chu dl phv dw/c khao sat nghien cihi Chii de chfnh Ban sac tdn giao Cae chu dl ph^ Ddng sau nilm tin ttong gia dinh cd tdn gido vd gia dinh khdng tdn gido, chii nghTa eye doan, bdo vf nilm tin Sy yeu tauomg vd Cdch nudi day cdi vd sutayc hdnhtinhky lugt tt'nh ky lugt Trdch nhigm gia Myc tifu cupe sdng, ngbl nghifp, sy giau ed dinh vd le tilt tdn gido Cde gid trj gia dinh Sy lya chpn dm nhge vd ttang phye, bdo vf tiian thl vd giao tilp vdi cha m? Quan hf gidi tt'nh Tmh dye ttong hdn nhdn, gido dye vetinhdye, tinhttgngdongtt'nh,quan hf U£n tdn gido Tinh hih, nghj Tinh hiiu nghj giiia cdc tdn gido, sy ngupc dai Moi ttudng chi djnh mpt si cdc nhdn vifn ciia minh ldm vifc vdi ttr cdch difu phii vign nghign cihi Diiu phii vign ndy phdt td roi bao gom tadng tin dupe md td nhu tten nhung phd hpp vdi nhdm tuli vd vdi nhiing hpc sinh ttong dp tuli ndy Bin muoi ngudi tte ty chpn tiiam gia vdo cdc nhdm tado ludn cua ttudng mii nhdm tir din nguo, taam gia Mdi trudng hpc sg ed hai nhdm Trong nhihig nhdm ndy, gim ue khao sdt sy lign quan gifta tdi ligu phdt hifn chi'nh tir ting quan ttr lifu vdi nhiing ngudi ttg dang taeo tdn gido vd sing ttong tiidnh cua hp Nghifn cim sii dyng cdc ky taugt ghi chfp vd phdng van de thu tagp dti ligu Cde ky taugt ndy dupe tailt kl dl tim hilu quan diem cua gidi tre, eimg vdi nhiing mdu lign quan, tim hilu nhiing cdch tauc rad tdn gido dnh hudng len cdch nudi dgy tre vj tadnh nien d Vuong quoc Anh (chi tigt ban xem: Lees vd Horwartii, 2009) n^^en^l 1""' ' ' ' " '"' ' ' ' ° "'''""« ""'P ""y "^P "^^ 'ããô" "hChig nguyen tdc ly tauyet ngn tang; tadng tin gd bdng phdng vin dupe so sdnh v^ nhau, dupe ma hda vd ehu thfch, dam bdo cdch tilp can ma de xdc dinh cac nhan td cd lign quan din gidi tte Jan Horwath, Jannet Lees, Peter Sidebotham >l^/7Ai/tJ>^aefl»7sea 121 ^fhiing miu quan ttpng nhdm ddnh gid gidi tte tiu'ch hpp vdi tiing chu de, vd sau dd dupe nhdm chu dgo dja phuong khdo sdL Nhdm ndy xic dinh nhiing ngudi md hp xem la quen vdi cha me rtr nhiing nhdm tdn gido ttong cpng ddng dja phuong Diiu cd nghTa nhiing ehii dk dupe lya chpn, nhiing chu dk phu vd cdc mdu duoc sii dung ttong nghign eiiu ndy phai phil hpp vdi ca gidi tte vd ngudi ttudng tadnh Bang dua tdng quan vl chu dk chfnh vd cac chii dl phy ma Chung tdi su dung Nhiing chu dl duac lya chpn da tao diiu kign khdo sdt anh hudng ciia tdn gido ddi vdi gia dinh va nhiing each taiic md gim tte ben kgt vd cha me ky vpng chung lien kit vdi tai gidi ben ngod, Nhdm nghign ciiu da sdp ddt nhiing chu dl cbi'nh vd chii dl phy ndy cho gid, tte vd cha m?tadoludn ttong nhdm tap ttung Ca gidi tre vd cde tadnh vien cua nhdra chu dao dlu cho ,ing nhung mau dupe su dung ttong nhdm tap ttung cin phdi duoc ttinh bdy mpt cdch cudn hut de tao diiu kign dl ddng eho tado luan nhdm Mpt logt cdc cupe "tado ludn ttyc tifp" (Talking heads) ttinh bdy ttong dia DVD dupe xem Id phuong tifn ldm vifc hifu qud ("Talking heads" Id cym tii dupe dimg dk raigu td vl mpt ngudi phdt bilu ttyc nep tiudc mdy quay) Dia DVD tado ludn ttyc tilp ghi hlnh cdc sinh vign tgi mpt ttudng cdng lap da vdn hda d rapt tadnh phd khde d Anh Dia DVD cudi eimg, cdc ralu dupe tap hpp Igi vdi cdc chu dl vd chu de phy khae nhau, dd ngudi diiu hdnh nhdm cd thl dimg vd cho ehgy DVD d bat cii diem ndo Tdi lifu gd bdng "dung nd." ciing dupe gui toi nhiing ngudi taam gia Giai doan 3: Nhdm tap trung danh cho gidi tre va cha m$ Tfnh tdn gido (religiosity) la khdi nifm rdt phirc tap, da ehilu kfch cung cdc khfa egnhrigngvd chung, nd bde Igi sy giditafchgidn dm, vd ed die gdy nhiing cdch hilu rit kbdc nhau, phy taupe vdo khfa canh md ehung la chpn lya (Regnems va Burdette, 2006: 179) Diiu day len nhiing vdn de lign quan din viec chpn miu Shaqie (1998) kit lugn rdng taira nhdn tdn gido quan ttpng ban vifc dinh nghTa nd vd chi cd mpt dmh nghTa chdn taye vl idn giao la rapt phdn cua tfn dl (on the believer s pan) (chii khdng phdi ciia ngudi quan sat) (Sharpe 199848, dupe in nghigng ttong dlu ngodc don ttong ban gdc) Tren linh tiian nhu vay mdu gidi tte va cha me ttong nghien cim duoc tu lua 122 Nghien ciixi Ton gido ^ S S i O - ^ ^ t f I chpn tten co sd hp ty rdign minh dang taupe ve niem tin tdn gido taam gia tauc hdnh tdn gido ndo Gidi tte dupe mygn ni 10 trudng d p hai noi gido dye cho nhiing em cd dp tudi tir 11 den 16 Nhdng trudng bao gdm trudng taupe cdc tdn gido kbdc dd cd sy cpng tdc giai doan hai vd taem vdo dd la trudng hpc khdng cd tdn gido Giong nhu giai dogn hai, digu phdi vien ciia trudng phdt cdc td roi \ I dy dn tdi gidi tte vd ddm bdo cd dom ddng ky cua phy huynh eho phfp minh tham gia, sau giri lai cho cde nhd nghien ciiu Cdc bde cha me dupe luyln lya tadng qua lign Igc n^o ddi migng vdi nhdm cpng ddng tdn gido dja phuong ciing nhu la trudng hpc vd td rci dupe dg d nhiing nai cdng cdng vd CO sd tdn gido Bd sung thgm 74 hpc sinh cd dp tudi tir 13 din 15, tir 10 trudng hpc dja phucmg taam gia vdo 10 nhdm tado lugn tap trung bdng vigc binh lugn vg cdc chii dl vd chu dl phy dupe sii dyng Idm mdu ttong DVD; dd, cd 34 hpc sinh nfl- vd 40 hpc sinh nam Tdt ca cd nhdm dupe td chuc nhdm chi ed hpc sinh nii, sd cd mpt nhdm Id nir hpc sinh tin dl Islam gido (n = 4), nhdm cdn Igi Id cdc nii hpc sinh taupe cdc tdn gido khde Mdc dii mpt nhdm dupe Id chirc cho hpc sinh nd ttudng Cdng gido nhung 12 trgn tdng so 14 ngudi taam gia nhdn minh la tin Cdng gido, cdn Igi mpt ngudi Id tin Hindu gido (n=l) vd mdt ngudi Id tin Kitd gido (Christian) (n=l) Hai nhdm chi cd nhiing hpc sinh nam, dd mpt nhdm bao gdm hpc sinh nam tin dd Islam gido (n=3) vd nhdm cdn Igi thupe cdc tdn gido kbdc (n=13) Hai nhdm cdn Igi, mpt nhdm todn bp Id tin dl Islam gido gdm nii vd nam, vd mpt nhdm hpe sinh tin Kitd gido, nam vd nir Tit ca cdc nhdm ndy gdp trudng hpc 77 cha me (khdng lign quan din nhiing hpc sinh ndy) tham