Ddi song xa hoi cua ngu'ofi cao tuoi Viet Nam cai di cu" IRAN THI TROC* Tom tat Trong bd'i cdnh ddn sd gid hda nhanh, ddi sd'ng ngudi cao tudi dang dd'i dien vdi nhieu thay ddi, nhiiu r&i ro vi kinh te, xd hgi vd sUc khde, thl xu hudng di cu ndng thdn - thdnh thi ngdy cdng mgnh lgi ldm cho ngttdi cao tudi, ddc Met la ngttdi cao tudi d khu vffe nong thdn them khd khdn han Tdc gid sff dixng bd sd lieu vi Khdo sdt Ngudi cao tudi Viet Nam (VNAS) ndm 2011 de phdn tich thttc trgng ddi sdng xd hgi c&a ngttdi cao tudi Viet Nam cdi di cU Nghien cffu cho thdy, nhffng ngudi cao tudi cd di cU se cd ddi sd'ng xd hdi tdt han nhttng ngttdi cao tuoi khdng cd di ctt Ttt khoa: ngudi cao tudi, di ctt ngi dja, tiin gffi, ddi sdng xd hgi Simunary In the context of rapidly aging population, elderly life are facing many changes and risks from economy, society and health That's why rural-to-urban migration make the old, especially in rural areas, more difficult The author uses Vietnam Aging Survey (VNAS) in 2011 to analyze the living situation ofthe old in Vietnam when their children create an exodus Research shows that the old having migrant children will enjoy a better social life than those who not Keywords: elderly Internal migration, deposit, social life ^ GlCtl THIEU Van de di cff de kid'm sd'ng cua cai cd anh htfdng rat Idn dd'n ddi sd'ng ciia nhffng ngffdi d lai ndng thdn, dac bidt la cha, me d dp todi "that thap cd lai hy" Nhin chung, ngffdi Iao ddng di cff se cd ddng gdp tfch cffc ve mat kinh te cho gia dinh thdng qua tien va hidn vat, ma hp gffi ve cho ngtfdi than Qua dd, gdp phan dam bao thu nhap, cung nhff cd dieu kidn nang cao sffc khde cho cha, me gia va nhttng ngtfdi ttong gia dinh d lai que nha Tuy vay, vide eon cai - Iffc Iffpng Iao ddng chinh gia dinh - di xa da de lai khdng It cac tac ddng bat ldi cho cha, me gia d qud cua hp, nhtf: stf lo lang cho cudc sdng ba'p bdnh cua cai hp nPi dd thi, cam giac cd ddn tudi gia cai di xa, phai ganh vac thdm cdng vide gia dinh va xa hdi thay con, hay khdng cd ngttdi giup dd cdng vide ddng ang Trong bd'i canh dan sdgia hda nhanh, ddi sd'ng ngtfdi cao tudi nhieu thay ddi vdi nhieu nil ro ve kinh te', xa hpi va sffc khde, cung vdi xu hffdng di cff ndng thdn thi cang manh dang tac ddng nhieu mat dd'n cupc sd'ng ngffdi gia, thi vide danh gia thffc ttang ddi sdng xa hpi cua ngffdi cao tudi d Viet Nam cai di cff la rat can thie't (Bdi viit sff dung cdch viit sd thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te) PHtfONG PHAP NGHIEN Ct/U Nham phan tich thffc trang ddi sdng xa hpi ciia ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam, dac bidt la ngffdi cao tudi d ndng thdn cai di cff, tac gia sff dung sd lieu tff cudc Khao sat ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam (VNAS 2011) cua Tdng cue Thdng kd Cudc khao sat dffpc thie't kd' dffa trdn kd't qua cila eude Dieu tra ve Dan so va Nha d Viet Nam nam 2009, ndn thdng tin cd tff cudc khao sat se mang tinh dai didn cho nhttng ngffdi tff 50 tudi trd len d Viet Nam d ca khu vffe ndng thdn va thi VNAS 2011 dffpc thffc hidn vdi hdn 4,000 ngffdi tff 50 tudi