Thực trạng đời sống kinh tế của người cao tuổi việt nam khi con cái di cư nội địa

Thyc trang dori song kinh te cua ngu'di cao tuoi Viet Nam cai di cu* noi dia • • TRAN THl TRUC* Tom tat Bang viec dp dung phuang phdp phdn tich, thdng ki tren sdlieu dieu tra mffc sdng cua hg gia dinh Viit Nam (VHLSS2012), bdi vie't ddnh gid thuc trgng ddi sdng kinh ti'cua ngudi cao tudi (NCT) Viet Natn cdi di cu ngi dja Ke't qud nghiin ctiu cho thdy, tiin gffi tff di cu ngi dia ve cdc hg gia dinh cd NCT chii'm ty trgng cao tdng sdtien gffi Tff khoa: di cUngi dia, tien gffi, ngudi cao tudi Summary By applying the method of analysis and statistics on Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) 2012, the article assesses the economic life status of the Viegiamese elderly whose children migrate internally The outcome illustrates that remittances from, in-migration to elderly households account for a high proportion of total deposits Keywords: internal migration, deposits, the elderly GICll THIEU Giang, 2010) So vdi cac qudc gia phat trien, Viet Nam se dd'i mat vdi td'c dO gia hda nhanh hdn ga'p hai l^n ttong bdn thap nien tdi day Cu the, ty le NCT tff 65 tudi ttd len d Vidt Nam se tang gS'p ddi (tff 7% Idn 14%) ttong thdi gian chffa tdi 20 nam, cac nffdc phat ttien (nhff: Thuy Dien, Phap, My,) phai ma't tff 75 nam dd'n 100 nam (Barbierl, 2006) Bao cao cua Quy dan so'Lien hdp qud'c (UNFPA, 2011) cho tha'y, Viet Nam chinh thffc bffdc vao giai doan "bat d^u gia" tff nam 2011, ty Id dan so tff 65 Uidi trd len cham ngffdng 7% Ben canh dd, qua trinb cdng nghiep hda va dd thi hda nhanh cung da lam cho vide sap xe'p cude sd'ng ciia NCT thay ddi nhanh chdng, dac biet la NCT d kbu vffc ndng thdn - ndi cd tdi gan 70% dan sd cao tudi dang sinh sdng (UNFPA, 2011) Trffdc day, mSu gia dinh truyen thdng, dae bidt la cac gia dinh d khu vffc ndng thdn, la gia dinh cd nhieu thd'he cung sinh sd'ng va chia se ngudn life Tuy nhidn, sff thay ddi tff mSu gia dinh ttuyen thd'ng sang mlu gia dinh hat nhan (dac bidt la gia dinh chi cd vd chdng cao tuoi sdng vdi nhau, hoac TONG QUAN VA PH^aNG PHAP chi ed dng, ba sd'ng vdi chau, chat) lai cang rd ret Mdt nhffng ye'u td' Iam thay ddi cude sd'ng NCT, NGHIEN cCaj dac biet ddi vdi NCT d khu vffc ndng thdn, la vide di cff cua nhffng ngffdi tudi lao ddng nham muc Tdng quan nghien ciJu dich chinh la tim kid'm cac cd hdi phat tridn kinh td Dan sd Viet Nam dang tie'n dan ve Viet Nam, td'c dd di cff, dac biet la di cff ndi dia, ^Jl ^^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ 9"^ ^""h "liJ^ "^d dan soj, ma d dd ty sua't sinh giam nhanh va didn nhanh chdng ke tff giffa nhffng nam 1990 dd'n tu6i thp cang dffdc cai thidn (Pfau va nay, Theo Tdng cue Thd'ng kd (2012), giai doan Trong nen kinh te thi trffdng, van de di cff Iao dpng cd tinh ta't yeu, lao dong tlf tim kie'm thi trffdng hang hda sffc lao dpng ciia minh Tuy nhien, nhffng nghien cu'u vd van dd di cff mdi chi tap trung chu yeu vao tac ddng ciia tidn gtJi tff di eff qudc tdtdi giam ngheo va binh dang, chff chifa the hien vai ttd eua tien gffi tff di cff npi dia Do do, nghidn cffu "Thife trang dcfi sdng kinh te cua Ngffdi cao tudi Viet Nam cai di cff ndi dia " la ra't can thiet, nha't la bd'i canh dan sd' gia hoa nhanh, ddi sd'ng NCT cd nhieu thay doi vdi nhidu riii ro ve kinh td' - xa hdi, ciing nhff xu hffdng di