gia them vdo 12 nhdm; si dd, cd 55 phu nii vd 22 nam gidi (xem bang de biet taem chi tilt nhiing ngudi taam gia) Phin Idn cdc nhdm cha me cd sy taam gia ciia cd hai gidi, ngogi trir mpt nhom nam gidi tin dl Islam gido (n=7) vd nhdm phy nd tin Islam gido (n=20), mpt nhdm cdc bd m? tin dd dao Tin Lanh (Protestant) (n=5) vd rapt nhdm cde bd me tin dd Cdng gido (n=2) 22 nhdm tgp trung ndy dupe tdc gia did hai cua bdi vilt hudng din thao lugn (Jannet Lees - ND) ^"Hon,eXh,]annetl£es, Peter SkS^xiOiam Anh hudng aia tdn giao 123 Bang 2: So lifu ngudi tham gia khao sat Ngudi tham gia tu nhan niem tin ton giao So lu^ng gidi tre co gdn vdi tirng tdn giao cu thl (n=74) Cdng gido Anh giao/ cdc hg phdi Tin Lanh khac Islam gido Khdng gdn bd vdi tdn gido ndo Hindu gido So luQng cha me co g i n vdi tong ton giao eg thl (n=77) 20 (27%) (9 nu) 11 (14%) (6 phu nii) 22 (30%) (9 nii) 29 (38%) (20 phu nii) 26 (35%) (14 nii) 24 (31%) (17 phu nil) (7%) (1 nii) (6%) (3 phu nii) 1(1%) (Inii) (10%) (5 phy nu) Tdng quan nghien ciiu vd cdc cupe tiido ludn vdi gidi u^ d giai dogn I va giiia cdc tadnh vien ciia nhdm chu dgo cho taly ban sdc tdn gido, tinh yeu tauong vd ti'nh ky ludt dupe xdc dinh Id nhiing Unh vyc chi'nh ehju anh hudng tir cha me Do dd, nhiing chii dl khdo sat ttong nghien ciiu ndy bao gdm ca cdc cha m? vd gidi ue nhiing ngudi ttinh bdy y kien cua minh uirdc mdy quay vg cdc chu d l dd Tilp taeo nhiing tadnh vien nhdra tado luan tap ttung khdo sdt taera -> chii dk sd ehii de cdn Igi Nhimg chu dl ndy dupe cac nha nghien ctiu chpn dg ddm bdo mdu tieu bilu nhiing ngudi taam gia din tir cdc tdn gido khde nhau, vd xa hon nua ed tai Id dgi dign cho ca hai gidi dupe diao luan d moi chu de Phan ti'eh va phat hifn Cdc tado luan eua tit cd edc nhdm tap ttung dupe ghi dm, ghi chep va phan tt'eh sii dyng phdn mem djnh tinh NVIVO taeo nguygn tie cua ly tauygt taye dja (grounded taeoiy) Cdc chii dk chfnh vh cdc chu de phy dupe xdc djnh tadng qua sy so sdnh edc dii ligu va dupe tap hpp ttong khung phan tfch Tdt cd cdc dir ligu dupe ft nhit hai tadnh vign ctia nhdm nghien ciiu talm djnh Tinh chat cua nghien cuu Myc lieu cua nghign cira nhdm thIu hilu dupe bdn chit cua nhiing cdch tauc md gidi tte vd cha m? sd hiiu nilm tin tdn gido vd 124 Nghien cilu Tdn gido 569810 - 2016 taam gia taye hdnh tdn gido cho rdng chung ed dnh burang dli vdi dM sdng tre vjtadnhnien Diiu ndy ed nghTa Id sy so sdnh quan diem nudi dgy tre vj tadnh nien giua cha m? vd gidi tt^ tu cdc tdn gido vd gitSi tt'nh kbdc nam ngodi pham vi nghien cuu ndy Kit qua Id ttong nhiing phdt hign dudi day dupe chiing minh bdi edc trfeb dan, vdn cd mdt sd khdng nhll qudn ttong chi tilt ngudn tu Hgu sdn cd eiia moi ttfch ddn bdi cd rapt so nhdra tap ttung Id da tdn gido, vf dy nhdra bao gdm tt'n dd Cdng gido vdtt'ndo Tin Ldnh (taugt ngii tfn dd Kitd gido (Christian) dupe sii dyng ttong trudng hpp ndy) Khdng phdi luc ndo