trd Idn d ca khu vffe Trong so dd cd 2,789 •Hoc vien Chinh sacti va Piiat trien I Email: tructuonglam@gmail.com Ngay nlian bai: 20/10/2016; Ngay ptian bien: 11/11/2016; Ngay duyet dang: 16/11/20iii Economy and Forecast Review 61 ngffdi ttt 60 tudi ttd Idn, vdi: 1,683 ngffdi cao tudi la phu nff va 1,106 la nam gidi; 2,050 ngffdi cao tud'i sd'ng d khu vffe ndng thdn va 739 sdng d khu vffe thi VNAS 2011 se cung cap cac thdng tin ve cac dac diem kinh te - xa hdi cua ngffdi cao tudi, cu the nhff sau: (1) Nhttng thdng tin chung ve ngttdi cao tudi, nhff: ndi sinh, ndi d, van de tdn giao, vide thd cung td tidn, bid't dpe, bid't vidt, tinh trang hdn nhan; (2) Thdng tin chung ve hd gia dinh cua ngffdi cao tudi nhff: so' d cung nhii va khdng sd'ng cffng nha, so' di lam an xa, nghe nghidp cua cai, thdng tin ve chau ndi hay ngoai sdng cUng, phai cham sdc va khdng sdng cung nha; (3) Nhttng ddng gdp cua ngttdi cao tudi, nhtt: vide nha, cham sdc con, chau, ngffdi than va hd trd tien eho ngffdi than; (4) Van de nha d nhff loai hinh nha d; (5) Nghe nghidp trffdc day va hidn tai, thu nhap tff cac nghe dd; (6) Tai san, cac ngudn hd trd tai chinh, cac ngudn thu nhap hd trp cho cupc sd'ng hang dd cd tidn gffi cua cai di lam an xa, vide hd ttd cua cai danh cho ngffdi cao tudi ttong cdng vide gia dinh va kinh doanh va tdng thu nhap cua hd gia dinh; (7) Ddi sd'ng xa hdi gdm vide tham gia cac td chffc xa hdi, nhff: hdi ndng dan, hdi phu nff, dpe bao, nghe dai ; (8) Vide hieu bid't ve quyen cdng dan; (9) Cac thdng tin ve sffc khde the chat, tinh than va cam xuc, gdm: vide tff danh gia ve sffc khde, cac trieu chffng sffc khde vdng 30 trffdc cupc dieu tra, cac bdnh mantfnh,nhff: khdp, tieu dffdng, huyd't ap eao, ttam cam, van de thi Iffc, thinh Iffc, cac hoat ddng the Iffc hang ngay, cac khd khan hay thuan lpi thttc hidn cac hoat ddng cham sdc ban than gdm vd sinh ca nhan, mac quan ao, an , ngffdi giup dd khdng tff thffc hidn cac hoat ddng cham sdc ban than, vide tham gia bao hiem y td', vide dieu tri chtta bdnh va chi tra cho dich vu chtta bdnh, sffc khde ^ Tac gia sff dung phffPng phap phan tich thd'ng kd de' md ta, so sanh thffc trang ddi sd'ng cua nhttng ngttdi cao tudi cd di ctt tff^ ndng thdn thi, hay cac khu cdng nghidp de kid'm sd'ng va nhffng ngffdi cao tudi khdng cd di cff, dac bidt la d khu vffe ndng thdn TINH HINH DCJl ^ONG CUA NGU'dl CAO TUOI CO CON DI ClJ VA KHONG CO CON DI CU Of VIET NAM Ddc diim nhdn khdu hgc cffa ngffdi cao tudi Bang I cho tha'y, sd ngffdi dp tudi 60-69 chie'm ty Id cao nha't 45.6%, khoang 1/3 sd ngttdi ttong dp tudi tff 70-79 Ve khia canh gidi tinh, phu ntt cao tudi chie'm 57%, cao hPn nam gidi cao tud'i de'n 14% Phan Idn ngffdi cao todi sdng d khu vffe ndng thdn (chid'm 67.1 %), d khu vffe thi chi cd 32.9% Ngffdi cao tudi cd hai chid'm cao nha't (36%) tdng sd ngffdi cao tudi va khoang 2/3 so ngttdi cao tudi sdng vdi it nha't mdt ngffdi con, ty lp ngffdi cao tudi sdng vdi vp (hoac chdng) xd'p thff chie'm 17% tdng sd ngtfdi cao tud'i Ba phan ttt so ngtfdi cao tudi cd di ctf npi dia (chid'm 75%), nhieu gap ba lan so vdi ngtfdi cao tudi khdng cd di cff