cff ndi dia cang manh va tac ddng Idn dd'n phat trien ben vffng d khu vffe ndng thdn Vidt Nam "Hpc vien Chinh sach va Phat triin ^Saynh&n bdi: 30/03/2020; Ngdy phdn bii OS/04/2020; Ngdy duyel ddng: 17/04/2020 111 BANG 1: GlA TR! TIEN GCfl THEO 10^1 HJISH Dl Ctf Tien girt tif Tien gOI tn Tien gifi tif Loai hinh di cif dic.rft}iifi'rt&' di cif npi dja hai In^i hinh di ctf LiMng lien gu'i (clfir VJ: nghin dong) BANG 2: TV LE cAc HO GIA DINH NHAN DtlOC T | N GCfi TINH THEO NGGON GO'C TIEN GCfi (%) Toan bO cac hO gia dinh 5,9 Klions nhan tien n^'i 86,6 Nhan tien giJi tU di cU noi dm 1.8 Nhan lien giJili'di ciT quo'c te 5,7 Nhan ca tien siJi ttf di cif quoc le va n6i dm Cac h8 gia dinh co it nhSft m6t ngtfcfi cao tuoi Khong nhan tien gu'i 0,9 34,8 Nhan tien ^ffi tif di ciT noi dia 0,4 Nhan lien gu'i lii di cif qiiS'c te 2,2 Nhan ca tien gu'i tifdi cif quoc te'va noi dia BANG 3: TY LE GlA TRJ TIEN GCfl TINH THEO NGGON GOC TIEN GCfl (%) Do'i \&i td'ne the' cac hd eia fflnh NguSn goc ti^n gu'i 74.2 Tien gu'i tCr di cif noi dia 25,8 Ti^n KiJ^i Iff di cif quoc te 100 Tong tien gu'i Ddi vdi cac h6 gia dinh co ft nh^t m 61 ngtfdi cao tud^i Nguon goc tien giJi 28,5 Tien eifi tif di cif noi dia TilnfiiViIff dicu'quoc te 7,5 Tona lign aii 36 nigijon Tmh loan tu-VKLSSaOl? 1999-2009, ty Id di cff hen vung da tang g^n 1,5 lan (tff 19 ngffdi/l.OOO dan vao nam 1999 tang len 30 ngffdi/1.000 dan vao nam 2009) va so' cang tang nhffng nam gan day Tinh dd'n 01/04/2014, vdng nam trffdc thdi diem dieu tra, sd hdn 83 trieu dan tff tudi trd len, ed 1,4 tridu ngffdi di cff huyen (1,7%); 1,6 tneu ngffdi di eff giffa cac huyen (2%); va 2,6 trieu ngffdi di cff giffa cac tinh (3,1%) (Tong^cuc Thdng ke va UNFPA, 2016) Van de di cff de kid'm sdng cua cai cd anh hffdng rat ldn dd'n ddi sd'ng cua nhffng ngffdi d lai qud nha, dac bidt la cha, me cao tudi cua ho Nhin chung, ngffdi lao ddng di cff se cd ddng gdp tich cffc ve mat kinh td' cho gia dinh thdng qua tien va hien vat, ma hp gffi ve eho ngffdi than Qua dd, gdp phan dam bao thu nhap, nang cao sffc khde cho cha, me gia va nhflng ngffdi gia dinh d lai qud nha (nghien cffu cua Cameron va CobbClark (2005) ve ngffdi cao tuoi d Indonesia Tuy vay, vide cai - lffc Iffdng lao ddng chinh gia dinh di xa da de lai khdng it tac ddng bat ldi cho cha, me gia d que cua hg, nhff sff lo lang cho cupc sd'ng ba'p bdnh eua cai ho ndi dd thi, cam giac cd ddn tuoi gia cai di xa, phai ganh vac them cdng viec gia dinh va xa hdi thay con, hay khong cd ngffdi giup dd cdng vide ddng ang (Gautam, 1999; Antman, 2011) Da cd nhieu tac gia danh gia tac ddng cua viec eai di cff d Viet Nam, nhffng ho mdi chu yd'u danh gia vai trd cua tien gffi ve tff cai di cff qud'c td' dd'i vdi 112 cude sdng cua cha, me cao tudi Nghien cffu cua Barbieri (2006) cho thay, viec cai di cff di lam an xa dffdc ky von^ la cd nhffng anh hffcfng tich cffc dang ke va da chieu Idn cuoc sdng cua cha, me gia d ndng thdn Viet Nam - ndi ma cac khoan an sinh xa hdi cho NCT cdn it va traeh nhidm cham sdc NCT ph§n Idn vSnja tff ngffdi than gia dinh va cdng dong, Theo Giang va Pfau (2008), viec nhan tien gffi tff cai va cac chffdng trinh an sinh xa hOi dang cang ddng vai trd quan trpng giam ngheo cho NCT, nha't la nhffng ngffdi d khu vffc ndng thdn Le Bach Dffdng va Nguydn Thanh Lidm (2011) chd rang, viec di cff cua cai cd kha nang