cung ed tag xdc dinh dupe gidi tfnh ciia cha me hodc ngudi tte ghi chep Igi va phan tt'eh dii Hfu tii cdc tado lugn nhdm tap ttung Hon niia, mdc dil lit cd nhiing ngudi ttf cd dp tali tii 13 dfn 15 nhung ttili diyc cua timg cd nhdn khdng dupe biit Thilu tadng tin vl dp tuli vd gidi tfnh vi cdc nhd nghien ciiu e rdng vifc yeu cau nhiing ngudi taam gia tilt lp vl tali vd gidi tfnh trudc tado ludn nhdm tgp ttung cd thl cdn ttd tifn trinh tado lugn Can phdi nhln raanh rdng cdc kit qud phdt hifn dupe dya tten nhdn thirc cua nhiing ngudi tham gia vl anh hudng ciia tdn gido doi vtii vifc nudi dgy cdi Diiu ndy cd nghTa Id cdc nhd nghifn cuu khao sdt quan dilm vd nhgn thiic vl dnh hudng cua tdn gido dli vdi ddi song tre vj thdnh nign, cdc nhd nghign ciiu chi cd thl khao sdt f nghTa dudi gdc dp ly thuylt hdnh vi hon Id sy dnh hudng thye sy Ign hdnh vi Trong Knafo vd Schwart (2003) phdt hifn rdng tre vj thdnh nien nhgn thdc chfnh xdc vl thdi dp cua cha ra? thi Holen vd Edwards (1989) Igi phdt hign sy khde bigt giua diiu cha m? tin rdng hp dang ldm vd hdnh ddng nudi dgy cdi cua hp ttgn taye lien Cdc nhd nghign ciiu cung taira nhgn rdng ngudi ta khdng thl tdeh bigt niem tin tdn gido khdi cdc nhan td khde - nhiing nhdn tl cd tiig dnh hudng dfn qud trinh nudi dudng vd dgy tre Sherkat vd Ellison (1999) taira nhgn cd sy tuang ho giiia nilm tin vd taye hdnh tdn gido vdi cdc biln sd kbdc nhu gidi tfnh, dja vj xa hpi vd tuli tdc Han niia, sy giao thoa giOa tdn gido vd vdn hda rit phdc tgp vd gdn bd chdt che vdi (Stewart, Bond, Ho, Zaman, Dar vd Awar, 2000) Chdng hgn, cha m? cd thl cd nilm tin tdn gido gidng nhung cd nhiing nin tang vdn hda kbdc nhau, diiu dd dnh hudng din ^nHorviOh, Janneiiees, Peter Sd^xttiani Anh hu&ng aia tan giaa 127 nghia loan taong Islam gido" (Islamic fiindamentaUsm) (Osier vd Hussain, 2(X)5), cd tae anb hudng den vifc ty nguyfn xac nhdn tdn gido cua hp Tuy nhien, tit ed nhiing ngudi tte dlu cho rdng mdt ngudi cd tag xdc nhan nhimg gid tri ton gido cua minh md khdng so sy phan ung cua ngudi khde Nhung rapt sd ngudi tte, dang chu y la nhung ngudi tham gia Id tt'n Islam gido, da trdi qua xung dot giiia nin van hda duong dgi vdi nhung gid tti tdn gido, vd bp edm taly minh dang tinh trgng tign thodi ludng nan: Hope Id ngudi ta lua chpn di ciing vdn hda Phuang Toy vd nhimg CO gdi cd thi dn mpc theo cdch md cha mf hp xem Id khong thich hpp hoac la hp gia vdn hda ton gido cda minh, vd cde bde cha mf dang lo ldng vi dieu (diiu ndy dupe nhdn thirc nhu mpt su cpc doan (nii tfn dd Islam gido) Nhiing ngudi taam gia cung nhgn taire dupe rdng dnh hudng bgn ngodi gia dinh nhu bgn be, vdn hda tajnh hdnh, vd bdu khdng kbi chfnh tti hifn tadi cd taf dnh hudng tigu eye din tadi dp cua gidi tie ddi vdi taye hdnh ldn gido Mpt ngudi cha Id tt'n d l Islam gido gidi tiu'ch: "gidi tte nghT cha ra? chdng dang qua tay dpng dli vdi nilra tin vd thye hdnh tdn gido" Cha