Ve khia canh giao due Bang cho tha'y, mpt 62 nffa so ngffdi cao tudi cd tnnh dp hpc van tiia'p (chffa tdt nghidptie'uhpc hoac khdng hpc), ty Id ngffdi eao tudi chi hpc hd't cap mpt dffng thff chid'm gam 18% Nhin chung, ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam cd tnnh dp hpc van khdng cao Khoang gan 70% eac hp gia dinh cd ngffdi cao tudi cd thu nhap hd gia dinh ttong khoang tff 10 trieu VND dd'n 100 trieu VND ttong khoang thdi gian 12 thang trffdc khao sat BANG 1: DAC DIEM XA HOI, NHAN KHAU HOC VA SAP XEP CaOC SONG CCIA NGCldl CAO TGOI VIET NAM Bac diem Phin tram (cd trpng sS) Tu6'i 60-69 70-79 Tren 80 45.6 31.3 23.1 Nff Nam 57.0 43.0 Nong thon Thanh thi 67.1 32.9 Khong Mot Hai Ba Bo'n Ttf nam trd len 32.9 17.5 36.0 6.1 5.6 1.9 1.3 Gidi ti'nti Nc(i sfl'ng S6' So' trung binh Vige sap x§'p cu6c so'ng Song vdi it nha't mot So'ng mpt mmh Song chi v(Si vd (hoac chong) Khac 67.2 5.3 17.0 10.5 Khdng Cd 25.0 75.0 Khdng di hoc hoac khdng hoan tieu hoc Hoan tieu hoc Hoan trung hoe co sd Hoan phd' thdng trung hoc trd len Thu nhfip ciia hd gia dinh 12 thang trifdc cuoc dilu tra 50.1 Co di cvt Giao due It hdn 10 trieu VND Tff 10 trieu de'n dffdi 100 trieu VND Nhieu hdn 100 trieu VND L Ngudn: l i n h I 17.9 16.3 15.7 69.7 11.3 Ddi sd'ng xd hgi cua ngffdi cao tudi Bang cung cap cac thdng tin ve ddi sdng xa hpi cua ngffdi cao tudi, bao gdm: vide ngffdi cao tudi cd tham gia hay khdng tham gia bat ky mdt hoat ddng xa hdi nao dd; tin sua't cua vide tham gia cac hoat dpng xa hdi tff tham gia vai lan mpt nam cho dd'n tham gia hang ngay; la vien cua Hdi Ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam; la vidn cua Hdi Cffu chid'n binh; la vidn cua Hdi Phu ntt (ddi vdi phu ntt); la vidn cua Hdi Ndng dan; vide doc bao/tap chi; vide nghe dai; xem tivi; vide nghe dai phat cdng edng; va sff dung intemet cua ca ngffdi eao tudi cd di cff va khdng cd di cff Ttt Bang cd thd tha'y, ty Id ngttdi cao tudi cd di ctt tham gia vao eac hoat dpng xa hpi cao hdn dang ke so vdi ty Id nhttng ngffdi cao tudi khdng cd di cff Cu the: - Ddi vdi vdn di tham gia cdc hogt ddng xd hgi ndi chung: Ty Id ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff tham gia cac hoat ddng xa hdi ndi chung cao hpn ty Id ngffdi cao tudi khdng cd di cff tham gia eac boat dgng xa hpi la 9% Phan Idn ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff (chid'm gan 93%) tham gia cac hoat dpng xa hdi hang ngay, ttong chl cd hdn 7% ngffdi cao tudi khdng CO di cff cd the lam dffpc nhff vay Nhin chung, tan sua't tham gia cac boat ddng xa hpi cua ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff cao hPn rat nhieu so vdi nhttng ngttdi caotodikhdng cd di cff - Ve khia cgnh tham gia cdc td chffc xd hoi Gan 80% ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff tham gia Hdi Ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam, chi cd khoang 66% so ngffdi cao tuoi khdng cd di cff tham gia Hdi Bdi vdi Hpi Ndng dan, ty Id ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff tham gia cao hdn ty Id ngffdi cao tudi khdng cd di cff khoang Viec cai - Wc Wtfng Iao d6ng chinh gia dinh - di xa da