eai thien td't hdn thu nhap va dieu kien sd'ng cua cha, me va nhflng ngffdi than cdn lai d que nha thdng qua nhiftig khoan tien va hang hda gffi ve Nhffng, nghidn cihi khdng phan tich rd la cha, me dffdc hffdng bao nhidu tff tien cai gffi ve va anh hffdng cua ngffdi di cff len sffc khde, ddi sdng tinh than cua cha, me gia d qud nhff thd' nao Phu'dng phap nghien crfu Nghien ciJu sff dung phffdng phap phan tich, thd'ng ke phan tich dffa tren so' lieu tff cude khao sat mffc sd'ng hd gia dinh Viet Nam (VHLSS) nam 2012, bdi ly cude khao sat cd day du cac thdng tin lien quan dd'n ngffdi di cff va tien giJi nhan dffde cua cac hd gia dinh tff ngffdi di cff Mac du, cd cuoc khao sat mffc sd'ng hd gia dinh Viet Nam vao cac nam 2014, 2016 va 2018, nhffng thdng tin lien quan dd'n ngffdi di cff chi dffng lai d khai nidm ngffdi di cff, cdn tien gffi ve tff ngffdi di cff cho cae hd gia dinb chffa dffdc the hien rd Cude khao sat Tong cue Thd'ng ke^Viet Nam (GSO) phdi hdp ciing cacjd chffc qudc tdkbac thffc hien Cd mau phat cugc khao sat la 9.399 hd gia dinh, cd 2.922 hd gia dinh cd it nha't mdt NCT; sd ngffdi ttiam gia tra ldi phdng van la 36.655 ngffdi, dd cd 3.978 NCT tta ldi phong van KET QUA NGHIEN COu Gia tri tien giiri theo Ioai hmh di ctf Ngffdi di cff ndi dia nghidn cffu dffdc xac dmh la ngifdi ke tff nam 2002 cd khoang thdi gian di khdi hd gia dinh dd'n mdt ndi khac (nhif: xa/phffdng; ndi khac tinh; tinh/thanh phd khac) it nhdt thang yi If vide Iam cuoc khao sdt nay, tien gui nhan dffdc eua cac ho gia dinh til ngiftfi than di cff ffdng nffdc la lien mat va hien vat, ma ngffdi di cff da cho/bieu/ mffng vdng 12 thang trffdc dieu tra Tien gu'i ve tff ngffdi di cff dffdc xac dmh la khoan tien, hoac gia tri bang ti^n cua cac loai hang hda, ma cac hd (ria dinh nhan dffdc tff cac vien ho gia linh, ban be khdng sd'ng hd gia dinh, nhffng khdng hi ydu cau phai toan lai cuoc khao sat nay, tien gffi nhan dffdc cua cac hp gia dinh tii ngffdi thSn di lam nffdc mdi chi the hien miJc tien mat hay gia tri bang tien cua cac hang hda ngffdi than di lam an nffdc giJfi ve d mffc hd gia dinh Tuy nhien, cude khao sat khdng cd thSng tin vS mdi quan hd giffa ngffdi gffi tien ve vdi hd gia dinh va cung khdng the hidn thong tin ve viec tien gffi se dffdc phSn bo cu the cho mdi vien hp nhff the' nao, va chi tieu eua mdi vien ho la bao nhidu? Dac bidt la khdng cd thdng tin nao ve vide chi cho NCT bao nhieu Bang cho tha'y, tiln gu'i tff di cff ndi dia chiem ty Id Idn tdng so' tien gu'i va gap ba lan gia tri tien gffi tff di cff qud'c td'(74,2%sovdi25,8%) Thffc trang ddi so'ng kinh te' thdng qua vi^c nh^n ti^n g^i cua NCT Viet Nam cai di cif ndi dia Bang cho thay, tien gffi tff di cff noi dia chiem ty ldn nhat (86,6%) tong sd cac hd gia dinh cd ngffdi _JAILLIEUJHA1MKHA0 di eff vanhan dffdc tien gijfi Ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh CO it nhatmdt NCT nhan dffdc tien gffi tff di cff npi dia cung chiem ty Idn nha't tdng sd nhffng lid gia dinh cd NCT nhan dffdc tien gffi (34,8%) Trong sd cac hg gia dinh khdng nhan dffdc tien gffi (5,9%), thi ty Id hg gia dinh cd NCT khdng nh$n tien gu'i chidm ty Id rat tha'p (0,9%) Sd hd gia dinh nhan dffdc tien gffi ca tff di cff qudc td va di cff ndi dia (5,7%), thi sd hd gia dinh cd NCT chi chidm t^ le dia'p (2,2%) Bang cho thay, ty trgng gia tri tien gffi tff