ra? nghT rdng vifc khdng cho edi quyfn lya chpn muc dp taam gia cdc hogt dpng tdn giao cd tai din ldi sy odn gidn Tuy nhign, cd cha me vd cdi dlu khdng cd sy ding tiiugn ve vifc dfn dp mdi ndo dd rapt ngudi n^ cd thl dua sy lya chpn, nhu vifc quylt djnh cd din nhd tad hay khdng Mpt sd cha rae vd cdi eho ring 10 tudi la ed tai dua sy lya chpn ttong mpt sd kbdc tai Igi cho rdng sy lya chpn chi cd taf dua md dda tte ldn hon vdi mdi Tinli yeu Ihuemg vd sff ky lupt Ky ludt dupe xem Id nin tang Kinh sdeh cua mdt sd ttuyln tadng tdn gido: "Nin tang cua tdn gido Id ky ludt; npi dung dd cd uong Kinh Koran, vd rtr sdeh Sdng Thl ky din Tan Udc Ky ludt cung cd lit cd rapi diiu" (Ue vj tadnh nign tin d l Tin Ldnh) Khdng ngogi lg, ky lugt cQng dupe nhiing ngudi tham gia xem nhu la khfa egnh tt'eh eye vd quan ttpng eiia sy dm dp vd tinh ygu din tir vigc chdm sdc cdi cda cha m? Thgt vdy cd cha ra? vd cdi dlu tin ring cdc bac cha me cd thim quyln nudi dgy cdi dupe Maceoby vd Martin (1983) ° Nghien cuU Ton giao 569810 - 2016 md ta nhu la su dm dp ttong gidi hgn vd chudn myc Cdc bge cha ra? nhdn taay "nguygn tie nghigm khde nhung cdng bdng" Id sy i^n luyfn quan ttong doi vdi tt^ vi tadnh nign, ngodi tt^o ddi vd tado l u ^ Id khfa egnhtt'ehcyc vd quan tt^ng ciia sy Im dp va tinh yeu din rtr vifc nudi dgy eon cai Mdt sd ngudi tte tudi nhdn mgnh ring vifc tailu ky ludt cho taly cha me khdng quan tdm din hp Tuy nhifn, gidi tte ciing cho rdng ky ludt qud kbit khe hay hgn cbl cd tai ddn din sy ndi logn hodc diia tte se sp cha me minh Cdc bac cha me eung da ttanh lugn tam quan trpng va taach taiic vf vifc tim mpt su can bdng giiia sy nghifra kbdc vd tinh yeu tauong: "chung tdi dang tira sy diiu chinh nhimg cdi md gai cua rainh muon ldm phu hpp vdi chung tdi nhung vdn dg cd b^ Idm nhimg gi cd bf mudn Diiu ndy cho phgp Chung tdi dam bdo sy cdng bdng nhung vdn nghiera khde" (ngudi cha tt'n dd Kitd gido) Sfc lifa ehgn va dp tudi _ Gillies, McCaitiiy vd Holland (2001) da chi sy ung hp, hudng ddn vd khuygn bdo gidn tilp quan ttpng hon Id vige kilm sodt dli vdi cdi, bdi dd la khdng gian dk cho eon cdi dua quylt djnh md khdng ehju sy dp lye hay dnh hudng tir phfa cha m? Nhiing ngudi ttf ttioittongnghign ctiu ndy cho ring hp cd quyln dua sy lya chpn vl v,^ ldm tag ndo qudn ttj cupe ddi minh vd khdng nen cd sy bit bupc ttr ph,a cha ra? Tuy nhien, ttong cha ra? eung cd khuynh hudng dong y VOI difu ndy, difra taen chit cua cdc cupe ttanh lu|in Id d dp tuoi ndo cdi cd taf dua sy lya chpn, vf dy, cd rit nhilu ngudi bdy ,0 quan d,fm vg vigc lign quan tdi mil quan hg tinh dye cung nhu hdrih V, phil hpp vdi hia tudi Cdc bge cha m? cung nhll trf "phai taua nhgn cd Id mpt ngudi vd phdi tdn ttpng chung" (bd m? tin dl Kito gido), vd cdi cung cin tdn trpng y kiln cua cha m? minh Tuy rdiien mpt sd ngudi tte tudi Igi Idp ludn ring "Mpt si cha m? nghT «ng hp luc ndo cung dung vd tagt khd dl chi cho