de lai Ididng it cac tac dong ba't M cho cha, me gia or que cua ho, nhri: suT lo lang cho cudc s6'ng ha'p bgnh cua cai ho ncfi thi, cam giac c6 ddn tu^i gia cai di xa, phai ganh vac thgm c6ng vide gia dinh va xa h6i thay con, hay khSng co ngtfcfi giup dg cong vide d6ng ang 11% Gan 84% so ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff tham gia Hpi Ctfu chid'n binh, chi cd hdn 74% so ngffdi cao todi khdng cd di cff tham gia Hpi Bang cung cho tha'y rang, ty Id phu ntt cd di cff tham gia Hpi Phu ntt eung eao hPn ty Id phu ntt khdng cd di cff tham gia Hpi dd'n gan 10% - Lien quan din cdc hogt dgng vdn hda khde, nhtt: dgc bdo, nghe ddi, xem tivi vd internet Bang cung chp tha'y rang, ty Id ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff tham gia cac hoat ddng cung cao hdn so ngffdi cao tudi khdng cd di cff d ta't ca cac khia canh trdn Bang cung cho tha'y, nhin chung eon cai di cff se tao dieu kidn tdt hdn cho ngffdi cao tudi d qud nha tham gia cac boat dpng xa hdi Dieu cung phu hdp vdi BANG 2: DCJl SONG XA HOI COA NCadl CAO TOOl Cd di eff Khdng cd di eff Big'n so' Tham gia bat ky boat dOng xa bdi nao 28.41 Khdng 19.41 Cd 71.59 80.59 Tan sua't eiia viee tham gia eae boat dong xa hdi Vai lan mdt nam 77.27 22.73 Hang thang 87.34 12.66 Hang tuan 68.45 31.55 Hang 92.92 7.081 La vign cua Hdi Ngifdi cao tuSi ViSt Nam Khdng 20.32 34.13 Cd 79.68 65.87 La vidn cua Hdi Ndng dfin 26.52 Khdng 15.45 Cd 84.55 73.48 La thanb vidn cua HOi Ctfu chid'n binb Khdng 16.01 25.68 Cd 74.32 83.99 La tbanb vien cua Hdi Phu nff Vidt Nam {chl CO phu nit) Khdng Cd 20.02 79.98 29.85 70.15 Khdng Cd 27.19 72.81 22.51 77.49 Khdng Cd 23.47 76.53 44.43 55.57 Khdng Cd 19.16 80.84 27.1 72.9 30.43 69.57 24.09 75.91 18.59 81.41 28.85 71.15 Dpe bao/Tap ehi Xem tivi Nghe dai Su: dung internet Khdng Cd Nghe dai pbat thanb cdng cdng Khdng Cd rSguon: Tmh loan iU VNAS 20 ': Economy and Forecast Review 63 nghien effu Help Age Intemational d Moldova (2010) eho rang, cai di cff, thi ngffdi cao todi cdn lai d que nha se cd nhieu thdi gian hdn dd thffc hidn cac hoat ddng van hda, nhff: dpe bao, nghe dai, xem tivi, dpe sach Cu the, 73.2% ngffdi cao todi cd di cff xem tivi, ttong so d ngffdi cao todi khdng cd eon di cff la 64.6% Dd'i vdi van de dpe bao, ty Id ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff dpe bao cao hdn ty Id ngffdi cao todi khdng cd di cff la khoang 2% KET LUAN Nhin chung, d Viet Nam vide cai di cff di lam an xa se cd tac dpng tich cffc tdi ddi sd'ng tinh than cua ngffdi cao tudi d qud nha Mpt mat, sff phat trien cua cac phffPng tidn va hinh thffc thdng tin lidn lac, ndn ngffdi cao todi d qud va cai di cff xa vin thffdng xuydn hdn lac de ttao ddi thdngtin,tinh cam Mat khac, cai di lam an xa, cd cdng vide va thu nhap dn dinh hPn d nha, ndn ngffdi eao todi cam tha'y ydn tam ve todng lai cua cai nen cung sdng lac quan hdn Thdm ntta, cai di cff se hd ttd tdt hdn cho ngffdi cao todi ve mat tai chinh, vi vay ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff se dd phai lam lung vat va kid'm sd'ng hdn nhttng ngttdi khdng cd di cff va cd nhieu thdi gian hdn cho ban than