di cff ndi dia chie'm ty Id cao nhat tdng gia tn tien gffi vao nam 2012 (74,2%) Ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh cd it nhat mot NCT, thi ty trpng tiln gffi tff di cff ndi dia cung chid'm ty ldn nhat tdng gia tri tien gffi, ma cac hg gia dinh cd NCT nhan dffdc (28,5%) Khao sat cung chi rang, mdi hd gia dinh cd NCT nhan trung binh hdn 10 trieu ddng/nam, cac hg gia dinh ndi chung nhan trung binh chi khoang 7,8 trieu ddng/nam tffdi cff ndi dia KET LUAN Kd't qua nghien cihi eho thay, tien gffi tff di cff ngi dia chiem ty trgng ldn nha't tong sd cac hd gia dinh cd ngffdi di cff va nhan dffdc tien gffi (86,6%) Ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh cd it nha't mgt NCT nhan dffdc tien gffi tff di cff ngi dia cung chie'm ty ldn nha't tdng sd nhflng hd gia dinh cd NCT nhan dffdc tien gffi (34,8%) Ke't qua cung eho tha'y, ty Id cac ho gia dinh cd NCT nhan dffdc tiln gffi Iff di cff ndi dia chidm cao nhS't sdcac hd gia dinh ed NCT cd ngffdi di cff (74,2%) Dd'i vdi cac hd gia dinh cd it nha't mdt NCT, thi ty trgng tien gffi cung chie'm ty trgng ldn nbi't tdng gia tri tiin gffi, ma cac hd gia dinh cd NCT nhan dffdc (28,5%).• - l.LdBach Dffdng va Nguydn Thanh Lidm (2011) Tff ndng thdn thdnh phd: tde dgng kinh te - xd hdi cda di cU d Viet Nam, Nxb Lao ddng UNFPA (2011) Gid hda ddn sdvd ngUdi cao tuoi d Viet Nam: ThUe trgng, du bdo vd mgt sd khuyen nghi chinh sdch Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2012) Chuyin khdo vi di cUvd thi hda: thUc trgng, xu hudng vd nhffng Ididcbiet, truy cap tff: http://wu'w.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=13313 Tdng ciic Thd'ng kd va UNFPA (2016) Dieu tra ddn sdvd nhd dgiffa ky' ndm 2014: Di cU vd thi hoa d Viit Nam, truy cap tff: http://vietnam.unfpa.org/vi/publications/di-c%C6%B0-v%C3%A0-%C4%91%C3%B4-th%El%BB%8B-h%C3%B3a-%El%BB%9F-vi%El%BB%87t-nam Antman M Francisca (2011) Ho-w does child migration affect the health of elderly parents left behind? Evidence from Mexico Barbieri Magali (2006) Doi Moi and the Elderly: Intergenerational support under the strain ofreform Paper prepared for presentation at the 2006 Population of America Association Meeting, Los Angeles Cameron and Cobb-Clark (2005) Financial transfers from children reduce the need for elderly parents to work in developing countries? The Australian National University, Center for Economic Pohcy Research, 508 8- Gautam Tika Ram (1999) Migration and the problem of old age people in Nepal, Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 1(2), 145-160 Giang Thanh Long and Wade D Pfau (2008) The vulnerability of the ederly households lo poverty: Determinants and Policy implication for Vietnam, Vietnam development forum 113 ... Viet Nam cai di cif ndi dia Bang cho thay, tien gffi tff di cff noi dia chiem ty ldn nhat (86,6%) tong sd cac hd gia dinh cd ngffdi _JAILLIEUJHA1MKHA0 di eff vanhan dffdc tien gijfi Ddi vdi cac... tien gffi tff di cff ndi dia chie'm ty Id cao nhat tdng gia tn tien gffi vao nam 2012 (74,2%) Ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh cd it nhat mot NCT, thi ty trpng tiln gffi tff di cff ndi dia cung chid'm... gia dinh Viet Nam vao cac nam 2014, 2016 va 2018, nhffng thdng tin lien quan dd'n ngffdi di cff chi dffng lai d khai nidm ngffdi di cff, cdn tien gffi ve tff ngffdi di cff cho cae hd gia dinb