hp taly hp sai" (nii tin Islam gido) vd mpt si cha ra? cam taly "cin phdi dua sy d.nh huong dde bigt la ddi vdi [mpt] gia anh ed tdn gido, nlu muln tot cho eon minh tai phdi dua sy djnh hudng dung ddn" (ngudi cha tm Islam gido) Cde bge cha m? kit lugn rdng vai ttd quan trpng cua cha m? cd tdn gido Id trao tmyin cdc gid ttj tdn gido: "Nlu xdy ^" Htxvath lannetLees, Peter Sd^xttiam Anh hudng cda tdn giaa 129 dyng du^K nin tang viing chdc till khdng cin phai lo ldng nua" (ngudi cha u'n dd Hindu gido) Nhung nhu rapt ngudi cha tt'n dd Cong giao cho hay "khdng bill diiu ndy Id ill hay xiu, xd hdi cin phdi hudng tdi tiidi dp mem mgi hon, hudng tdi cdi ma tt^ em cd tai ldm va chdc ehdn tdn giao la rapt phdn cua xa hdi khdng tai taay dli rapt cdch nhanh ehdng dupe Nd dang taay ddi din din" Giao ti^ Cdc bge cha me nhgn taly tdm quan ttpng eua cdc cudc tado luan md vd tadng tadn, taam chf cdc cudc tado ludn ndy lien quan din chu de khd nhu Id quan hf tinh due: "Chung tdi nghT ring chung tdi giao hep tot vo, nhiing dua cua minh va chung tdi ldng nghe chung md khdng ndng gidn" (ngudi me tin d l Kitd gido) Tuy nhign "Thinh thoang bpn ttf khdng bill chung tdi [cha m?] se phdn hdi nhu tai ndo nhu vdy rd rdng chung tdi khdng cd sy giao tilp tdt vdi chdng" (ngudi m? tt'n dd Hindu gido) Qud that, tte vj thdnh nien ttong nghign cuu ndy cd xu hudng dua nhihig gia djnh tigu cue vg su phdn img cua cha m? ttao ddi vl cdc chu dk nhu gidi tfnh diiu cd tai khdng dupe danh gia dya ttgn nhimg phan hoi cua cha m? Sp- Ifra chpn nghe nghifp Phan Idn gidi tte eho rdng minh cd quyln dua quylt djnh vl sy lya chpn nghe nghigp, mdc du hp cung nhdn taly cha me cd tai ddng gdp y kign bdng cdch dua ldi khuygn vl ngbl nghifp Mpt sd cdng viee tgo nhiing ddng gdp cho edng ddng dupe gidi tre taupe gia dinh cd tdn gido xem Id dl chip nhdn ban dli vdi nhimg gia dinh khde Nhiing edng vifc dd bao gdm ' T i t cd nhiing cdng vifc gidp dd nguoi khae bde si Ifnh ctiu hda, canh sal" (nam tfn d l Islam gido) Ca gidi tre vd cha ra? dlu cho ring nhiing cdng vigc lien quan din vi?c ddng dd uong cd cdn, bai bae, hdnh vi Igch lac va cac hoat dpng ph, phdp dfu phdi ttdnh Tuy nhign, cha m? "cd tai phdn ddi minh tham g,a vao quan dpi bdi cdc gia dinh tdn gido khdng cd taign edm vm y nigra giet ngudi" (nara tfn dd Cdng giao) Han niia ca gidi tre vd cha m? taira nhgn tan, quan trpng eua gido due: "Nlu rainh cd dupe nen g.ao dye tdt tai cd tai kilm dupe mpt cdng vigc nhu y" (ngudi m? tfn dd Islam gido) Chi cd mpt phin nhd ngudi taam gia chu Neu la gidi ue nghi rdng tiln Id vin dl dua lya chon nghi 130 Nghiin cuU Tdn gido 569810 - 2016 nghigp Tuy nhifn, cha ra? Igi coi ttpng ngbl nghifp, sy hdi ldng cdng vigc va ddng gdp cho cdng ding Nhung sdng kign cua chfnh phu Anh gan day dd nhan ragnh sy taam gia tt'eh cue cda trg vj tadnh nign cpng ddng (Ajegbo, Kiwah va Sharma, 2(X)7) Trong nghien ciiu cua chung tdi, gi