de tham gia cac boat dpng xa hpi Ngoai ra, nhttng ngffdi di cff la nhttng ngttdi cd sffc khde va cd tri tue td't cua gia dinh, vl vay hp va'n de di ctf de ki§'m so'ng cua cai co anh hrfofng ra't IdTn dg'n dcfi sd'ng cua nhihig ngtfoTi d lai ndng thdn, d$c biet la cha, me d m tud'i "that thap cd' lai hy " di cff dd'n phd, la nhttng ndi van minh, ndn hp tid'p thu dffdc nhttng tinh hoa van hda ndi de'n va se ed nhttng anh hffdng tfch cffc Idn ddi sd'ng xa hdi cua cha, me d qud nha Nhttng ly deu phu hdp vdi nhffng kd't luan eua Khuon Chandore (2010) nghidn cffu ve tae dpng cua di cff len ddi sd'ng ngffdi cao todi d Cambodia Vide cai di cff se tao dieu kidn tdt hdn de cha, me hp d qud tham gia cac chffc xa hpi, nhff: Hpi Ngffdi cao tudi, Hpi Ndng dan, Hdi Cffu chid'n binh, Hpi Phu ntt hay tham gia dpe bao, nghe dai, xem tivi nhieu hdn so vdi nhttng ngffdi cao todi khdng cd di cff Day cung la mpt ttong nhttng dieu kidn giup ngttdi cao todi cai thidn dffdc sffc khde va sd'ng ed ich hdn cho xa hdi.Q TAIUEU THAM KHAO Tdng cue Thd'ng kd (2011) Khdo sdt Ngudi cao tudi Viet Nam Tdng cue Thdng kd (2012) Chuyen khdo vi di cttvd dd thi hda: thffc trgng, xu httdng vd nhffng khde Met Ld Bach Dffdng va Nguydn Thanh Lidm (2011) Tff ndng thdn thdnh phd: tdc ddng kinh texd hdi c&a di cu d Viet Nam, Nxb Lao dpng HelpAge Intemational and UNICEFT (2010) Staying behind: the effects of migration on older people and children in Moldova John Giles and Ren Mu (2006) Elder Parent Health and the migration decision ofAldult children: Evidence from rural China, IZA DP No 2333 Khuon Chandore (2010) Impact of migration on older age parents: Preliminary findings from two communes ofBattambang province, Cambodia Nguyen Viet Cuong (2008) Impact of intemational and internal remittances on household welfare: Evidence from Vietnam, MPRA paper No 25770, IO* October 2010 Pfau W D and Giang L T (2010) Remittances, living arrangement and the Welfare of the Elderly in Viemam, As;a« and Pacific Migration Joumal, Vol 19, No.4, 2010 Tika Ram Gautam (1999) Migration and the problem of old age people in Nepal, Dhaulagiri Joumal of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol.2, pp 145-160 QUANG CAO SO 29 i » ^ KINH TE VA DU BAO Trttdng Cao dang Giao thdng van tai 111 Cdng ty cd phan Giai phap doanh nghiep An Tam Cdng ty TNHH San xua't thffdng mai Thai Httng Thinh Cdng ty TNHH MTV thuy lpi Nam Ha Tinh ' 64 Bia Bia ^ Bjy \ Bia Kinh te'v;t rt,/ i,-n ... chi cd 32.9% Ngffdi cao tudi cd hai chid'm cao nha't (36%) tdng sd ngffdi cao tudi va khoang 2/3 so ngttdi cao tudi sdng vdi it nha't mdt ngffdi con, ty lp ngffdi cao tudi sdng vdi vp (hoac chdng)... so vdi nhttng ngttdi caotodikhdng cd di cff - Ve khia cgnh tham gia cdc td chffc xd hoi Gan 80% ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff tham gia Hdi Ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam, chi cd khoang 66% so ngffdi cao. .. 73.2% ngffdi cao todi cd di cff xem tivi, ttong so d ngffdi cao todi khdng cd eon di cff la 64.6% Dd'i vdi van de dpe bao, ty Id ngffdi cao tudi cd di cff dpe bao cao hdn ty Id ngffdi cao todi khdng